Body's Antioxidant Defense Research Articles

Polydopamine-Based Multifunctional Antitumor Nanoagent for Phototherapy and Photodiagnosis by Regulating Redox Balance.

The development of multifunctional nanoagents for the simultaneous achievement of high diagnostic and therapeutic performances is significant for precise cancer treatment. Herein, we report on a polydopamine (PDA)-based multifunctional nanoagent, PML, in which the methylene blue (MB) photosensitizer (PS) and l-arginine (l-Arg) tumor-targeting species are equipped. After selectively accumulating in tumor sites, glutathione (GSH)-responsive PML degradation can controllably release loaded MB to produce singlet oxygen (1O2) under near-infrared (NIR) photoirradiation. This GSH-depleted PS release process can not only weaken the body's antioxidant defence ability but also synergistically increase the 1O2 concentration. Therefore, GSH depletion-enhanced photodynamic therapy (PDT) efficiency is logically achieved by regulating the intracellular redox balance. In addition, our nanoagent can guide photoacoustic/NIR thermal dual-modal imaging and convert light into heat for cooperative cancer phototherapy because of the inherent photothermal conversion nature of PDA. As a result, excellent in vivo antitumor phototherapy (PDT + PTT) is achieved under the precise guidance of dual-modal imaging. This work not only realizes the integration of cancer diagnosis and treatment through PDA-based nanocarriers but also delivers dimensions in designing the next generation of multifunctional antitumor nanoagents for enhanced phototherapy and photodiagnosis by regulating the redox balance.

Long term treadmill exercise affects age-related oxidative stress in the spinal cord of rats

Age-induced apoptosis is believed to be caused by the imbalance between production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and human body antioxidant defence. Regular aerobic treadmill-exercise has been suggested to enhance the antioxidant defence. This study aimed to investigate the effects of long-term treadmill exercise on age-related oxidative stress and the apoptosis of oligodendrocytes in the spinal cord of the rat. Sixty male rats were divided into six groups: three exercised groups, which underwent 6, 9 and 12 months of mild-to-moderate treadmill exercise and three non-exercised control groups. Spinal cord white or grey matter tissue sampling was done through mid-thoracic laminectomy. The malondialdehyde (MDA; indicator of oxidative stress) levels, the number of apoptotic oligodendrocytes and ultrastructural alterations were also evaluated. Our data showed that treadmill exercise resulted in decreased lipid peroxidation and the number of apoptotic oligodendrocytes in the spinal cord of rats, as compared to non-exercised animals. These results were confirmed by TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling) staining and electron microscope. This study suggests that the long-term treadmill exercise can affect oxidative stress and oligodendrocytes apoptosis in the spinal cord of aged rats and further studies are needed to validate these findings in humans.

The Relationship Between Heavy Metal Exposure, Trace Element Level, and Monocyte to HDL Cholesterol Ratio with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

The objective of this study is to assess the levels of heavy metals (cadmium, lead, antimony, mercury, and arsenic), which are also called endocrine-disrupting chemicals, and trace elements (chromium-III, chromium-VI, zinc, copper, and selenium) vs. monocyte to HDL ratio among pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). A total of 112 pregnant women (60 with GDM and 52 healthy women) were included in this case-control study. Analysis of heavy metals and trace elements were performed in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. Heavy metals (cadmium, lead, antimony, mercury, and arsenic), trace elements (chromium-III, chromium-VI, zinc, copper, and selenium), and metabolic parameters were assessed in both groups. It was determined that the levels of cadmium, lead, antimony, and copper were higher (p < 0.05) and levels of chromium-III, zinc, and selenium were lower (p < 0.05) among the GDM group compared to the control group, whereas there was a statistically insignificant difference between the two groups, regarding the levels of copper, mercury, and arsenic (p > 0.05). Moreover, the monocyte to HDL ratio was higher in the GDM group (p < 0.05), and the insulin resistance was significantly higher as well (p < 0.05). The results of our study demonstrated that environmental factors could be effective in the etiology of GDM. Toxic heavy metals, through inducing Cu, OS, and chronic inflammation, and other trace elements, either directly by impacting insulin secretion or through weakening the body's antioxidant defense system, could play a role in the occurrence of GDM.

Antioxidant effect of amaranth flour or protein isolate incorporated in high-fat diets fed to Wistar rats. Influence of dose and administration duration.

