Body Weight Cycle Research Articles

The Impact of Weight Cycling on Health and Obesity.

Obesity is a systemic and chronic inflammation, which seriously endangers people's health. People tend to diet to control weight, and the short-term effect of dieting in losing weight is significant, but the prognosis is limited. With weight loss and recovery occurring frequently, people focus on weight cycling. The effect of weight cycling on a certain tissue of the body also has different conclusions. Therefore, this article systematically reviews the effects of body weight cycling on the body and finds that multiple weight cycling (1) increased fat deposition in central areas, lean mass decreased in weight loss period, and fat mass increased in weight recovery period, which harms body composition and skeletal muscle mass; (2) enhanced the inflammatory response of adipose tissue, macrophages infiltrated into adipose tissue, and increased the production of pro-inflammatory mediators in adipocytes; (3) blood glucose concentration mutation and hyperinsulinemia caused the increase or decrease in pancreatic β-cell population, which makes β-cell fatigue and leads to β-cell failure; (4) resulted in additional burden on the cardiovascular system because of cardiovascular rick escalation. Physical activity combined with calorie restriction can effectively reduce metabolic disease and chronic inflammation, alleviating the adverse effects of weight cycling on the body.

403-P: Body-Weight Cycling and Risk of Diabetic Kidney Disease in People with Type 1 Diabetes

403-P: Body-Weight Cycling and Risk of Diabetic Kidney Disease in People with Type 1 Diabetes

Dehydroepiandrosterone with a high-fat diet treatment at inducing polycystic ovary syndrome in rat model

ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the effects of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA combined with a high-fat diet (HFD) treatment of reproductive and endocrine metabolism in rats and then identify an ideal model of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). MethodsThree-week-old female Sprague–Dawley rats were injected subcutaneously with DHEA or oil, fed with or without a HFD, for 21 days, during which body weight, feed intake, and estrous cycle monitoring were carried out. Fasting blood glucose was measured, and serum fasting insulin, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), estradiol, progesterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were estimated by ELISA. Serum total cholesterol (TC), total triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were measured by colorimetric assay. Whereas, histologic changes in rat ovaries were evaluated by H&E staining. Ovarian steroid hormone synthases and their protein levels (StAR, 3β-HSD2, 17β-HSD1, CYP11A1, CYP17A1, and CYP19A1) were examined by Western blotting. ResultsBoth DHEA and DHEA + HFD-treated rats lost a regular estrous cycle; had polycystic ovarian changes, significantly higher serum fasting insulin and testosterone levels; and increased ovarian StAR, 3β-HSD2, and CYP11A1 protein levels. Additionally, rats in the DHEA + HFD-treated group were obese; had elevated fasting blood glucose, TG, DHT, AMH levels and LH:FSH ratios; increased ovarian 17β-HSD1 protein levels. ConclusionDHEA combined with HFD treatment is more effective at inducing PCOS than DHEA alone. The reproductive and endocrine metabolic aspects of this method are more consistent with the clinical characteristics of PCOS patients.

Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Siklus Menstruasi pada Remaja Putri

This study aims to analyze the factors that influence the menstrual cycle in adolescent girls at SMA Negeri 2 Ngaglik, explicitly analyzing the influence of body weight, physical activity, and anxiety in teenage girls at SMA Negeri 2 Ngaglik. The method used is quantitative research with descriptive methods and a cross-sectional design. The research results show a significant relationship between body weight and menstrual cycle irregularities with a p-value of 0.001, so the p-value is <0.05. There is an essential relationship between physical activity and menstrual cycle irregularities with a p-value of 0.000, so the p-value is <0.05. There is a significant relationship between anxiety and menstrual cycle irregularities, with a p-value of 0.001 with a p-value <0.05. In conclusion, body weight, physical activity, and anxiety influence menstrual cycle irregularities in young women at SMA Negeri 2 Ngaglik. Keywords: Physical Activity, Body Weight, Menstrual Cycle, Anxiety

