Increased Body Weight Gain Research Articles

Neonatal overnutrition, but not neonatal undernutrition, disrupts CCK-induced hypophagia and neuron activation of the nucleus of the solitary tract and paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus of male Wistar rats

Metabolic programming may be induced by reduction or enhancement of litter size, which lead to neonatal over or undernutrition, respectively. Changes in neonatal nutrition can challenge some regulatory processes in adulthood, such as the hypophagic effect of cholecystokinin (CCK). In order to investigate the effects of nutritional programming on the anorexigenic function of CCK in adulthood, pups were raised in small (SL, 3 pups per dam), normal (NL, 10 pups per dam), or large litters (LL, 16 pups per dam), and on postnatal day 60, male rats were treated with vehicle or CCK (10 µg/Kg) for the evaluation of food intake and c-Fos expression in the area postrema (AP), nucleus of solitary tract (NTS), and paraventricular (PVN), arcuate (ARC), ventromedial (VMH), and dorsomedial (DMH) nuclei of the hypothalamus. Overnourished rats showed increased body weight gain that was inversely correlated with neuronal activation of PaPo, VMH, and DMH neurons, whereas undernourished rats had lower body weight gain, inversely correlated with increased neuronal activation of PaPo only. SL rats showed no anorexigenic response and lower neuron activation in the NTS and PVN induced by CCK. LL exhibited preserved hypophagia and neuron activation in the AP, NTS, and PVN in response to CCK. CCK showed no effect in c-Fos immunoreactivity in the ARC, VMH, and DMH in any litter. These results indicate that anorexigenic actions, associated with neuron activation in the NTS and PVN, induced by CCK were impaired by neonatal overnutrition. However, these responses were not disrupted by neonatal undernutrition. Thus, data suggest that an excess or poor supply of nutrients during lactation display divergent effects on programming CCK satiation signaling in male adult rats.

EFFECTIVENESS OF PROBIOTIC AND DIGESTIVE ENZYMES IN FERMENTED DIET ON GROWTH, FAT AND CHOLESTEROL CONTENTS OF BROILER

ABSTRACTThe present study aims to determine the effect of fermented diet containing probiotics and digestive enzymes with different feed levels on growth, fat and cholesterol contents of broiler chickens. Evaluating the effectiveness of probiotics (P) and digestive enzymes (DE) in fermented diet on broiler was observed by 4 treatments: P0=control (fermented diet without P and ED) EP), P1(fermented diet contained 0.5% P only)), P2 (fermented diet contained 0.5% DE only), P3 (fermented diet contained 0.5% P and 1% DE) and P4 (fermented diet contained 1% P and 0.5% DE). A hundred DOCs of broiler chickens strain CP 707 were used (unsex) and it designed by a completely randomized design with 5 treatments, 4 replications and each replication consisted of 5 DOCs. The data obtained were analyzed by means of variance and Duncan's multiple range test. The results of present study showed that broiler fed on fermented diet containing P and/or ED with different levels had a significant effect (P0.05) on final body weight, weight gain, carcass weight, fat content on thigh muscle. Broiler fed on fermented diet contained 0.5% DE only (P2) resulted in better growth and weight gain than other treatments. However, fermented diet contained probiotics and digestive enzymes had no effect on fat and cholesterol contents in breast muscle. It was concluded that the addition of digestive enzymes in fermented diet formulated by local raw materials was very effective than probiotics in increasing body weight gain, carcass weight and prevented the increase in fat and cholesterol contents both in breast and thight muscles of broiler chicken.

Rest phase snacking increases energy resorption and weight gain in male mice

ObjectiveSnacking, i.e., the intake of small amounts of palatable food items, is a common behavior in modern societies, promoting overeating and obesity. Shifting food intake into the daily rest phase disrupts circadian rhythms and is also known to stimulate weight gain. We therefore hypothesized that chronic snacking in the inactive phase may promote body weight gain and that this effect is based on disruption of circadian clocks. MethodsMale mice were fed a daily chocolate snack either during their rest or their active phase and body weight development and metabolic parameters were investigated. Snacking experiments were repeated in constant darkness and in clock-deficient mutant mice to examine the role of external and internal time cues in mediating the metabolic effects of snacking. ResultsChronic snacking in the rest phase increased body weight gain and disrupted metabolic circadian rhythms in energy expenditure, body temperature, and locomotor activity. Additionally, these rest phase snacking mice assimilated more energy during the inactive phase. Body weight remained increased in rest phase snacking wildtype mice in constant darkness as well as in clock-deficient mutant mice under a regular light–dark cycle compared to mice snacking in the active phase. Weight gain effects were abolished in clock-deficient mice in constant darkness. ConclusionsOur data suggest that mistimed snacking increases energy resorption and promotes body weight gain. This effect requires a functional circadian clock at least under constant darkness conditions.

