Body Water Mass Research Articles

Can the Total Body Water and Total Fat Mass Predict Kidney Stone Recurrence in Overweight and Obese Patients?

Can the Total Body Water and Total Fat Mass Predict Kidney Stone Recurrence in Overweight and Obese Patients?

Impedance Spectroscopy Measures of Whole and Segmental Skeletal Muscle Quantity Associated With Strength and Power in Collegiate Ice Hockey Players.

Otremba, JR, Heesch, AJ, Morgan, RM, Poolman, MA, Schindler, GD, and Fitzgerald, JS. Bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy measures of whole and segmental skeletal muscle quantity associated with strength and power in collegiate ice hockey players. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2024-Bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS) is a promising monitoring tool for body water compartment assessment, particularly intracellular water (ICW), in which acute decreases are associated with increased muscle damage and reduced function, and chronic changes are associated with muscle quantity. Because little is known about the predictive utility of BIS-derived measures in athletes, this study aimed to assess the association between whole-body and segmental compartment water measured by BIS and maximal-intensity exercise performance in athletes. Twenty-five National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I collegiate hockey players completed 2 consecutive testing sessions. Body water and composition were assessed using a SOZO BIS device. Strength and explosive strength were measured on a force platform during the isometric belt squat and squat jump, respectively. Peak power was assessed using the 6-Second Test on a Wattbike. Pearson's r and partial correlation were used to assess relationships. Select body water and composition BIS variables were strong correlates of strength ( r = 0.51-0.63, p < 0.05), moderate correlates of power ( r = 0.41-0.44, p < 0.05), and lacked association with explosive strength. Segmental leg variables tended to be the strongest correlates of strength and power. Body water and traditional lean mass variables expressed similar predictive utility. Intracellular water/extracellular water lacked associated with exercise performance in bivariate and adjusted models. We provide evidence of the criterion validity of whole-body (i.e., ICW, fat-free mass, skeletal muscle mass [SMM]) and segmental (i.e., leg ICW, leg SMM) BIS variables, related to the quantity of SMM, to predict body-size dependent maximal-intensity exercise performance. Practitioners can use this information to determine which variables to track for performance readiness monitoring.

Combretum micranthum G. Don (Combretaceae): Its physiological effects on hydro-electrolyte metabolism, renal tubular function and blood pressure

BackgroundHydro-electrolyte balance is necessary to maintain body homeostasis and blood pressure values within narrow limits. This is accomplished, in part, by renal responses. We conducted this study to determine the effects of Combretum micranthum on hydro-electrolyte metabolism, renal function and arterial blood pressure. Subjects and methodsWe conducted a pilot study including 40 subjects: 10 control subjects, 10 subjects under Combretum micranthum G. Don (400 mg/day), 10 subjects under furosemide (120 mg/day), and 10 subjects under spironolactone (50 mg/day).Anthropobiometric, cardiovascular parameters and the body composition were collected from each subject. Blood and 24-hour urine samples were collected for biological tests. ResultsAt baseline, clinical and biological parameters were comparable for all groups. Consumers of combretum micranthum had a significant decrease in global body fat percentage (−1.63 %; p = 0.045). In the group of combretum micranthum consumers, the body water mass (BWM) is significantly evolved in the direction of an increase (4.37; p = 0.023) and similar to what was observed in the group of subjects treated with spironolactone (0.67; p = 0.042). Consumption of combretum micranthum showed a marked reduction in hypertension indices (systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and heart rate) identical to that induced by consumption of furosemide or spironolactone. The consumption of combretum micranthum resulted in a significant reduction in kaliemia (−1.07; p < 0.0001) and without any notable effect on natremia (p = 0.119) and chloremia (p = 0.708). In contrast, furosemide and spironolactone caused a significant decrease in natremia (respectivly, −0.80; p = 0.022 and −0.50; p = 0.009). In the combretum micrathum group, the kaliuresis and the chloruresis were significantly increased (respectively, 373.9; p = 0.005 and 441.3; p = 0.028), interestingly, we found a remarkable decrease in natriuresis (−193.3; p = 0.074). In the group of furosemide consumers, the kaliuresis and the chloruresis were significantly increased (respectively, 380.24; p = 0.013 and 425.5; p = 0.013), but with a tendency to increase natriuresis. In the group of subjects taking spironolactone, the urinary concentrations of the three electrolytes studied (natriuresis, kaliuresis and chloruresis) was increased significantly (respectively, 357.5; p = 0.037 and 222.5; p = 0.005 and 563.4; p = 0.007). ConclusionCombretum micranthum would have constituents involved in the maintenance of hydro-electrolyte homeostasis and in the regulation of blood pressure through the involvement of several mechanisms, especially at the renal level. These actions would be attributable to its polyphenolic components. A broader study is needed to better understand the physiological mechanisms underlying these effects.