Danggui Shaoyao San protects cyclophosphamide-induced premature ovarian failure by inhibiting apoptosis and oxidative stress through the regulation of the SIRT1/p53 signaling pathway

Ethnopharmacological relevanceIt has been reported that apoptosis and oxidative stress are related to cyclophosphamide (CYC)-induced premature ovarian failure (POF). Therefore, anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidative stress treatments exhibit therapeutic efficacy in CYC-induced POF. Danggui Shaoyao San (DSS), which has been extensively used to treat gynecologic diseases, is found to inhibit apoptosis and reduce oxidative stress. However, the roles of DSS in regulating apoptosis and oxidative stress during CYC-induced POF, and its associated mechanisms are still unknown. Aim of the studyThis work aimed to investigate the roles and mechanisms of DSS in inhibiting apoptosis and oxidative stress in CYC-induced POF. Materials and methodsCYC (75 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected in mice to construct the POF mouse model for in vivo study. Thereafter, alterations of body weight, ovary morphology and estrous cycle were monitored to assess the ovarian protective properties of DSS. Serum LH and E2 levels were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was employed for examining ovarian pathological morphology and quantifying follicles in various stages. Meanwhile, TUNEL staining and apoptosis-related proteins were adopted for evaluating apoptosis. Oxidative stress was measured by the levels of ROS, MDA, and 4-HNE. Western blot (WB) assay was performed to detect proteins related to the SIRT1/p53 pathway. KGN cells were used for in vitro experiment. TBHP stimulation was carried out for establishing the oxidative stress-induced apoptosis cell model. Furthermore, MTT assay was employed for evaluating the protection of DSS from TBHP-induced oxidative stress. The anti-apoptotic ability of DSS was evaluated by hoechst/PI staining, JC-1 staining, and apoptosis-related proteins. Additionally, the anti-oxidative stress ability of DSS was measured by detecting the levels of ROS, MDA, and 4-HNE. Proteins related to SIRT1/p53 signaling pathway were also measured using WB and immunofluorescence (IF) staining. Besides, SIRT1 expression was suppressed by EX527 to further investigate the role of SIRT1 in the effects of DSS against apoptosis and oxidative stress. ResultsIn the in vivo experiment, DSS dose-dependently exerted its anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidative stress, and ovarian protective effects. In addition, apoptosis, apoptosis-related protein and oxidative stress levels were inhibited by DSS treatment. DSS treatment up-regulated SIRT1 and down-regulated p53 expression. From in vitro experiment, it was found that DSS treatment protected KGN cells from TBHP-induced oxidative stress injury. Besides, DSS administration suppressed the apoptosis ratio, apoptosis-related protein levels, mitochondrial membrane potential damage, and oxidative stress. SIRT1 suppression by EX527 abolished the anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidative stress, and ovarian protective effects, as discovered from in vivo and in vitro experiments. ConclusionsDSS exerts the anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidative stress, and ovarian protective effects in POF mice, and suppresses the apoptosis and oxidative stress of KGN cells through activating SIRT1 and suppressing p53 pathway.

Adherence to the Mediterranean diet and its impact on body weight and menstrual cycle in women with polycystic ovary syndrome

Objectives. Our study evaluated the adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) from Suceava, Romania, and the effects of this diet on their body weight and regulation of the menstrual cycle, respectively. Methodology. Data collection for the cross-sectional study was performed using the PREDIMED questionnaire, which provided information about the adherence to the Mediterranean diet of 30 women (mean age=37 years old; SD±7.7) diagnosed with PCOS, from Suceava County, Romania, monitored between December 2020 and April 2021. Results. PREDIMED scores in 30 PCOS patients showed 43.3% of patients with low (≤5) and 56.7% with moderate (6-9) adherence to the Mediterranean diet. Higher MD adherence correlated with a lower BMI (r=-0.4; p=0.0255; 95% CI; -0.6 to 0.05) and lower mean body weight (62 kg versus 69 kg). No significant differences were found regarding age, residence, alcohol/smoking habits, or menstrual regulation based on MD adherence. Risky behaviors didn’t impact menstrual cycle, except for olive oil consumption. The preference for using oil in the diet and, especially, the daily intake of at least four tablespoons correlated negatively with cycle regulation (r=-0.38; p=0.0325; 95% CI; -0.73 to -0.03; and r=-0.56; p=0.0013; 95% CI; -0.76 to -0.25, respectively). Conclusions. Our results showed that the Mediterranean diet is beneficial in terms of body weight management in women with PCOS, but not in regulating menstruation.

