Bodybuilding Athletes Research Articles

보디빌딩 선수 및 동호인의 운동가치인식, 운동열정, 자기관리에 관한 연구

보디빌딩 선수 및 동호인의 운동가치인식, 운동열정, 자기관리에 관한 연구

The Prevalence and Characteristics of Performance-Enhancing Drug Use Among Bodybuilding Athletes in the South of Iran, Bushehr.

BackgroundSeveral reports have implied progressive increase of performance-enhancing drug (PED) use among Iranian athletes. More importantly, most of the previous research in the Iranian population had mainly focused on the anabolic steroid abuse, and ignored other agents.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of PED use among bodybuilding athletes in Bushehr, south of Iran.MethodsFour hundred and fifty three male bodybuilding athletes were recruited from Bushehr gyms between February and May of 2015. Men were eligible to participate in the survey if they had regularly participated in the strength-training exercise (minimum of 1 year and 4 hour/week). Data were collected via a face-to-face interview. The survey consisted of three separate parts including demographic data, exercise pattern and PED use.ResultsAccording to this study, 234 (51.7%) of bodybuilding athletes had used PEDs. The PED users reported an average of 3.80 ± 4.52 agents’ use in their programs and they had used PEDs for the average of 3.24 ± 3.99 years. The most prevalent agents which had been abused by the athletes were anabolic steroids (used by 185 athletes (79.4% of athletes). Furthermore, 110 (47%) of athletes reported stimulant agents’ use during their routines. The most prevalent motivation for using PEDs was increasing muscle mass that was reported by 164 (70.1%) of PED users. In addition, sexual and dermatologic effects were the most prevalent adverse effects reported by the PED user athletes (114 (49.4%) and 103 (44.2%), respectively).ConclusionsThis study showed the high rate of PED use among recreational and professional Iranian bodybuilding athletes that can expose them to the serious side effects of these agents.

Fatal cardiac arrhythmia following voluntary caffeine overdose in an amateur body-builder athlete

Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine, CAS 58-08-2) is one of the most commonly consumed substances in the world and is well known to have extensive effects on physiological functions, especially on the cardiovascular system. We report a fatal cardiac arrhythmia following voluntary caffeine overdose in an amateur body-builder athlete.

The application of health belief model among body building athletes in the identification of belief associated with anabolic steroid use

Background: Progressive prevalence of anabolic steroid use and physical and mental consequences of these drugs are known as worldwide healthy problems. Willingness to being fitness and having muscular body and unhealthy beliefs about anabolic steroids are determinant behavioral factors of anabolic storied use. The purpose of this study was to determine the behavioral reason of anabolic steroid abuse as well as to assess the relationship between anabolic steroid use and perceived threat of anabolic steroid use among body building athletes. Methods: This study is a cross-sectional one in which a total of 300 body builders, were randomly selected for participation in Hamadan. A structured questionnaire was applied for collecting data about anabolic steroids abuse, self efficacy not to use, perceived susceptibility and seriousness of anabolic steroids use. The data were analyzed using SPSS-13. Results : seventy three athletes (24.3%) reported that they have used anabolic steroid. Anadrol was the mostly used substance among participants. Most important reason mentioned by athletes for consuming anabolic steroids was body fitness. Perceived seriousness (OR= 0/675 & p-value = 0/000) and perceived self efficacy (OR= 0/796 & p-value = 0/000) were two important predicting factors for using anabolic steroid. Conclusion: Planning and implementation of educational program for the increasing of self efficiency and informing athletes of the serious side effects of consuming these drugs would have a positive effect on preventing or reducing their consumption.

Acute Clenbuterol Induces Hypotension, Atrioventricular Block and Cardiac Asystole in the Rabbit