Effect of quercetin supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, excreta bacterial count, noxious gas emission, and meat quality of broilers when fed different protein diets

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of flavonoid supplementation to a low-protein diet (LCP) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, excreta bacterial count, and excreta gas emission of broilers. In total, 800 one-day-old Ross 308 broilers (BW; 42.90 ± 1.43 g) were randomly sorted into one of the 4 dietary treatments (10 pens/treatment; 20 birds/pen). Treatment diets were high-protein diet (HCP), basal diet; LCP, basal diet − 2.5% protein; TRT1, LCP + 0.025% quercetin; and TRT2, LCP + 0.050% quercetin. Experimental diets were provided to broilers from days 8 to 35. HCP, TRT1, and TRT2 showed higher body weight gain (BWG) than the LCP group during days 8–21 and in the overall experiment. However, feed conversion ratio of the HCP group was improved than that of the LCP group during days 8–21 and in the overall period. The increasing level of quercetin supplementations brought a linear increase in BWG. Lactobacillus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella counts in excreta samples of the experimental groups showed no significant difference. Flavonoid supplementation (0.050%) reduced drip loss in breast muscle more than that in the LCP group and showed a linear reduction. Through improved digestion, quercetin addition to an LCP reversed the BWG.

Effects of dietary supplementation with dandelion tannins or soybean isoflavones on growth performance, antioxidant function, intestinal morphology, and microbiota composition in Wenchang chickens.

Many benefits have been found in supplementing tannins or soybean isoflavones to poultry, including increased body weight gain, antioxidant activity, and better intestinal morphology. However, few studies tested the influence of dandelion tannins or soybean isoflavones supplementation on Wenchang chickens. This study investigates the effects of dietary supplementation with dandelion tannins or soybean isoflavones on the growth performance, antioxidant function, and intestinal health of female Wenchang chickens. A total of 300 chickens were randomly divided into five groups, with six replicates per group and 10 broilers per replicate. The chickens in the control group (Con) were fed a basal diet; the four experimental groups were fed a basal diet with different supplements: 300 mg/kg of dandelion tannin (DT1), 500 mg/kg of dandelion tannin (DT2), 300 mg/kg of soybean isoflavone (SI1), or 500 mg/kg of soybean isoflavone (SI2). The experiment lasted 40 days. The results showed that the final body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG) were higher in the DT2 and SI1 groups than in the Con group (P < 0.05). In addition, dietary supplementation with dandelion tannin or soybean isoflavone increased the level of serum albumin (P <0.05); the concentrations of serum aspartate aminotransferase and glucose were significantly higher in the SI1 group (P < 0.05) than in the Con group and the concentration of triglycerides in the DT1 group (P < 0.05). The serum catalase (CAT) level was higher in the DT1 and SI1 groups than in the Con group (P < 0.05). The ileum pH value was lower in the DT2 or SI1 group than in the Con group (P < 0.05). The jejunum villus height and mucosal muscularis thickness were increased in the DT2 and SI1 groups (P < 0.05), whereas the jejunum crypt depth was decreased in the DT1 or DT2 group compared to the Con group (P < 0.05). In addition, the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression level of zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1) in the duodenum of the SI1 group and those of occludin, ZO-1, and claudin-1 in the ileum of the DT2 and SI1 groups were upregulated (P < 0.05) compared to the Con group. Moreover, the DT2 and SI1 groups exhibited reduced intestinal microbiota diversity relative to the Con group, as evidenced by decreased Simpson and Shannon indexes. Compared to the Con group, the relative abundance of Proteobacteria was lower and that of Barnesiella was higher in the DT2 group (P < 0.05). Overall, dietary supplementation with 500 mg/kg of dandelion tannin or 300 mg/kg of soybean isoflavone improved the growth performance, serum biochemical indexes, antioxidant function, and intestinal morphology and modulated the cecal microbiota composition of Wenchang chickens.