Reference data for body composition parameters in normal-weight Polish adolescents: results from the population-based ADOPOLNOR study.

This study provides reference data for body composition in normal (healthy) weight Polish adolescents, providing a contextualised framework that takes into account the unique physiological and environmental factors of the region. These reference data may also be useful for other Central European adolescents. • Adolescence is a period of significant physical growth and increased susceptibility to nutritional problems due to factors such as suboptimal nutrition, unhealthy dietary choices, inadequate physical activity and psychosocial stressors related to body image concerns. • Body composition (BC) parameters, rather than BMI alone, are more effective in identifying nutritional abnormalities and health risks such as eating disorders, obesity and chronic diseases. Existing studies provide reference data for BC parameters, but often do not cover all relevant measures or specific regional populations. • This study provides new age- and sex-specific reference values for a comprehensive range of body composition parameters, including body cell mass (BCM), total body water (TBW) and muscle mass (MM), in addition to fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM), in a large, ethnically homogeneous, normal-weight population of Polish adolescents aged 10-18years. • These reference values for the normalweight cohort reflect healthy adolescent growth and body composition patterns, minimising bias from abnormal weight status.In addition, they can be applied to other Central European adolescent populations.

Risk Factors Associated With Perioperative Skeletal Muscle Loss in Patients With Colorectal Cancer.

Postoperative changes in body composition, especially loss of muscle mass, often occur in gastrointestinal cancer patients. Few studies have reported perioperative changes in the body composition of patients with colorectal cancer. Therefore, this study aimed at clarifying changes in body composition during the perioperative period and identifying risk factors for skeletal muscle mass loss in patients with colorectal cancer. This prospective observational study included 148 patients who underwent robot- or laparoscopic-assisted surgery for colorectal cancer. The rate of change in body composition at discharge was -6.25% for body fat, with a higher rate of decrease than that for skeletal muscle mass (-3.30%; p=0.0006) and body water mass (-2.66%; p=0.0001). Similarly, even at one month postoperatively, body fat mass (-8.05%) was reduced at a greater rate than skeletal muscle mass (-2.02% p=0.0001) and body water mass (-1.33% p=0.0001).The site-specific percent change in limb skeletal and trunk muscle mass at discharge was the greatest in the lower extremities at -5.37%, but one month after surgery, the upper extremities had the greatest change at -4.44%. The Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI) influenced skeletal muscle mass loss at discharge [odds ratio (OR)=2.6; 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.30-5.58], while diabetes (OR=4.1; 95%CI=1.40-12.43) and ileostomy (OR=6.7; 95%CI=1.45-31.11) influenced skeletal muscle loss one month postoperatively. Preoperative and postoperative nutritional guidance/intervention and body part-specific rehabilitation should be provided to prevent skeletal muscle mass loss in patients with low PNI, diabetes, and those undergoing ileostomy.

Mendelian randomization analysis reveals higher whole body water mass may increase risk of bacterial infections

Background and purposeThe association of water loading with several infections remains unclear. Observational studies are hard to investigate definitively due to potential confounders. In this study, we employed Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to assess the association between genetically predicted whole body water mass (BWM) and several infections.MethodsBWM levels were predicted among 331,315 Europeans in UK Biobank using 418 SNPs associated with BWM. For outcomes, we used genome-wide association data from the UK Biobank and FinnGen consortium, including sepsis, pneumonia, intestinal infections, urinary tract infections (UTIs) and skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs). Inverse-variance weighted MR analyses as well as a series of sensitivity analyses were conducted.ResultsGenetic prediction of BWM is associated with an increased risk of sepsis (OR 1.34; 95% CI 1.19 to 1.51; P = 1.57 × 10− 6), pneumonia (OR: 1.17; 95% CI 1.08 to 1.29; P = 3.53 × 10− 4), UTIs (OR: 1.26; 95% CI 1.16 to 1.37; P = 6.29 × 10− 8), and SSTIs (OR: 1.57; 95% CI 1.25 to 1.96; P = 7.35 × 10− 5). In the sepsis and pneumonia subgroup analyses, the relationship between BWM and infection was observed in bacterial but not in viral infections. Suggestive evidence suggests that BWM has an effect on viral intestinal infections (OR: 0.86; 95% CI 0.75 to 0.99; P = 0.03). There is limited evidence of an association between BWM levels and bacteria intestinal infections, and genitourinary tract infection (GUI) in pregnancy. In addition, MR analyses supported the risk of BWM for several edematous diseases. However, multivariable MR analysis shows that the associations of BWM with sepsis, pneumonia, UTIs and SSTIs remains unaffected when accounting for these traits.ConclusionsIn this study, the causal relationship between BWM and infectious diseases was systematically investigated. Further prospective studies are necessary to validate these findings.