Clenbuterol is a long-lasting β-adrenoceptor (β-AR) agonist and was once medicated as a bronchial dilatator, and is also used by body-building enthusiasts and athletes and in livestock breeding because of its anabolic effect on skeletal muscles and ability to promote lipolysis. Though prohibited from pharmacological uses, clenbuterol intoxication cases are frequently reported, and most of the cardiac symptoms are tachyarrhythmia. Here, we reported a different cardiovascular toxic response to clenbuterol. Using a rabbit model, we tested the dose-response pattern of the cardiovascular system to intravenous administration of clenbuterol. Routine arterial blood pressure (BP) and surface electrocardiogram (ECG) were monitored. We observed that clenbuterol at a lower dose (0.4 mg/kg, n = 3) did not significantly affect the ECG, but decreased the mean BP roughly by 15-18 mmHg. At a medial dose (3.6 mg/kg, n = 3), clenbuterol induced significant hypotension (mean BP dropped by about 30 mmHg), first-degree atrioventricular (AV) block and intermittent ectopic activities with a relatively slow rate. The hypotension and arrhythmia recovered slowly, and animals did not die. Higher-dose clenbuterol (10 mg/kg, n = 6) induced severe hypotension, second-degree AV block (Mobitz type II), 2:1 ventricular capture and progressive prolongations of P-R intervals and QRS duration, and the animals soon died of cardiac asystole. Different from other reports, we had not observed lethal tachyarrhythmia in all experiments except for the slight heart rate acceleration during the recovery stage of medial clenbuterol dosage. These results indicate that acute intravenous administration of clenbuterol has serious, dose-dependent cardiovascular toxicities and is even life threatening.

The Most Common Misusage of Prohibited Drugs in Athletes

This study was aimed to understand the use of medication among elite athletes in Taiwan. For this investigation, we surveyed 180 athletes, who were selected for doping control at National Athletic Games in Taiwan. The athletes were asked to declare their use of medicine (either western or Chinese medicine) 14 days prior to the games. The types of western medicine included: analgesics, gastrointestinal agents, cough and cold preparations, contraceptives, muscle relaxants and antibiotics. The types of Chinese medicine included: hurt agents, liver agents, and some other unknown. The data was analyzed by descriptive statistics and chi-square test. The results indicated that 31.7% of the athletes used medication. Nevertheless, no significant difference was found between the consumption of Chinese medicine (11.7%) and western medicine (21.7%). The usage rate of medication showed no differences between genders, and among types of sports. Analgesics and hurt agents were most frequently used in western and Chinese medicine, respectively. Weight lifters and body-building athletes used gastrointestinal agents and muscle relaxants significantly more than other athletes. Positive results of pseudoephedrine were found in five athletes. In conclusion, the result demonstrates that drug misusage is still occurrence in Taiwan athletes. The usage rate of medication in this study was lower than previous surveys (47.2-57.9%). This study suggests that athletes must be careful about the utilization of pseudoephedrine.

Alteration of Plasma Brain Natriuretic Peptide Level After Acute Moderate Exercise in Professional Athletes

Background: Cardiac fatigue or myocardial damage following exercise until complete exhaustion can increase blood levels of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) in athletes. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of resistance and acute moderate aerobic exercise on alterations in BNP levels in professional athletes. Materials and Methods: Forty professional athletes who had at least 3 years of a championship background in track and field (aerobic group) or body building (resistance group) volunteered to participate in the present study. Track and field athletes (n = 20) were requested to run 8 km at 60% to 70% of maximum heart rate. Body building athletes (n = 20) performed a resistance training session of 5 exercises in 3 sets of 10 repetitions at 75% of 1 RM (bench press, seated row, leg extension, leg curl, and leg press). Before and immediately after the exercise, plasma BNP levels of both groups of athletes were measured by PATHFASTTM NT-proBNP assay, an immunochemiluminescent assay using two polyclonal antibodies in sandwich test format, on a PATHFASTTM automated analyzer. Results: Plasma BNP levels immediately following exercise increased significantly as compared with baseline values. Plasma BNP concentrations in the aerobic group were significantly higher than in the resistance group before and after exercise. Moreover, the increase in mean BNP concentrations in aerobic athletes was 7 times more than in resistance athletes. Conclusions: BNP levels in athlete who performed distance exercises increased signifi cantly compared with resistance training. Possibly exercise program type, intensity of exercise, volume of exercise program, and field sport can be factors of changes in BNP