The effect of kiwi berry (&lt;i&gt;Actinidia arguta&lt;/i&gt;) on preventing and alleviating loperamide-induced constipation

This research aimed to study the preventive and relieving outcomes of kiwi berry on constipation. The administration of kiwi berries to mice resulted in a significant increase in body weight gain of 148.2% compared to mice that were constipated. The number of stools and the water content of stools both increased by 138.5% and 106.5%, respectively. The gastrointestinal transit rate increased by 45.3%, and the time it took for the first dark stool to form decreased by 57.5%. The levels of the excitability neurotransmitters were found to be higher in the group that had been given kiwi berries in comparison to the group that had been given loperamide. The opposite results were produced by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and aquaporin-3 (AQP3). In addition, kiwi berry consumption may lessen epithelial cell apoptosis and promote colon health. All the results point to kiwi berries as an extremely promising food supplement for the prevention and relief of constipation in the future since they successfully prevent and alleviate constipation brought on by loperamide.

Dietary Arginine as a Growth Promoter for Broiler Chickens

Background: Animals require amino acid (arginine) to maintain optimal body growth and nitrogen balance. The intent of the present study was to understand the impact of arginine on broiler chick productivity. Materials and Methods: A 35-days study was conducted at the Veterinary Science Faculty's research farm in Nangarhar, Afghanistan. 60 chicks of one-day-old were purchased from a local hatchery and were divided into four equal groups: control, treatment 1 (T1), treatment 2 (T2), and treatment 3 (T3). The arginine supplementation provided to these groups was 0% (control), 0.1% (T1), 0.2% (T2), and 0.3% (T3), respectively. Findings: The treatment groups had better weight gain and feed efficiency in the third, fourth and fifth weeks compared to the control group (p&lt;0.05). Dietary arginine supplementation also contributed to an increase in body weight gain (BWG) during the majority of the experiment's period. All arginine-supplemented groups had significantly (p&lt;0.05) better FCR in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th weeks of age compared to the control group. Conclusion: Supplementation of arginine to the diet of broiler chickens significantly increased their live body weight, weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio. These results indicate that arginine might be used as a useful supplementation to increase their productivity.

Baker’s Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and its application on poultry’s production and health: A review

The poultry population has substantially grown in recent years, and measures to ensure meat quality have also improved significantly. The exponential growth of the human population eventually resulted in increasing meat demand. In particular, poultry meat has been the more favorable and nutritive option. Research on feed additives has sparked an interest in many poultry specialists looking for ways to increase poultry performance. The use of baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as an antibiotic alternative by acting as prebiotics and probiotics has received significant attention. Baker’s yeast contains β-glucans and mannan-oligosaccharides as its main components. Recent studies have shown that baker’s yeast, as an alternative protein source, positively affects poultry growth performance, blood parameters, and immune response. Furthermore, the application of baker's yeast as a fermented feed additive showed promising results for poultry production. The use of baker’s yeast in the diet improves the morphological structure of the poultry gut, thus increasing growth performance. More informatively, it stimulates feed intake, increases body weight gain, and improves the feed conversion ratio. Baker’s yeast also improves the immune system of poultry animals by reducing various numbers of harmful microorganisms by combating poultry diseases more effectively and eventually increasing poultry health. This paper aims to synthesize all aspects of the effect of baker’s yeast on the poultry industry and the role and application of baker's yeast in poultry productivity.

Modified Highland Barley Regulates Lipid Metabolism and Liver Injury in High Fat and Cholesterol Diet ICR Mice.