This study evaluated the effect on Wistar rat's oxidative status of incorporating amaranth flour (AF) and protein isolate (AI) in increased-fat diets. Five of the groups were fed for 4weeks with either BD (basal diet), Chol+F (2% cholesterol, 10% porcine fat), Chol+F+E (0.005% α-tocopherol), Chol+F+AF1 or Chol+F+AI1 (25% of protein replacement) diets. The other two groups were fed for 4weeks with Chol+F and then 1week with Chol+F+AF2 or Chol+F+AI2 diet (50% of protein replacement). Various effects on the oxidative stress biomarkers in tissues (intestine and liver) were observed. These effects were dependent on the ingredients, dose, and administration time. In the intestinal cells, Chol+F+AF1 and Chol+F+AI2 produced an increment in the reduced glutathione (GSH) content (56% and 39%, respectively), while Chol+F+AF2 induced an increment in the superoxide dismutase (SOD) (25%) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) (46%) activities. The presence of certain components in flour (e.g., fiber, polyphenols, squalene) could explain the higher activity recorded for AF. In the liver, Chol+F+AF2 produced a decrease in SOD (19%) and GSH (36%), as well as an increase in GPx (255%); Chol+F+AI1 and Chol+F+AI2 also produced a decrease in GSH (36% and 24%, respectively) and important increments in GPx activity (273% for Chol+F+AI1 and 2,900% for Chol+F+AI2 ). These effects were dependent on the AI dose and were probably produced by absorbed peptides. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: It is known that redox imbalances are involved in the genesis of many chronic diseases. Therefore, it is possible to prevent them or limit their severity by improving the body's antioxidant defense mechanisms through dietary incorporation of antioxidant substances. The results suggest that amaranth protein isolate and amaranth flour have the potential for regulating intestinal and liver cells redox balance; effects were more evident when they contributed 50% of the diet's protein content and were administered for 1week. Both amaranth ingredients could be used as ingredients in the development of functional foods with beneficial antioxidant properties.

Thiol/Disulfide Homeostasis in Patients With Erectile Dysfunction

BackgroundAlthough there are no sufficient data on association between oxidative stress and erectile dysfunction (ED), numerous studies have reported that imbalance between the formation of reactive oxygen species and body's antioxidant defenses may play a role in the pathogenesis of ED. AimThe aim of this study was to determine and compare the oxidant and antioxidant status in patients with ED and healthy controls with a novel automated assay for thiol/disulphide homeostasis test. MethodsOur study included 123 patients with ED and 90 healthy individuals. ED was evaluated by asking questions 1–5 and 15 of the International Index of Erectile Function form. In this study, we used Erel and Neselioglu’s thiol/disulfide homeostasis test, which is one of the novel methods that can measure both variables of the oxidative/antioxidative balance individually and collectively. OutcomesThis method measured serum antioxidant (total thiol [toSH], native thiol [SH]) and oxidant (disulfide [SS]) levels. The statistical comparisons were performed between patients with ED (ED+ group) and without ED (ED− group) first and then within the ED+ group. After toSH, SH, and SS levels were determined; SS/toSH%, SS/SH%, and SH/toSH% levels were analyzed separately and compared statistically. ResultsWe found a significant difference between ED− and ED+ groups in terms of toSH, SH, SS/toSH%, and SS/SH% ratios. SS parameters were increased in patients with ED, but there was no significant difference in terms of SS and SH/toSH% values. Clinical ImplicationsClarification of the factors involved in the etiology of ED such as oxidative/antioxidative balance may open new grounds in the early diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Strengths & LimitationsIt is a prospective, randomized clinical study with the use of a novel, reliable, and fully automated technique. The limitations of the study are use of a subjective tool such as the International Index of Erectile Function, obtaining blood samples from the peripheral vein instead of penile cavernosal tissue, and relatively small sample size. ConclusionThe results of this study showed that thiol/disulfide homeostasis is altered in ED, and this imbalance may be a factor in its pathophysiology. We determined that as ED gets more severe, toSH and SH parameters decrease, whereas SS parameter increases.Micoogullari U, Karatas OF, Kisa E, et al. Thiol/Disulfide Homeostasis in Patients With Erectile Dysfunction. J Sex Med 2020;17:1934–1941.

Moringa Oleifera: A Review of Its Occurrence, Pharmacological Importance and Oxidative Stress.