Factors That Influence the Growth and Development Disorder for Children aged 1 - 5 years in the Liquica Internal Health Centre, Liquica Municipality, Timor-Leste, 2022

Growth and development of children at the aged 1-5 is an action that requires maximum attention. Because at the age 1-5 it refers to a faster and most critical phase of child development, usually known as the golden money phase. This phase is esensial, because form the privasity and characteristic beginning from this, WHO (2014). rowth and development disputes are a serious problem for both developed and advance countries around the world, and growth is assessed by body weight, height, and head cycle, development is assessed by motor, social, emotional, speech and cognitive capacity. According to the World Health Organization (2020) it was discovered that 149 million children suffered stunting, 45 million children were weaker/seriously wasted and over 38 million obesity/weighted. On the other hand, the WHO also stated that child mortality in the age of < 5 increased by 45% due to lack of nutrition. According to data by the Ministry of Health of Timor-Leste, (2018) children aged 1-5 years of age suffering from malnutrition were 1.521, men 734 and women 787. In this research, quantitative discretive aproach cross sectional Type of saturate sampling has a total of 29 people. Data collection techniques are used by a questionary with questions closed. To know the factors that influence the growth and development disturbances of children aged 1-5 years old at the Liquica Internal Health Centre, Liquica Municipality. Based on the results of 29 respondents, the majority of child nutrition factors were 15 people (51.7%), the majority of child stimulations were 14 people (48.3%) and the majority of child growth and development disabilities were 15 people (51.7%). Statistics test using Spearman Rank Corelation nutrition for children with growth and development disabilities with the value of P-Value = 0.001 with the value of r = 0.573 * * and the correlation test of the factors of stimulation and growth and development disabilities with the value of P-Value = 0.003 with the value of r = 0.527*, resulting in evidence that the correlation is sufficiently strong.

Moringa oleifera leaf supplementation relieves oxidative stress and regulates intestinal flora to ameliorate polycystic ovary syndrome in letrozole-induced rats.

This study investigated the effects of supplementation Moringa oleifera leaf (MOL) on relieving oxidative stress, anti-inflammation, changed the relative abundance of multiple intestinal flora and blood biochemical indices during letrozole-induced polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Previous studies have shown that MOL has anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, insulin-sensitizing effects. However, whether MOL has beneficial effects on PCOS remains to be elucidated. In the current study, 10-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats received letrozole to induce PCOS-like rats, and subsequently were treated with a MOL diet. Then, the body weight and estrus cycles were measured regularly in this period. Finally, the ovarian morphology, blood biochemical indices, anti-oxidative, intestinal flora, and anti-inflammation were observed at the end of the experiment. We found that MOL supplementation markedly decreased the body weight, significantly upregulated the expression of Sirt1, FoxO1, PGC-1α, IGF1, and substantially modulated the sex hormone level and improved insulin resistance, which may be associated with the relieves oxidative stress. Moreover, the supplementation of MOL changed the relative abundance of multiple intestinal flora, the relative abundance of Fusobacterium, Prevotella were decreased, and Blautia and Parabacteroides were increased. These results indicate that MOL is potentially a supplementary medication for the management of PCOS.