Highland barley (Hordeum vulgare L. HB) has been demonstrated to have a series of dietotherapy values, including being low fat, low sugar, high fiber, and especially high in β-glucan. Long-term consumption could reduce the incidence of chronic diseases and metabolic syndromes. In this study, the regulating effect of modified highland barley (MHB) products, namely microwave fluidized HB, extruded and puffed HB, and ultrafine pulverized HB on lipid metabolism and liver injury in mice fed a high fat and cholesterol diet (HFCD) was investigated using microbiota diversity gene sequencing and untargeted metabolomics. A total of six groups of mice were supplemented with a normal diet or an HFCD, with or without MHB, and the experimental period lasted 10 weeks. The obtained results demonstrated that MHB supplementation could effectively reverse the increase in body weight gain and adipose tissue accumulation caused by an HFCD (p &lt; 0.05). Moreover, serum biochemical parameters showed that MHB supplementation significantly decreased total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, while increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. The results of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) assays showed that MHB supplementation could significantly improve the liver injury and adipose tissue accumulation. In addition, 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing showed that MHB supplementation increased the bacteroidetes/firmicutes ratio and the abundance Lactobacillus abundance, while also decreasing the Proteobacteria abundance, which are bacteria closely associated with the hyperlipidemia caused by HFCD. LC-MS metabolomics indicated that MHB supplementation significantly enhanced the levels of Deoxycholic acid, Myclobutanil, 3-Epiecdysone, 3,4-Dihydroxybenzeneacetic acid, and so on. In addition, MHB supplementation promoted activation of the Arachidonic acid metabolism pathways, the expression of ABC transporters, bile secretion, primary bile acid biosynthesis, and so on. Above all, this study showed the potential capacity of MHB to relieve hyperlipidemia and provides a reference for developing a new dietary intervention supplement to ameliorate hyperlipidemia.

Effects of Different Concentration of Copper on Performance, Immunity and Carcass Traits in Broiler Japanese Quails.

In this study, the effects of dietary copper supplements on broiler Japanese quail growth performance, immune response, blood biochemistry, and carcass quality were examined. Two copper sources (copper sulphate-CuS, and copper methionine-CuM), each at five distinct dietary dosages of 5, 10, 15, 100, and 150mg/kg, were used. A total of 280 (10 × 4 × 7) day-old quail chicks of uniform body weight were randomly distributed into 10 treatments with 4 replicates each and having 7 chicks in each replicate. In comparison to CuS-supplemented diets, CuM-supplemented diets (100mg Cu/kg diet) considerably (P ≤ 0.01) increased body weight gain and improved feed conversion ratio (FCR). In the 150-mg CuM/kg diet, the cell-mediated immune response (foot web index to PHAP) was considerably (P ≤ 0.01) greater. The humoral immune response (HA titre to SRBC) was substantially (P ≤ 0.01) lower with CuS-supplemented meals than with CuM-supplemented diets. When compared to CuS source, the weight of the bursa and spleen from CuM source was considerably (P ≤ 0.01) higher. The 100- and 150-mg CuM/kg diets considerably (P ≤ 0.01) reduced serum cholesterol levels. Thus, it may be concluded that dietary supplementation of copper methionine as a source of Cu @ 100mg Cu/kg diet to broiler Japanese quails was more effective in improving growth performance, immunological response, carcass quality features, and serum cholesterol reduction.

Effect of dietary essential oil of oregano on performance parameters, gastrointestinal traits, blood lipid profile, and antioxidant capacity of laying hens during the pullet phase

Many benefits have been found in supplementing essential oils such as oregano oil (EOO) to poultry, including increased body weight gain, antioxidant activity, and better gastrointestinal morphology. However, few studies tested the influence of EOO supplementation on laying hens and reported conflicting results regarding its efficacy in improving their health and performance. Therefore, we aimed to explore the effects of dietary EOO on performance, gastrointestinal (GIT) traits, blood lipid, and antioxidant capacity in laying hens during the rearing phase. A total of 300-day-old Hy-line-Brown chicks were used, and treatment diets consisted of corn-soybean based either without (CON) or with EOO (Ecodiar®, 0.275 g/kg diet). Birds were randomized across treatments with five pens/treatment and 30-birds/pen. Pen weights and feed rejected were recorded every two weeks (1-17 weeks of age), to calculate daily feed intake (ADFI), body weight (BW), and daily weight gain (ADWG). At 11 and 14 weeks of age, blood samples were collected from 3 birds/pen and analyzed for blood lipids and antioxidant levels, and 5-birds/treatment were euthanized, and GIT traits were tested. Differences in measured parameters across weeks and between treatments were assessed using GLMM with Tukey’s Post hoc test applied to significant results in R 3.3.1 (α set at 0.05). Body weights at weeks 3, 11, 13, and 17 were significantly higher in the EOO group compared to the CON group (all P ≤ 0.05), ADWG was significantly higher in EOO birds compared to CON birds at 9 and 13 weeks old (all P ≤ 0.05), while no significant differences in ADFI were observed between treatments across weeks of the trials. At both 11 and 17 weeks old, triglyceride levels were significantly lower, while high-density-lipoprotein levels were higher in EOO (all P ≤ 0.05). Malondialdehyde levels were lower in the EOO group versus CON (p=0.01), while EOO birds had higher glutathione levels (p=0.01) than CON. Finally, at 12 weeks old, the weight of the entire GIT and empty gizzard were higher in the EOO group versus CON (all P ≤ 0.05), while liver and spleen weights were not significantly different between groups. In conclusion, dietary oregano supplementation exerted promoting effects on the performance of Hy-Line Brown pullets.