Oxidative/nitrosative stress can be caused by excessive production of ROS and RNS with metabolic reactions that change the balance in favor of oxidants in cases where oxidants increase and antioxidants decrease in organisms using oxygen. ROS and RNS react with several biological macromolecules in cells, such as carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins, and alter their functions. Some natural antioxidants are constantly being researched for their benefits in terms of human health, which can strengthen the body's antioxidant defense system and have the potential to scavenger free radicals. It is a well-known and practical strategy to prevent and / or treat diseases due to the consumption of more suitable fruits, herbs, spices and vegetables, and the presence of bioactive antioxidant compounds. Moringa oleifera, a new and important one of these plants, has a wide range of bioactive compounds that can be obtained in different herbal structures such as leaves, seeds, stems and shells. It consists of bioactive molecules, such as phenolic compounds, fats, fatty acids, carbohydrates, proteins, functional peptides, vitamins, minerals and essential amino acids as well as a number of glycosides and has great potential for use in various formulations in various health and food products. This review highlights the formation of MO, its importance in natural medicine, its pharmacological value, and its role as a possible anti-proliferative agent against cancer and its use in some diseases.

Total Dietary Antioxidant Intake Including Polyphenol Content: Is it Capable to Fight against Increased Oxidants within the Body of Ultra-Endurance Athletes?

The role of dietary antioxidants on exhaustive exercise-induced oxidative stress has been well investigated. However, the contribution of total dietary antioxidant capacity on exogenous antioxidant defense and exercise performance has commonly been disregarded. The aims of the present investigation were to examine (i) the effects of dietary total antioxidant intake on body antioxidant mechanisms, and (ii) an exhaustive exercise-induced oxidative damage in ultra-endurance athletes. The study included 24 ultra-marathon runners and long-distance triathletes (12 male and 12 female) who underwent an acute exhaustive exercise test (a cycle ergometer (45 min at 65% VO2max) immediately followed by a treadmill test (75% VO2max to exhaustion). Oxidative stress-related biomarkers (8-isoprostaglandin F2alpha (8-iso PGF2a), total oxidant status (TOS, total antioxidant status (TAS)) in plasma were collected before and after exercise. Oxidative stress index was calculated to assess the aspect of redox balance. Blood lactate concentrations and heart rate were measured at the 3rd and 6th min after exercise. Dietary antioxidant intake was calculated using the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) assay. Dietary total antioxidant intake of the subjects was negatively correlated with pre-exercise TOS concentrations (rs = −0.641 in male, and rs = −0.741 in females) and post- vs. pre- (∆) 8-iso PGF2a levels (rs = −0.702 in male; p = 0.016, and rs = −0.682 in females; p = 0.024), and positively correlated with ∆ TAS concentrations (rs = 0.893 in males; p = 0.001, and rs = 0.769 in females; p = 0.002) and post- exercise lactate concentrations (rs = 0.795 for males; p = 0.006, and rs = 0.642 for females; p = 0.024). A positive meaningful (p = 0.013) interaction was observed between time at exhaustion and dietary antioxidant intake (rs = 0.692) in males, but not in females. In conclusion, the determination of total dietary antioxidant intake in ultra-endurance athletes may be crucial for gaining a better perspective on body antioxidant defense against exhaustive exercise-induced oxidative stress. However, the effects of dietary antioxidant on exercise performance and recovery rate needs further investigation.

Estimation of Efficiency of Use of Dairy Products Enriched with Enter Sorbent Dietary Fibers on Immunophysiological Indicators of the Rat Organism

At all times, the problem of healthy and wholesome food has been one of the most important problems facing human society. This problem cannot be solved by simply increasing the amount of food consumed. Plant-based antioxidants are widely used for the prevention and treatment of diseases with the aim of eliminating free radicals from the body and restoring the body's antioxidant defense system. The article shows biochemical indicators that reflect the nature of changes in the early stages of the formation of response of the animal organism during toxic poisoning and the use of sour-milk products using enter sorbent dietary fiber from rice husk. With an increase in the dosage and frequency of CCl4 administration, the effect of deep poisoning and impaired lymph dynamics was obtained. Along with a decrease in the content of total protein and urea in lymph and blood plasma, an increase in ALT and AST levels in blood plasma by 2.5–3 times, as well as an increase in thymol test, were noted. Antioxidant defense mechanisms are universal in order to increase the body's vitality.

Reactive oxygen species in male reproduction: A boon or a bane?