Development and evaluation of novel krill oil-based clomiphene microemulsion as a therapeutic strategy for PCOS treatment.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is frequently diagnosed hormonal disorder with reproductive and metabolic complications. The most common symptoms include cyst in ovaries, anovulation, insulin resistance, and obesity. Clomiphene citrate, an ovulating agent, is the first-line drug used to treat PCOS. We hypothesized that clomiphene citrate, by stimulating ovarian function, with krill oil used as an oil phase to improve solubility, by addressing PCOS-associated symptoms might be effective in PCOS. Hence, our goal was to target hormonal imbalance along with PCOS-associated symptoms using a single formulation. The concentration of water (X1), oil (X2), and Smix (surfactant-cosurfactant mixture) (X3) were selected as independent variables, in a simplex lattice design, from microemulsion area derived from a pseuodoternary phase diagram while the globule size (Y1) was selected as a dependent parameter. The optimized microemulsion showed good sphericity having 41nm globule size, 0.32 poly dispersibility index and + 31mV zeta potential. The optimized microemulsion was further evaluated in-vivo using letrozole-induced PCOS rats. Formulation treated group reversed the effect of letrozole on body weight and estrus cycle in comparison to the disease control group (p < 0.001). The formulation was also effective in reducing insulin resistance, cholesterol and serum testosterone level (p < 0.001). The in vivo results were supported by histopathological studies where the formulation-treated group showed a marked decrease in the number of cystic follicles and a remarkable increase in the number of growing follicles at variable stages, similar to the normal control group. Thus, the results confirmed that novel krill oil-based clomiphene microemulsion may become a promising therapeutic choice for the treatment of PCOS.

Body-weight variability and risk of cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 1 diabetes: a retrospective observational analysis of data from the DCCT/EDIC population

BackgroundCardiovascular risk and body-weight management are both emerging challenges of type 1 diabetes care. We evaluated the association between intraindividual variability of body-weight and risk of cardiovascular events in people with type 1 diabetes.MethodsWe analyzed 1,398 participants from the DCCT/EDIC studies. Five indices of intraindividual variability of body-weight were calculated for each participant taking into account body-weight measures obtained during the DCCT follow-up (average 6 ± 2 years). The Average Successive Variability (ASV) index, the main variable of interest, was defined as the average absolute difference between successive body-weight measures. The primary outcome was a composite of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE: nonfatal myocardial infarction or stroke, or cardiovascular death) occurring during the subsequent EDIC follow-up (20 ± 3 years). All-cause death was a secondary outcome. Risk of outcomes were assessed by Cox proportional hazards regression analyses, adjusted for traditional cardiovascular risks factors, including BMI.ResultsThe cumulative incidence of MACE and all-cause death during follow-up were 5.6% (n = 79) and 6.8% (n = 95), respectively. The adjusted Hazard Ratio (HR) for MACE by every increase of 1 standard deviation (SD) of ASV was 1.34 (95% CI, 1.06–1.66), p = 0.01. For all-cause death, the adjusted HR for 1 SD increase of ASV was 1.25 (1.03–1.50), p = 0.03. Similar results were observed when considering the other indices of intraindividual variability of body-weight.ConclusionsHigh body-weight variability (body-weight cycling) is associated with increased risk of MACE and all-cause death in people with type 1 diabetes, independently of the BMI and traditional cardiovascular risk factors.

Hubungan Perubahan Berat Badan, Hipertensi dan Ketidakteraturan Siklus Haid dengan Lamanya Penggunaan Kontrasepsi Suntik 3 Bulan

Acording to the World Health Organization, hormonal contraception as a means of contraception isincreasing sharply. The most use of hormonal contraception isinjectable contraceptives, whichis 38.3% and pills as much as 27.7% and implants as much as 23.6%. body weight, hypertension and menstrual cycle irregularities with the duration of the use of contraceptive injections for 3 months at the UPTD of Daya Utama Health Center, Banyuasin Regency in 2021. This type of research used an analytic survey method using a crosss ectional design. The population in this study were mothers who used 3- month injectable contraception, totaling 81 respondents and taken using proportional random sampling technique. Data were analyzed by chi-square statistical test. The results showed that there was asignificant relationship between changes in weight, hypertension and menstrual cycle irregularities. The conclusion in this study was that there was a relationship between changes in body weight, hypertension and menstrual cycle irregularities with the duration of the use of injectable contraception for 3 months in Banyuasin districtin 2021.