Biological influence of nanotechnological j, se, s citrates in broiler chickens in the second period of rearing

The research was carried out on two groups of broilers ROOS-308, divided into control (1) and experimental (2) groups, in the conditions of industrial cultivation and daily addition to water of nanotechnological citrates J, Se, S for 24-48 days of fattening. The research was aimed to identify the complex combined biological action of nanotechnological citrates J, Se, S in broiler chickens under conditions of their use for 2-3 growing periods. The 7-day changes dynamics in body weight, survival and death rate of chickens, the mass of internal organs and its correlation to chicken body mass at the day 48, the technological slaughter period, were defined as study periods. Blood and internal organs samples were taken to determine biochemical parameters and study its development by mass and mass coefficients at the slaughter period. The corrective effect of nanotechnological J, Se, S citrates on the protein indicators and mineral metabolism, growth and development of the liver, stomach, spleen and thyroid gland of chicken was identified. There was an increase in body weight gain of broiler chickens by 4-4,5 % during growth periods with the use of J, Se, S citrates and 5,2 % for day 48 of life while the mortality decreased by 0,62 % during the study period (Group 1 – 1,64 %; Group 2 – 1,02 %). The average daily gain during 48 days in the control Group 1 was 59,6 g with a body weight of 2859 g and the experimental Group 2 – 62,72 % with body weight of 3009 g respectively.

Yishen-Qingli-Huoxue formula attenuates renal fibrosis by inhibiting indoxyl sulfate via AhR/snai1 signaling

BackgroundChronic kidney disease (CKD) is challenging to reverse and its treatment options are limited. Yishen-Qingli-Huoxue Formula (YQHF) is an effective treatment Chinese formula for CKD, as verified by clinical randomized controlled trial. However, the correlative YQHF therapeutic mechanisms are still unknown. PurposeThe current study aimed to investigate the potential anti-renal fibrosis effects of YQHF as well as the underlying mechanism. MethodsAfter affirming the curative effects of YQHF on adenine-induced CKD rats, Masson staining, immunohistochemistry, and ELISA were used to assess the effects of YQHF on renal fibrosis. Subsequently, metabolomics and transcriptomics analyses were conducted to clarify the potential mechanisms. Furthermore, high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS), molecular docking analysis and in vitro experiments were used to verify final mechanism of anti-fibrosis. ResultsOur results demonstrated that YQHF could improve renal morphology, decrease blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (Scr), and increase body weight gain of model rats. Masson staining, immunohistochemistry of collagen I, fibronectin (FN), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), vimentin and E-cadherin showed that YQHF delayed CKD progression by alleviating renal fibrosis, and the expression of fibrotic factors smoc2 and cdh11 were obviously suppressed by YQHF. Metabolomic and transcriptomic measures discovered that indoxyl sulfate might be a crucial factor inducing renal fibrosis, and the antagonistic effect of YQHF on renal fibrosis may be exerted via AhR/snai1 signaling. Subsequently, western blot and immunohistochemical experiments revealed YQHF indeed inhibited AhR/snai1 signaling in adenine-induced renal fibrosis of CKD rat, which confirmed previous results. In addition, molecular docking and in vitro experiments further supported this conclusion, in which astilbin, the main compound identified YQHF, was certified to exert a significant effect on AhR. ConclusionOur findings showed that YQHF can effectively treat CKD by antagonizing renal fibrosis, the potential mechanisms were relating with the regulation on AhR/snai1 signaling.