Association of menopausal status with body composition and anthropometric indices in Korean women.

Menopause induces various health problems and is associated with obesity, but the association between menopausal status and obesity is unclear due to several confounding factors, such as aging and reduced physical activity. The objective of this study was to examine the association of menopausal status with anthropometric indices and body composition indices in South Korean women. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 734 subjects (297 postmenopausal women, 437 premenopausal women) from five university hospitals in South Korea were included. A binary logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the association of menopause with anthropometric indices and body composition indices. Height, body mass index, waist-to-height ratio, waist-to-hip ratio, and neck, armpit, chest, rib, waist, iliac, and hip circumferences were associated with menopausal status in the crude analysis, but these associations disappeared in the adjusted models. Among the body composition indices, menopausal status was strongly associated with total body water, skeletal muscle mass, body fat mass, and body fat percentage in the crude analysis. However, the associations with body fat mass and body fat percentage disappeared in the adjusted models. Only the associations with total body water and skeletal muscle mass remained in the adjusted models. Most of the anthropometric indices and body composition indices were not associated with menopausal status, but total body water and skeletal muscle mass were significantly lower in postmenopausal women than in premenopausal women.

Association of Glutathione Peroxidase 3 (GPx3) and miR-196a with Carbohydrate Metabolism Disorders in the Elderly.

The escalating prevalence of carbohydrate metabolism disorders (CMDs) prompts the need for early diagnosis and effective markers for their prediction. Hyperglycemia, the primary indicator of CMDs including prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), leads to overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress (OxS). This condition, resulting from chronic hyperglycemia and insufficient antioxidant defense, causes damage to biomolecules, triggering diabetes complications. Additionally, aging itself can serve as a source of OxS due to the weakening of antioxidant defense mechanisms. Notably, previous research indicates that miR-196a, by downregulating glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPx3), contributes to insulin resistance (IR). Additionally, a GPx3 decrease is observed in overweight/obese and insulin-resistant individuals and in the elderly population. This study investigates plasma GPx3 levels and miR-196a expression as potential CMD risk indicators. We used ELISA to measure GPx3 and qRT-PCR for miR-196a expression, supplemented by multivariate linear regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Our findings included a significant GPx3 reduction in the CMD patients (n = 126), especially in the T2DM patients (n = 51), and a decreasing trend in the prediabetes group (n = 37). miR-196a expression, although higher in the CMD and T2DM groups than in the controls, was not statistically significant, potentially due to the small sample size. In the individuals with CMD, GPx3 levels exhibited a negative correlation with the mass of adipose tissue, muscle, and total body water, while miR-196a positively correlated with fat mass. In the CMD group, the analysis revealed a weak negative correlation between glucose and GPx3 levels. ROC analysis indicated a 5.2-fold increased CMD risk with GPx3 below 419.501 ng/mL. Logistic regression suggested that each 100 ng/mL GPx3 increase corresponded to a roughly 20% lower CMD risk (OR = 0.998; 95% CI: 0.996-0.999; p = 0.031). These results support the potential of GPx3 as a biomarker for CMD, particularly in T2DM, and the lack of a significant decline in GPx3 levels in prediabetic individuals suggests that it may not serve reliably as an early indicator of CMDs, warranting further large-scale validation.

The Investigation of the Effects of Short-Term Body Weight Loss on Elite Wrestlers on Anaerobic Performance and Reaction Time in Tournament Conditions

Athletes, who engage in wrestling, perform weight adjustment before the competitions like all weight loss category sports. For this reason, weight management is a very important factor prior to matches. When the studies on weight loss are examined, it is seen that athletes lose weight in a short time close to the competition. This study aimed to investigate the effects of short-term body weight loss in elite wrestlers on anaerobic performance and reaction time during tournament conditions. Ten experienced international level male wrestlers participated as a volunteer in this study. Participants lost 5% of their body weight within 48 hours, in 72 hours; 1 kg tolerance was given over 5% of body weight. During this process, body composition measurement, Wingate anaerobic performance test (WAnT), Countermovement Jump (CMJ), and visual and auditory reaction tests were conducted. In this study, a randomized crossover design was used and applications lasted four days. Two-way ANOVA with repeated measures was used for statistical analysis. Due to short-term body weight loss in body composition, total body water (TBW) and fat-free mass (FFM) were significantly reduced. In contrast, there was no statistically significant difference in body fat percentage (BF %), visual and auditory reaction time, CMJ and average power (AP). However, there was a significant increase was seen in Peak power (PP) and fatigue index (FI). The results indicate that 5% loss of body weight within 48 hours caused significant changes in body composition and negatively affected the fatigue index. For this reason, athletes who lose weight should avoid rapid weight-loss practices that will cause sudden changes in body composition in order to maintain their athletic performance.