BEHAVIORAL SYMPTOMS OF EATING DISORDERS AND RISK OF ENDOMETRIOSIS: A PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY

Behavioral symptoms of eating disorders, such as restriction, purging, and binging, are likely to have an important impact on the gynecologic health of adolescents through impacts on body weight and menstrual cycle function. However, few prospective studies have evaluated these associations, particularly in regards to endometriosis. Therefore, our objective was to prospectively evaluate the association between behavioral symptoms of eating disorders in young adult females and risk of endometriosis.

Geographic range size, water temperature, and extrinsic threats predict the extinction risk in global cetaceans.

Despite the fact that cetaceans provide significant ecological contributions to the health and stability of aquatic ecosystems, many are highly endangered with nearly one-third of species assessed as threatened with extinction. Nevertheless, to date, few studies have explicitly examined the patterns and processes of extinction risk and threats for this taxon, and even less between the two subclades (Mysticeti and Odontoceti). To fill this gap, we compiled a dataset of six intrinsic traits (active region, geographic range size, body weight, diving depth, school size, and reproductive cycle), six environmental factors relating to sea surface temperature and chlorophyll concentration, and two human-related threat indices that are commonly recognized for cetaceans. We then employed phylogenetic generalized least squares models and model selection to identify the key predictors of extinction risk in all cetaceans, as well as in the two subclades. We found that geographic range size, sea surface temperature, and human threat index were the most important predictors of extinction risk in all cetaceans and in odontocetes. Interestingly, maximum body weight was positively associated with the extinction risk in mysticetes, but negatively related to that for odontocetes. By linking seven major threat types to extinction risk, we further revealed that fisheries bycatch was the most common threat, yet the impacts of certain threats could be overestimated when considering all species rather than just threatened ones. Overall, we suggest that conservation efforts should focus on small-ranged cetaceans and species living in warmer waters or under strong anthropogenic pressures. Moreover, further studies should consider the threatened statusof species when superimposing risk maps and quantifying risk severity. Finally, we emphasize that mysticetes and odontocetes should be conserved with different strategies, because their extinction risk patterns and major threat types are considerably different. For instance, large-bodied mysticetes and small-ranged odontocetes require special conservation priority.

Distinctions in PCOS Induced by Letrozole Vs Dehydroepiandrosterone With High-fat Diet in Mouse Model.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a complex health condition associated with metabolic disturbances and infertility. Recent data suggest that the prevalence of PCOS is increasing among women globally, although the etiology of these trends is undefined. Consequently, preclinical models that better reflect the biology of PCOS are urgently needed to facilitate research that can lead to the discovery of prevention strategies or improved management. The existing animal models have several limitations as they do not reflect all the PCOS features metabolically and/or phenotypically. Therefore, there is no clear consensus on the use of appropriate animal model and selection of the most appropriate PCOS-inducing agent. To that end, we have established a Swiss albino mouse model of PCOS based on 3 weeks of daily treatment with letrozole (50 μg/day; intraperitoneal) and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA, 6 mg/100 g body weight; subcutaneous) in 5-week-old female mice fed on normal or high-fat diet (HFD). Mice were regularly assessed for body weight, blood glucose, and estrous cycle. Three weeks after drug administration, mice were sacrificed and assessed for blood-based metabolic parameters as well as ovarian function. Our results indicate that DHEA combined with HFD produces changes mimicking those of clinical PCOS, including elevated serum testosterone and luteinizing hormone, dyslipidemia, poor ovarian microenvironment, and development of multiple ovarian cysts, recapitulating cardinal features of PCOS. In comparison, normal diet and/or letrozole produced fewer features of PCOS. The data from the experimental models presented here can improve our understanding of PCOS, a growing concern in women's health.