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are free radicals derived from oxygen during normal cellular metabolism. ROS play a crucial role in the physiological processes and signalling pathways associated with male fertility. At physiological concentrations, ROS act as molecular mediators of signal transduction pathways involved in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis. Theyalso trigger the morphological changes required for sperm maturation, such as DNA compaction and flagellar modification. Furthermore, ROS modulate crucial processes involved in the attainment of sperm fertilising ability such as capacitation, hyperactivation, acrosome reaction and sperm-oocyte fusion. Conversely, oxidative stress prevails when the concentration of ROS overwhelms the body's antioxidant defence. Various endogenous and exogenous factors enhance the synthesis of ROS resulting in the disruption of structural and functional integrity of spermatozoa through the induction of apoptotic pathway and oxidation of molecules, such as lipids, proteins and DNA. Therefore, maintenance of a balanced redox state is critical for normal male reproductive functions. This article discusses the dual role of ROS in male reproduction, highlighting the physiological role as well as theirpathological implications on male fertility.

Oxidative Stress Markers to Investigate the Effects of Hyperoxia in Anesthesia.

Oxygen (O2) is commonly used in clinical practice to prevent or treat hypoxia, but if used in excess (hyperoxia), it may act as toxic. O2 toxicity arises from the enhanced formation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) that exceed the antioxidant defenses and generate oxidative stress. In this study, we aimed at assessing whether an elevated fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) during and after general anesthesia may contribute to the unbalancing of the pro-oxidant/antioxidant equilibrium. We measured five oxidative stress biomarkers in blood samples from patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery, randomly assigned to FiO2 = 0.40 vs. 0.80: hydroperoxides, antioxidants, nitrates and nitrites (NOx), malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathionyl hemoglobin (HbSSG). The MDA concentration was significantly higher 24 h after surgery, and the body antioxidant defense lower, in the FiO2 = 0.80 group with respect to both the FiO2 = 0.40 group and the baseline values (p ≤ 0.05, Student’s t-test). HbSSG in red blood cells was also higher in the FiO2 = 0.80 group at the end of the surgery. NOx was higher in the FiO2 = 0.80 group than the FiO2 = 0.40 group at t = 2 h after surgery. MDA, the main end product of the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids directly influenced by FiO2, may represent the best marker to assess the pro-oxidant/antioxidant equilibrium after surgery.

Protective effects of triple fermented barley extract (FBe) on indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal damage in rats

BackgroundHordeum vulgare L (barley) contains numerous phenolic substances with proven anticancer, antioxidant and gastroprotective activities. Saccharification increases the functionality and bioavailability of these compounds thus can aid in the development of a natural product based medicine. This study aimed to investigate the possible gastroprotective effects of saccharification on the indomethacin (IND)-induced gastric ulcers in rats using Weissella cibaria- and Saccharomyces cerevisiae-triple fermented H. vulgare extract (FBe).MethodsIn total, 60 healthy male 6-week old Sprague-Dawley SD (SPF/VAF Outbred CrljOri:CD1) rats were commercially purchased. The FBe extract (100, 200, and 300 mg kg− 1) was orally administered 30 min before an oral treatment of IND (25 mg kg− 1). Six hours after IND treatment, variations in the histopathology, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, gross lesion scores, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant defense system component (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH)) levels were measured.ResultsFBe treatment showed significant (p < 0.01 or p < 0.05) and dose-dependent decrease in gastric mucosal damage. In the present study hemorrhagic gross lesions, gastric MPO activity, and histopathological gastric ulcerative lesions were observed in IND-treated rats compared to the IND control rats. In particular, FBe, in a dose-dependent manner, strengthened the antioxidant defense systems, decreased lipid peroxidation and CAT activity by increasing the GSH levels and SOD activity, respectively. The 200 mg kg− 1 dose of FBe was similarly gastroprotective as the 10 mg kg− 1 dose of omeprazole in rats with IND-induced gastric mucosal damage.ConclusionsThe findings of the present study show that an oral administration of FBe had positive gastroprotective effects through strengthening the body antioxidant defense system and anti-inflammatory effects.

Dietary antioxidant for disease prevention corroborated by the Nrf2 pathway.