Doping cosmético: a problemática das aplicações intramusculares de óleos

O doping no mundo esportivo e na subcultura de atletas profissionais e recreacionais de culturismo já é muito conhecido e estudado pela comunidade acadêmica e científica. Porém, uma nova problemática, que definimos como doping cosmético, inseriu-se há algumas décadas no mundo todo, e tem crescido em importância no Brasil nos últimos anos. Trata-se de injeções sistemáticas de substâncias oleosas por via intramuscular, conhecidas como ADE (vitaminas lipossolúveis A, D e E), com intuito de aumentar volumetricamente o músculo per se, podendo levar a necroses, deformidades físicas ou até mesmo ao óbito. Apresentamos a história do uso cosmético dos preenchedores corporais e revisamos os possíveis efeitos deletérios e fatais que podem resultar do seu abuso, assim como os mecanismos envolvidos na evolução clínica da aplicação destas substâncias. Além disto, apresentamos métodos simples para observação potencial do uso. Pretendemos com este trabalho convocar a classe dos profissionais de saúde para que esta publique relatos de casos quando estes usuários forem atendidos devidos às complicações de tal uso, visto que os casos que até hoje apareceram são apenas o início de uma nova problemática de saúde pública que tende a aumentar consideravelmente.

The abuse of Durabolin hormone among body building athletes in Ninava Governate center

Anabolic steroids forms a new danger threatened athletes . it is used greatly without medical need to gain muscle mass rapidly, this has led to many harmful effects appeared between them.This research aim to find out the age distribution , the period of use ,How and by whom they take it and the side effects which appeared on them. the researcher examine150 body builders athletes who used the durabolin hormone and the results showed that the ages (21 – 25 ) years form the highest percentage using this hormone and they take it through the coach usually . the highest period of using the hormone was 2 – 3 years, many side effects appeared between them including most of the body's systems .

Pilot Study of Serum Inhibin B as a Potential Marker of Testosterone Doping in Weight Lifting Men

The aim of this study was to explore effectors of the pituitary-testicular axis suitable as potential biochemical markers to screen for testosterone doping. Pilot study with male bodybuilding athletes with a self-reported history of testosterone doping (repeated intramuscular administration of testosterone preparations, last injection 8 weeks or less ago) compared with an equal sized control group matched for sex, age, and body mass index. Endocrine outpatients. Fifteen healthy young men of white background. None. Inhibin B, testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Although the levels of testosterone, LH, and FSH did not differ between the 2 groups, the serum concentrations of inhibin B in individuals with a history of testosterone doping were exclusively at or below the lower limit of the normal range for adult men (100-400 pg/mL). Inhibin B was significantly lower in those men who used testosterone for weight lifting (76.1 +/- 36.3 ng/L [mean +/- SD]) than in controls (182.1 +/- 35.4 ng/L). A low concentration of serum inhibin B may reflect the application of exogenous testosterone and appears to be a potential marker associated with anabolic androgenic steroid doping.

The Understanding of Drug Choice Mechanism of's High School BodyBuilding Athletes

The Understanding of Drug Choice Mechanism of's High School BodyBuilding Athletes

THE ACE I/D POLYMORPHISM AND BODY DIMENSIONS IN STRENGTH ATHLETES VERSUS CONTROLS

Recently about 10 studies reported on the association of the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Insertion/Deletion (I/D) polymorphism with several characteristics of human performance. The underlying specific body composition in athletes could in part explain this (lack of) association. This study therefore investigated the ACE I/D polymorphism in 50 male national and international level Body Builders and weight lifters (BB) with 58 control subjects (sedentary or moderately physical active) (CO). BB had a significantly higher body weight, BMI, limb circumferences, and mesomorphy component, smaller extremity skinfolds and on average twice as large muscle+bone arm area compared to CO. The allele frequency in the total group was 0.42 for the I and 0.57 for the D allele, and observed genotype frequencies were in Hardy-Weinburg equilibrium (Chi2: 0.1, P = 0.75). Chi2 tests showed no evidence for association of the ACE I/D polymorphism with athlete or control status (Chi2, 2df: 0.94, P = 0.62 for genotype association, Chi2, 1df: 0.83, P = 0.36 for test of dominance of the I allele). Association between genotype and body dimensions was further studied using analysis of covariance with age and weight as covariates. Association of the ACE I/D genotype was only suggestive for indicators of subcutaneous and overall adipose tissue. Carriers of the I/I genotype had significantly smaller suprailiacal skinfolds, lower percentage fat and absolute fat mass, a higher fat free mass and a lower score on endomorphy compared to I/D and D/D genotypes (F-values ranged 2.97–2.30, P values 0.06–0.10). This study indicates no significant role of the ACE I/D polymorphism in explaining differences in muscularity and body composition between Body Building athletes and controls. It therefore does not add to the evidence of the ACE gene as associated with human performance. The underlying mechanism might be more related to a healthier cardiovascular system than to muscle mass or a strength component.