Effect of 3-week preoperative rehabilitation on pain and daily physical activities in patients with severe osteoarthritis undergoing total knee arthroplasty.

We hypothesized that 3 weeks of preoperative rehabilitation could improve postoperative pain in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of 3 weeks of preoperative rehabilitation on postoperative pain after TKA. This prospective cohort study included 29 subjects (41 knees) divided into two groups: the preoperative rehabilitation group included 14 subjects (20 knees) and the control group included 15 subjects (21 knees). All subjects were scheduled for unilateral or bilateral TKA. The preoperative rehabilitation group completed a 90-min rehabilitation program 3 days per week for 3 weeks before their TKA. The rehabilitation included body weight exercise, resistance exercise, and cycle ergometer exercise. The control group did not undergo any rehabilitation prior to TKA. We assessed the patients using Western Ontario and McMaster Universities' Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) and recorded their physical activity of walking, standing, sitting, and lying down at study entry and/or before TKA and 1 month after TKA. The WOMAC total and WOMAC pain scores were significantly lower after 3-weeks of rehabilitation, but before TKA and 1 month after surgery were significantly lower in the preoperative rehabilitation group than in the control group. The time spent walking, standing, sitting, and lying down for 12 h did not change after TKA in the preoperative rehabilitation group. In contrast, in the control group, the time spent in walking and standing positions decreased and the time in the sitting position increased after TKA (p < 0.05). Conclusion: We found that 3-week preoperative training reduced knee pain and helped maintain physical activity after surgery in patients with severe osteoarthritis who underwent TKA.

Low Fat-Free Mass Index Measured by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis Correlates With Hematologic Adverse Events in Early-Stage Breast Cancer Patients Receiving Chemotherapy: A Prospective Observational Cohort Study.

Background: Low muscle mass is associated with worse cancer treatment outcomes. Although dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry or computerized tomography-based analysis have both been widely studied in this clinical setting, studies in the use of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) remain limited. The aim of this prospective study was to investigate for association between body composition estimated by BIA and hematologic adverse events in early-stage breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Methods: A total of 144 female patients were enrolled. Before the first cycle of chemotherapy, body weight and fat-free mass were measured by a BIA device and then those values were converted into body mass index and fat-free mass index. Association between fat-free mass index and composite adverse events (CAEs), including grade 4 neutropenia, febrile neutropenia, or relative dose intensity <85%, was explored. Results: CAEs occurred in 85 patients (59%), and point biserial correlation showed an inverse correlation between the fat-free mass index and CAE. No included patients were sarcopenic (fat-free mass index <11.4 kg/m2). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed <14.85 kg/m2 as the cutoff value indicating a low fat-free mass index. Using this cutoff, 85 patients were classified as having a low fat-free mass index, and 62 of those patients (72.9%) had CAE (relative risk: 1.86, P < .001). After adjusting for other factors, a low fat-free mass index was found to be independently associated with a high CAE (adjusted odds ratio: 4.562, 95% CI: 2.162-9.627, P < .001). Conclusion: Low fat-free mass index is an independent predictor of increased risk of hematologic adverse events in early-stage breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Estimation of fat-free mass index by BIA may identify at-risk patients so that interventions can be considered to improve treatment outcomes.