Dietary antioxidants are widely distributed in various types of our food. They are strongly associated with reduced risk of many chronic diseases such as atherosclerosis, cancer, and Alzheimer's diseases. They include vitamins such as vitamins A, E, C, and carotenoids. Also, some minerals like; zinc, manganese, copper, iron, and selenium are essential for the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Furthermore, dietary polyphenols and flavonoids are considered as potent antioxidant compounds. Vegetables, fruits, and edible herbs are the richest sources of such antioxidants. Antioxidants reduce oxidative stress, either directly by reducing reactive species or indirectly by enhancing the body antioxidant defense mechanisms in different ways. These may include upregulating gene expression of some antioxidant enzymes via a nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor2 pathway. Administration of a mixture of antioxidants is beneficial since they act synergistically in various phases. The aims of this review are to summarize the different antioxidants from dietary sources and their role in the prevention of different diseases.

Physical Activity and Its Impact on Diabetes

The current wave of the diabetes epidemic has become a global public health issue. Multiple strategies have been studied in trying to curb the menace and promising among these is lifestyle intervention which includes regular physical activity. During physical activity there is an accelerated utilization of substrates particularly stored triglycerides by the muscles thereby improving insulin sensitivity and this is valuable in the prevention of diabetes. On prolonged exercise blood glucose is derived from the breakdown of glycogen and from non carbohydrate substrates via gluconeogenesis. Exercise has a positive effect on diabetes co-morbidities e.g. obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia as well as all-cause mortality. Regular physical activity mediates molecular events in the various pathways of diabetic complications like exerting anti-inflammatory effects to combat the chronic subclinical inflammation, fortifying the body antioxidant defense systems and reducing the formation and effects of advanced glycation end-products. The maximum health benefits of exercise are obtainable when done regularly and guidelines are available for the general public and individuals with diabetes on how to achieve these benefits. Finally, the emphasis on the importance of physical activity does not exclude the principle that patients with diabetic complications should seek expert counseling before embarking on an exercise program because some activities might be risky for this group of patients.

Selenium compounds in redox regulation of inflammation and apoptosis

Monocytes and macrophages play a key role in the development of inflammation: under the action of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), absorbed from the intestine, monocytes and macrophages form reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cytokines, this leads to the development of oxidative stress, inflammation and/or apoptosis in all types of tissues. In the cells LPS induce an "internal" TLR4-mediated MAP-kinase inflammatory signaling pathway and cytokines through the superfamily of tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) and the "death domain" (DD) initiate an "external" caspase apoptosis cascade or necrosis activation that causes necroptosis. Many of the proteins involved in intracellular signaling cascades (MYD88, ASK1, IKKa/b, NF-kB, AP-1) are redox-sensitive and their activity is regulated by antioxidants thioredoxin, glutaredoxin, nitroredoxin, and glutathione. Oxidation of these signaling proteins induced by ROS enhances the development of inflammation and apoptosis, and their reduction with antioxidants, on the contrary, stabilizes the signaling cascades speed, preventing the vicious circle of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis that follows it. Antioxidant (AO) enzymes thioredoxin reductase (TRXR), glutaredoxin reductase (GLRXR), glutathione reductase (GR) are required for reduction of non-enzymatic antioxidants (thioredoxin, glutaredoxin, nitroredoxin, glutathione), and AO enzymes (SOD, catalase, GPX) are required for ROS deactivation. The key AO enzymes (TRXR and GPX) are selenium-dependent; therefore selenium deficiency leads to a decrease in the body's antioxidant defense, the development of oxidative stress, inflammation, and/or apoptosis in various cell types. Nrf2-Keap1 signaling pathway activated by selenium deficiency and/or oxidative stress is necessary to restore redox homeostasis in the cell. In addition, expression of some genes is changed with selenium deficiency. Consequently, growth and proliferation of cells, their movement, development, death, and survival, as well as the interaction between cells, the redox regulation of intracellular signaling cascades of inflammation and apoptosis, depend on the selenium status of the body. Prophylactic administration of selenium-containing preparations (natural and synthetic (organic and inorganic)) is able to normalize the activity of AO enzymes and the general status of the body. Organic selenium compounds have a high bioavailability and, depending on their concentration, can act both as selenium donors to prevent selenium deficiency and as antitumor drugs due to their toxicity and participation in the regulation of signaling pathways of apoptosis. Known selenorganic compounds diphenyldiselenide and ethaselen share similarity with the Russian organo selenium compound, diacetophenonylselenide (DAPS-25), which serves as a source of bioavailable selenium, exhibits a wide range of biological activity, including antioxidant activity, that governs cell redox balance, inflammation and apoptosis regulation.