CRTC1 deficiency, specifically in melanocortin-4 receptor-expressing cells, induces hyperphagia, obesity, and insulin resistance.

Melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) is a critical regulator of appetite and energy expenditure in rodents and humans. MC4R deficiency causes hyperphagia, reduced energy expenditure, and impaired glucose metabolism. Ligand binding to MC4R activates adenylyl cyclase, resulting in increased levels of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), a secondary messenger that regulates several cellular processes. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate responsive element-binding protein-1-regulated transcription coactivator-1 (CRTC1) is a cytoplasmic coactivator that translocates to the nucleus in response to cAMP and is reportedly involved in obesity. However, the precise mechanism through which CRTC1 regulates energy metabolism remains unknown. Additionally, there are no reports linking CRTC1 and MC4R, although both CRTC1 and MC4R are known to be involved in obesity. Here, we demonstrate that mice lacking CRTC1, specifically in MC4R cells, are sensitive to high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and exhibit hyperphagia and increased body weight gain. Moreover, the loss of CRTC1 in MC4R cells impairs glucose metabolism. MC4R-expressing cell-specific CRTC1 knockout mice did not show changes in body weight gain, food intake, or glucose metabolism when fed a normal-chow diet. Thus, CRTC1 expression in MC4R cells is required for metabolic adaptation to HFD with respect to appetite regulation. Our results revealed an important protective role of CRTC1 in MC4R cells against dietary adaptation.

KOMBINASI MINYAK IKAN LEMURU DAN MINYAK KELAPA SAWIT DALAM RANSUM TERHADAP PERFORMA DAN ORGAN DALAM AYAM BROILER

The aim of this research was to evaluate the use of lemuru fish oil as palm oil substitution in ration on broiler performance. This research used 200 Ross broilers day old chick (DOC) is divided into 4 treatments and 5 replications. This research used a completely randomized design (CRD), where the treatments level of palm oil and lemuru fish oil were respectively P0 = rations containing 3% palm oil and 0% lemuru fish oil, P1 = rations containing 2% palm oil and 1% lemuru fish oil, P2 = rations containing 1% palm oil and 2% lemuru fish oil, P3 = rations containing 0% palm oil and 3% lemuru fish oil. The variables observed were feed intake, final body weight, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), mortality, and income over feed and chick cost (IOFCC). The data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The significant result (P&lt;0,05) were followed by Duncan test. The results showed a significant effect (P&lt;0.05) in decreasing FCR in the starter period with a higher level of use of lemuru fish oil, increasing body weight gain and decreasing FCR in the finisher period with a lower level of use of lemuru fish oil, but the treatments did not significantly effect on performance broiler during the age of 35 days. Weight and percentage of internal organs and digestive tract under normal conditions, except liver weight.&#x0D; The conclusion of this study was the use of 3% lemuru fish oil can improve FCR in the starter phase, but the different level of palm oil and lemuru fish oil until 3 % in broiler rations does not affect on broiler performance during the age of 35 days.&#x0D;

Produktivitas Budidaya Antara Bebek Peking (Anas platyrhynchos) dengan Bebek Hibrida (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus)

Broiler ducks are ducks that are able to grow quickly and can convert feed efficiently into meat with high value. Duck meat has a good structure and structure of the meat. The good structure of duck meat is now popular with the public, because the taste of the meat is delicious and savory. Broiler ducks that are known by the public include hybrid ducks and peking ducks. The demand for duck meat that continues to increase does not change with the availability of duck meat available in the market, to meet the needs of the community. It is possible to breed broiler ducks as proof that the poultry business for ducks is wide open with the promised profit prospects. The purpose of this study was to determine the productivity in broiler duck cultivation which can increase body weight gain quickly, economically and produce meat that has high nutrition to meet public demand. The research method used is literature review by analyzing relevant articles and focusing on the productivity of broiler duck farming. Based on maintenance for 6 weeks, the data obtained was the consumption of hybrid rations as much as 6,514 g/head while in peking ducks as much as 7,601 g/head, PBB in hybrid ducks was 1,237 g/head, while for peking ducks 1,699 g/head, FCR in ducks hybrid 5.29 and peking duck 4.49 and mortality of hybrid duck 4% and peking duck 12%. The weight gain, mortality, and feed conversion of peking ducks were higher than that of hybrid ducks. The conclusion from the results of the study that the best duck genotype to produce FCR was hybrid duck and production performance which included body weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion in peking ducks and hybrid ducks.