CHARACTERISTICS OF METABOLIC PROCESSES IN THE FORMATION OF MENSTRUAL FUNCTION DISORDERS IN ADOLESCENT GIRLS WITH OBESITY

Іntroduction. Today, a quarter of the population of economically developed countries has a body weight that is 15% larger than the norm. According to various authors, the timely onset of menarche in women with various forms of obesity and reproductive dysfunction is observed in 31% of cases only.&#x0D; Obesity results in insulin resistance, which in its turn results in hyperinsulinemia. The main reason of the connection of insulin resistance with reproductive function disorders consists in the specific influence of insulin on ovaries. Insulin suppresses apoptosis, binding to receptors of various growth factors that promotes long existence of atresizing follicles. In the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome, along with the development of hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance, a significant role belongs to the imbalance of adipocytokines, one of which is adiponectin.&#x0D; The aim is to analyze metabolic processes in the formation of menstrual dysfunction in adolescent girls with obesity to improve diagnostic methods of menstrual disorders.&#x0D; Material and methods. Clinical and laboratory examination of adolescent girls aged 12-18 years was held, among which 79 had obesity and complaints about menstrual dysfunction (the main group); 31 with normal body weight and regular menstrual cycle (the control group).&#x0D; Research methods: general clinical, biochemical (indicators of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism were determined), instrumental (ultrasound), statistical.&#x0D; Results. It was found that 53.3% of the girls from the main group had the beginning of the first menstruation after 14 years, delayed menstruation from 42 days to 6 days, duration 2.1 ± 0.05 days, which was significantly shorter, the volume of 10.2 ± 0.05; 0.4 points (average 1-2 pads per day) was significantly lower (p &lt;0.05).&#x0D; Ultrasound showed uterine hypoplasia in almost every second girl in the main group - 36 (45.46%).&#x0D; Hyperleptinemia and leptin resistance was found in obesity of the first degree 34.8 ± 1.75, in obesity of the second degree 37.15 ± 2.12, in obesity of the third degree 40.64 ± 2.0. It was 14.35 ng / ml in the control group, p&lt;0,01.&#x0D; Hyperleptinemia in the main group was accompanied by hyperinsulinemia in 26% of cases and insulin resistance. The relationship between low values of adiponectin and elevated body mass index in patients of the main group was established, which was confirmed by the results of correlation analysis (adiponectin &amp; body mass index: ρ = -0.74).&#x0D; Analysis of the results revealed a decrease of A/L level in the main group by 4.3 times. Based on our own results, the A/L and HOMA-AD models can be considered more accurate for determining insulin resistance.&#x0D; Conclusions. 1. Changes of the menstrual cycle in overweight girls were found.&#x0D; &#x0D; The association of adipokines secretion disorders is characterized by hyperleptinemia, leptin resistance, decreased Adiponectin / Leptin index and hypoadiponectinemia, which, in combination with insulin resistance, indicates the participation of adipokines in the genesis of oligomenorrhea.&#x0D; The algorithm of adolescents’ treatment with menstrual dysfunction on the background of obesity must include the calculation of Adiponectin/Leptin and HOMA-AD, which will make it possible to avoid overdiagnosis of insulin resistance.&#x0D;

Modified Dihuang Decoction improves ovarian reserve in mice by regulating Bcl-2-related mitochondrial apoptosis pathway