THE ASSESSMENT OF THE ANTIOXIDANT STATUS OF THE ORGANISM OF RATS UNDER THE CHRONIC INTAKE OF SURFACE-ACTIVE SUBSTANCES BASED ON THE RAPE OIL

Introduction. The study of the character of reactions of lipid peroxidation, as well as the state of the antioxidant system regulating their course under the conditions of the action of chemical products on the body, is an important stage of investigations. There is not enough data on the development of oxidative stress in cells exposed to pesticides, and this concerns, first of all, studies of the activity of antioxidant enzymes. The aim of the study is to execute the experimental assessment of the influence of a surface active substances (SAS) on the basis of the rape oil on antioxidant status of white male rats during its multiple peroral intakes for 6 months in doses of 0.5, 5.0 and 50.0 mg/kg body weight (on a.s.). Material and methods. Studies on the determination of enzymatic indices of the body's antioxidant defense system (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase) were performed on a ChemWell biochemical analyzer (Awareness Technology, USA) with the use of diagnostic reagent kits by Randox Laboratories Ltd (England). The catalase activity was determined by the colorimetric method. Results. Under the prolonged action of surfactants on warm-blooded organisms, changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes were established to occur in doses of 5,0 and 50,0 mg/kg b.m. Discussion. The test substance used in a dose of 0.5 mg/kg bm does not have an inhibitory effect on the antioxidant status of the organism. The use of a surfactant based on rapeseed oil at doses of 5.0 and 50.0 mg/kg mt has a negative effect on the antioxidant status of an organism of male rats. Conclusion. Surfactants based on rapeseed oil in doses of 5.0 and 500 mg/kg b.m. have a negative effect on the antioxidant status of an organism of male rats, which is probably due to the high content of erucic acid and glucosinolates in rapeseed oil.

Correlation of Fasting Blood Glucose With IL-6 Levels in Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus Ethnic Minangkabau

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) Type 2 is a metabolic disorder disease characterized by an increase in blood sugar (hyperglycemia) due to decreased insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells or intrusion of insulin function. Hyperglycemia tends to cause oxidative stress where free radical formation exceeds the body's antioxidant defense system resulting in microvascular and macrovascular disorders. Some ethnic groups have a tendency to develop type 2 diabetes mellitus because of differences in diet, lifestyle and physical activity. In addition, ethnicity is also suspected to affect the levels of IL-6. This study aims to determine the correlation of fasting blood sugar levels with IL-6 levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus ethnic Minangkabau. This research is cross sectional comparative research design. The subjects of two groups: DM type 2 and control group (non-DM) who went to the Polyclinic of State University of Padang, Minangkabau ethnic and each consisted of 35 people. Blood glucometer examination with blood sample and IL-6 measurement using ELISA technique with serum sample. Fasting blood sugar levels in patients with Type 2 DM Minangkabau ethnic average 286.2 ± 80.46 mg / dl while non DM 101.26 ± 9.70 mg / dl. Mean IL-6 levels in type 2 DM patients were 16.23 ± 30.12 pg / ml while non-DM of 3.41 ± 1.91 pg / ml was an increase of about 4.7 in patients with type 2 DM Compared to non-ethnic minority of Minangkabau with p value &lt;0,05. The result of research that have been done there is a positive correlation between fasting blood sugar level with IL -6 in patients with Type 2 DM Minangkabau ethnic with r value = 0,44 at p &lt;0.05 which means interpretation of medium correlation strength. Keywords: Type 2 DM, IL-6, ethnic Minangkabau