DIET SUPPLEMENTATION WITH YEAST BETA-GLUCANS, DIETARY ANTIOXIDANTS AND VITAMIN K IN BROILER CHICKENS MITIGATED AFLATOXIN-INDUCED GROWTH RETARDATION

Mitigation of inevitably absorbed aflatoxins following the addition of toxin binders are insufficiently reported. Therefore, effect of yeast beta-glucans, antioxidants such as vitamins C (VC) and E (VE), selenium (Se) and anti-haemorrhagic agent (vitamin K- VK) in the diet on changes in biochemical processes that characterised aflatoxins poisoning in broiler chickens was investigated. Aspergillus flavus 3228 inoculated maize was used to formulate a basal diet (BD) containing 270 ± 16µg.kg-1 total aflatoxins (AFB1 and AFB2). Unsexed one-day-old Arbor-Acres broiler chicks (n = 180) were randomly assigned into six dietary treatments, comprising Negative Control (NC- aflatoxin-free diet), BD and BD containing beta-glucans, VC, VE, VK and selenium. Two levels of beta-glucans: 250 and 375 mg.kg-1 (BD250 and BD375) and two combinations of vitamins with or without selenium: [(VE + VC) +VK] = ECK and [(VE + VC) + VK + Se] = ECKSe were combined to give BD250 + ECK; BD250 + ECKSe; BD375 + ECK and BD375 + ECKSe. Selenium, VC, VE and VK, were included in the diets at 0.3, 250, 200 and 3.0 mg.kg-1 of feed, respectively in augmented (2 x 2) +2 factorial arrangement in completely randomised design. The diets were fed to the chicken ad libitum for seven weeks. Serum malondialdehyde, reduced (GSH) and oxidised (GSSG) glutathione levels and ratio, body weight gain (BWG) were measured and feed conversion ratio (FCR) and percentage mortality were determined. Data were analysed using ANOVA at α0.05. Serum malondialdehyde and GSSG levels were significantly reduced (P &lt; 0.05) from 159.41 ± 23.68 nM.mL-1 and 5.96 ± 5.20 µM.mL-1 in BD, to 69.68 ± 26.97 nM.mL-1 and 2.21 ± 0.88 µM.mL-1 in birds on BD375 + ECKSe. Birds fed BD375 + ECKSe had GSH:GSSG (3.58 ± 1.71), BWG (1,903.98 ± 32.56 g.bird-1) significantly higher and FCR (1.88 ± 0.04) was reduced (P &lt; 0.05) compared to 1.06 ± 0.81; 956.27 ± 19.34 g.bird-1 and 2.38 ± 0.04, respectively, in birds on BD. Birds fed BD375 + ECKSe had no variation (P &gt; 0.05) in performance when compared to NC. Mortality decreased significantly (P &lt; 0.05) from 39.39 ± 5.25 % in BD to 9.09 ± 5.25 % in BD375 + ECK. Combinations of 375 mg.kg-1 beta-glucans, vitamins E, C, K and selenium reduced lipid peroxidation activity, feed conversion ratio and oxidative stress, with increased bodyweight gain. Finally, combinations of beta-glucans, antioxidants and vitamin K demonstrated effectiveness in preventing changes in biochemical processes leading to aflatoxins deleterious effects in broiler chickens.

Intestinal segment and vitamin D3 concentration affect gene expression levels of calcium and phosphorus transporters in broiler chickens.