The present study investigated the effect of Modified Dihuang Decoction in improving ovarian reserve in mice through the Bcl-2-related mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Forty-eight adult female BALB/c mice were randomly divided into the following six groups with eight mice in each group: a blank group, a model group, a femoston group(three cycles of treatment with 0.13 mg·kg~(-1) estradiol tablets for 2 days and 1.43 mg·kg~(-1) estradiol and dydrogesterone tablets for 3 days), and high(64.74 g·kg~(-1))-, medium(43.16 g·kg~(-1))-, and low-dose(21.58 g·kg~(-1)) Modified Dihuang Decoction groups. Mice in other groups except the blank group received a single intraperitoneal injection of 12 mg·kg~(-1) cyclophosphamide and 1.2 mg·kg~(-1) busulfan to induce a model of diminished ovarian reserve(DOR), while those in the blank group received an equal volume of normal saline. Mice were treated with corresponding drugs for 15 d from the 36 th day, once per day, and the mice in the blank group and the model group were treated with an equal volume of normal saline. The general condition and oestrous cycle were observed. The serum hormone levels were detected with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). The morphological changes of ovaries were observed by HE staining. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression of cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-9(caspase-9), cleaved caspase-3, Bcl-2 associated X protein(Bax), Bcl-2, superoxide dismutase-2(SOD-2), and glutathione peroxidase-1(GPx-1). The mRNA expression of Bax and Bcl-2 was detected by real-time fluorescence-based quantitative polymerase chain reaction(real-time PCR). The results showed that compared with the blank group, the model group showed body weight loss, disordered oestrous cycle, elevated serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH) and luteinizing hormone(LH), reduced serum levels of estradiol(E_2), anti-mullerian hormone(AMH), and inhibin B(INHB), the declining number of ovarian follicles and granulosa layers, increased number of atretic follicles, up-regulated protein expression of caspase-9, cleaved caspase-3, and Bax and Bax mRNA expression in ovaries, and down-regulated protein expression of Bcl-2, SOD-2 and GPx-1, and Bcl-2 mRNA expression. Compared with the model group, the Modified Dihuang Decoction groups displayed restored body weight and oestrous cycle, decreased serum levels of FSH and LH, elevated serum levels of E_2, AMH, and INHB, increased number of ovarian follicles, thickened granulosa layers, and declining number of atretic follicles. Additionally, the protein expression of caspase-9, cleaved caspase-3, and Bax, and Bax mRNA expression was down-regulated, and the protein expression of Bcl-2, SOD-2, and GPx-1, and Bcl-2 mRNA expression was up-regulated. The results suggest that Modified Dihuang Decoction can regulate endocrine hormone, promote follicle growth and improve ovarian reserve by enhancing ovarian anti-oxidant capacity, inhibiting the Bcl-2-related mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, and further inhibiting cell apoptosis.

Subacute Toxicity Evaluation of Methanolic Extract of Syzygium polyanthum in Rats.

Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp. var. polyanthum (serai kayu) leaves is a popular herb and widely used in traditional medicine. Despite the ethnomedicinal benefits, very limited studies have researched on the toxicity of this plant. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential effects of methanolic extract of Syzygium polyanthum (MESP) leaves via 28-day repeated oral dosing in Sprague Dawley rats. MESP leaves was administered at doses of 0 (control), 400, 1000 or 2000 mg/kg to an equal number of male and female rats (n = 10/group). Results obtained indicated that MESP did not affect the general conditions (body weight, feed intake and oestrous cycle) and apparent behavioural changes of the rats. Biochemical parameters revealed a slight significant variation in the aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level between the male rats treated with the lowest and highest doses of MESP, but these findings were both statistically insignificant when compared to the control group. The liver of the males (dose 1000 and 2000 mg/kg/day) also exhibited histoarchitectural defects on the hepatocytes and cytoplasm when compared to those of the control group. In contrast, female rats did not encounter any significant findings in all parameters tested. In conclusion, this study suggests that the MESP leaves might exhibit sex-based variation effects and thus, the use of this extract particularly at higher doses should be thoroughly considered.

Exceeding body composition standards is associated with a more negative body image and increased weight cycling in active duty U.S. soldiers

Negative body image is more often identified in individuals with overweight or obesity. More than 65% of U.S. soldiers have a body mass index (BMI) that classifies them with overweight or obesity. Additionally, all soldiers must meet body composition and physical fitness standards which may increase the risk of negative body image. This cross-sectional study aimed to identify associations between compliance with body composition standards, body image, and weight cycling through surveying 969 active-duty soldiers (86% male, 24.0 ± 5.5 years of age, BMI 26.0 ± 3.6 kg/m2). Compliance with body composition standards was measured by whether a soldier had ever taken and failed the circumference-based body fat assessment. Weight cycling was self-reported as ≥3 weight fluctuations of ≥5% of body weight during their military career. Multivariate linear and logistic regression models were used to examine the relationship between compliance with body composition standards, body image, weight cycling, and sociodemographic characteristics while controlling for BMI. Failing the circumference-based body fat assessment was associated with increased concern with conforming to military image. Negative body image was associated with higher odds of weight cycling. Further examination is warranted to understand the effects of body composition standards on soldiers' body image and weight cycling.