Aging and anti-gerontological effects of algae

Today, a new urban living, chemicals that are being used in working conditions and anthropogenic activity has brought environmental pollution. It is known that chemicals cause metabolismal, cytotoxic and mutagenic damage on living things. There is a relationship between the mutagenic and carcinogenic chemicals activities. The most common cause of death, heart disease and cancer in Turkey, this situation creates obstacles to people's complete genetic life. Aging, leading to progressive and irreversible decrease in body functions and meanwhile remodeling, is defined as a natural part of the complex life cycle between birth and death. There are many theories trying to explain the aging process of living organisms in gerontology science. Somatic mutation theory, telomerase activity theory, the theory of free radicals, the theory of genetic aging, immunology and endocrine theory, calorie restriction theory are some of them. Nowadays, the view which explains the aging with chronic and cumulative effects of the free oxygen radicals is one of the leading theories. According to this theory, small but all imperfections in antioxidant system during the period of life cause aging. Free radicals are atoms or groups of atoms with an odd (unpaired) number of electrons and can be formed when oxygen interacts with certain molecules during the respiration in the cell. Once formed, these highly reactive radicals, such as dominoes, can damage cellular molecules such as DNA by chain reactions. The accumulation of these damages can lead to diseases such as cancer and accelerate aging. Antioxidants are closely related to the prevention of cellular damage, which is a common pathway to cancer, aging and various diseases. In addition to the body's own antioxidant defense system, antioxidants must also be taken with foods to prevent free radical damage. Therefore, some varieties of algae growing in importance every day and antioxidant compounds obtained from them by the technology have been offered to commercial enterprises by the market as nutritional supplements. It is known that some algae contain valuable antioxidants and the anti-gerontological role of these algae rich in antioxidants is an important issue. Some positive results were obtained on animal model species about longevity by dietary addition of antioxidants derived from the algae. The purpose of this study is to draw attention to the future anti-gerontological potentials of algae because of their rich antioxidant content.

ANTIOXIDANT TRACE ELEMENTS AND OXIDATIVE STRESS STATUS IN DAIRY CATTLE SUFFERING from MASTITIS

Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary glands caused by several pathogens. Reactive oxygen species are natural end products of the intensive cellular metabolism. Oxidative stress occurs when there is a disturbance of homeostasis causing inflammation of the mammary gland. This study was performed to evaluate blood antioxidant profile and trace elements in dairy cows with clinical mastitis. For this aim, venous blood samples were collected from 116 cows (100 mastitic, 16 control). In cows with clinical mastitis, there was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the clinical index score compared with control group. Biochemically, there was a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in super oxide dismutase, catalase and total antioxidant capacity as well as in the level of zinc. However, there was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the levels of malondialdehyde and glutathione reductase as well as in that of copper. The results of the current study indicate that the body antioxidant defense system was compromised in dairy cows with clinical mastitis creating a state of oxidative stress.

Effects of aerobic exercise and pomegranate extract on antioxidant markers in women postmenopausal with type 2 diabetes

: Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of aerobic exercise and pomegranate extract on antioxidant markers in women postmenopausal with type 2 diabetes. Methods: The statistical population of this study was the postmenopausal diabetic women of Babol City, North of Iran, who were referred to the Diabetes Association of the city. Among them, 33 subjects were selected randomly and divided into four groups: Control- Water (CW), Control-Pomegranate extract (CPE), Training-Water (TW) and Training- Pomegranate extract (TPE). The experimental group training plan consisted of 6-week aerobic exercise training, three times a week for at least 45 minutes per session. Consumer groups of pomegranate extract drank 150 ml of pomegranate extract every day for 6 weeks. Before and after this interventional study, blood sampling was performed from the brachial vein in a sitting position in a fasting state. The antioxidant markers of GPX, SOD, GSH and TAC were measured in the specimens. Results: The results showed that aerobic exercise training with the consumption of pomegranate extract significantly increased the levels of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, plasma glutathione and Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) in women with type 2 diabetes compared to the control group (P 2 diabetes in Training-Pomegranate extract groups had the highest levels of the antioxidants. Conclusion: Our finding showed that aerobic exercise training associated with the consumption of pomegranate extract improve the body's antioxidant defense system by increasing the levels of plasma antioxidants.

Ultraviolet Light Induced Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species.

As ultraviolet (UV) radiation is naturally and ubiquitously emitted by the sun, almost everyone is exposed to it on a daily basis, and it is necessary for normal physiological function. Human exposure to solar UV radiation thus has important health implications. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by UV radiation is one of the mechanisms through which UV light can manifest its possible detrimental effects on health. When an imbalance develops due to ROS generation exceeding the body's antioxidant defence mechanisms, oxidative stress can develop. Oxidative stress can lead to cellular damage (e.g. lipid peroxidation and DNA fragmentation), apoptosis and cell death. Broadly UV can induce ROS by affecting the cellular components directly or by means of photosensitization mechanisms. More specifically UV light can induce ROS by affecting the enzyme catalase and up-regulating nitric oxide synthase (NOS) synthesis. It may also cause a decrease in protein kinase C (PKC) expression leading to increased ROS production. UVR is capable of modifying DNA and other chromophores resulting in elevated ROS levels. The effects of raised ROS levels can vary based on the intracellular oxidant status of the cell. It is therefore important to protect yourself against the potentially harmful effects of UV light as it can lead to pathological UV-induced ROS production.