Two experiments were conducted in this research. Experiment 1 investigated the spatial expression characteristics of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) transporters in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of 21-day-old broilers provided with adequate nutrient feed. Experiment 2 evaluated the effects of dietary vitamin D3 (VD3) concentration (0, 125, 250, 500, 1,000, and 2,000 IU/kg) on growth performance, bone development, and gene expression levels of intestinal Ca and P transporters in 1-21-day-old broilers provided with the negative control diet without supplemental VD3. Results in experiment 1 showed that the mRNA levels of calcium-binding protein 28-kDa (CaBP-D28k), sodium-calcium exchanger 1 (NCX1), plasma membrane calcium ATPase 1b (PMCA1b), and IIb sodium-phosphate cotransporter (NaPi-IIb) were the highest in the broiler duodenum. By contrast, the mRNA levels of inorganic phosphate transporter 1 (PiT-1) and 2 (PiT-2) were the highest in the ileum. Results in experiment 2 showed that adding 125 IU/kg VD3 increased body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), bone weight, and percentage and weight of Ca and P in the tibia and femur of 1-21-day-old broilers compared with the negative control diet (p < 0.05). The rise in dietary VD3 levels from 125 to 1,000 IU/kg further increased the BWG, FI, and weights of the bone, ash, Ca, and P (p < 0.05). No difference in growth rate and leg bone quality was noted in the broilers provided with 1,000 and 2,000 IU/kg VD3 (p > 0.05). Supplementation with 125-2,000 IU/kg VD3 increased the mRNA abundances of intestinal Ca and P transporters to varying degrees. The mRNA level of CaBP-D28k increased by 536, 1,161, and 28 folds in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, respectively, after adding 1,000 IU/kg VD3. The mRNA levels of other Ca and P transporters (PMCA1b, NCX1, NaPi-IIb, PiT-1, and PiT-2) increased by 0.57-1.74 folds by adding 1,000-2,000 IU/kg VD3. These data suggest that intestinal Ca and P transporters are mainly expressed in the duodenum of broilers. Moreover, the addition of VD3 stimulates the two mineral transporter transcription in broiler intestines.

Delayed feeding of a high-sucrose diet led to increased body weight by affecting the circadian rhythm of body temperature and hepatic lipid-metabolism genes in rats

Skipping breakfast is an irregular feeding behavior, typically in young people. In our previous study, we established a 4 h-delayed feeding protocol for rats as a breakfast-skipping model and showed that the 4 h-delayed feeding of a high-fat diet led to body weight gain in rats. Excess sucrose induces metabolic syndrome and fatty liver. Recently, excess sucrose intake has received increased attention. Young people generally consume more sugar than adults do. In the present study, we investigated whether a 4 h-delayed feeding promoted high-sucrose diet-induced abnormalities in lipid metabolism, such as fatty liver and obesity in rats. The 4 h-delayed feeding rats showed increased body weight gain, although it did not induce fatty liver and hyperlipidemia compared to normal feeding rats. Serum insulin concentration during the feeding period was higher than in the control rats, suggesting that slight insulin resistance was induced by the 4 h-delayed feeding. The surge in body temperature was also delayed by 4 h in response to the 4 h-delayed feeding. This delay would result in less energy expenditure to increase body weight. The oscillations of hepatic lipid and glucose metabolism-related gene expression were delayed by almost 2–4 h, and the clock genes were delayed by approximately 2 h. The 4 h-delayed feeding induced weight gain by affecting body temperature, insulin resistance, and circadian oscillation of lipid metabolism-related genes in rats fed a high-sucrose diet, suggesting that a high sucrose intake with breakfast skipping leads to obesity.

Additional effect of apple sugar leaf extract (Annona Squamosa L) through drinking water on feed digestiveness and performance of roles, layer tife

This study aimed to determine the effect of sugar apple leaf extract (Annona squamosa l) on production performance, carcass and digestibility of roles layer tife. The experimental design used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 4 replications, where each replication used 3 male laying hens aged 2 weeks so that a total of 60 chickens were used. The treatment was the administration of sugar apple leaf extract through drinking water, namely 0%, 1%, 2%, 3% and 4% for treatment E0, E1, E2, E3 and E4 respectively. The variables observed were nutrient digestibility and performance.The results showed that the administration of sugar apple leaf extract through drinking water had no effect on ration consumption, Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) and initial weight, but could increase body weight gain, final weight, dry matter digestibility, protein digestibility and energy digestibility. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the administration of sugar apple leaf extract at a level of 2-4% can increase nutrient digestibility and the performance of laying hens.