Sizing and mending of appendicular muscle mass for hydration during the 12-lead electrocardiogram: True incidence of sarcopenia in heart failure.

Our aim was to develop and evaluate a method for the measurement of muscle mass during the 12-channel electrocardiogram (ECG), to determine the incidence of sarcopenia in patients with overhydration and to correct it for congestion. A 12-channel ECG that simultaneously provided multifrequency segmental impedance data was used to measure total body water (TBW), extracellular water (ECW), ECW/TBW ratio and appendicular muscle mass (AppMM), validated by whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The mean ECW/TBW ratio was 0.24±0.018 (SD) and 0.25±0.016 for young (age range 20-25years) healthy males (n=77) and females (n=88), respectively. The deviation of the ECW/TBW ratio from this mean was used to correct AppMM for excess ECW ('dry AppMM') in 869 healthy controls and in 765 patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) New York Heart Association classes II-IV. The association of AppMM and dry AppMM with grip strength was also examined in 443 controls and patients. With increasing N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), a continuous decline of AppMM indices is observed, which is more pronounced for dry AppMM indices (for males with NT-proBNP<125pg/mL: AppMM index mean=8.4±1.05, AppMM index dry mean=8.0±1.46 [n=201, P<0.001]; for females with NT-proBNP<150pg/mL: AppMM index mean=6.4±1.0, AppMM index dry mean=5.8±1.18 [n=198, P<0.001]; for males with NT-proBNP>1000pg/mL: AppMM index mean=7.6±0.98, AppMM index dry mean=6.2±1.11 [n=137, P<0.001]; and for females with NT-proBNP>1000pg/mL: AppMM index mean=5.9±0.96, AppMM index dry mean=4.8±0.94 [n=109, P<0.001]). The correlation between AppMM and upper-body AppMM and grip strength (r-value) increased from 0.79 to 0.83 (P<0.001) and from 0.80 to 0.84 (P<0.001), respectively, after correction (n=443). The decline of AppMM with age after correction for ECW is much steeper than appreciated, especially in males: In patients with CHF and sarcopenia, the incidence of sarcopenia may be up to 30% higher after correction for ECW excess according to the European (62% vs. 57%, for males, and 43% vs. 31%, for females) and Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH) (56% vs. 46%, for males, and 54% vs. 38%, for females) consensus guidelines. The incidence of sarcopenia in CHF as defined by the European Working Group on Sarcopenia and FNIH consensus may be up to 30% higher after correction for ECW excess. This correction improves the correlation between muscle mass and strength. The presented technology will facilitate, on a large scale, screening for sarcopenia, help identify mechanisms and improve understanding of clinical outcomes.

Relationship of Body Composition with Height and Weight in Attendants of Cancer Patients

Objective: To discern the relationship of height and weight with body composition in healthy attendants of cancer patients. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Oct to Dec 2022. Methodology: A total of 226 healthy adults aged 19-47 years having similar daily physical activity levels were included. The body composition of study participants was evaluated using a bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) machine. The weight of all participants was recorded with the help of a weighing machine. The participants' height was measured using a Harpenden Stadiometer and recorded. Results: Our study showed that weight had a significant positive correlation with body fat mass (rs value=0.83), skeletal muscle mass (rs value=0.763), total body water (rs value=0.704), fat-free mass (rs value=0.75) and per cent body fat (rs value 0.716). On the other hand, height had a negative but non-significant association with fat mass (rs value= 0.025) and a negative significant association with per cent body fat (rs value=-0.16). Height had a positive and significant association with fat-free mass (rs value=0.553), total body water (rs value=0.501) and skeletal muscle mass (rs value=0.505). Conclusion: Weight, if used alone, is not a good indicator of obesity or emaciation, and height has a negative association with fat mass.

Association of modifiable risk factors with obstructive sleep apnea: a Mendelian randomization study.

The risk factors involved in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) have not been clearly identified yet. We attempted to systematically investigate genetically predicted modifiable risk factors and lifestyle behaviors associated with OSA. The association between 34 risk factors and OSA was evaluated using the two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR). Genetic variants for risk factors were acquired from European-descent genome-wide studies. Data sources for OSA were extracted from FinnGen study with 16,761 cases and 201,194 controls. The primary analysis chosen was the inverse-variance weighted method. MR analyses provide evidence of genetically predicted poor overall health rating (odds ratio (OR), 2.82; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.95-4.08), nap during day (OR, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.37-2.93), high body mass index (BMI) (OR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.09-1.19), increased body fat mass (OR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.83-2.05), elevated body water mass (OR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.31-1.70) and hypertension (OR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.34-2.45) were associated with higher OSA risk, while high education level (OR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.40-0.75) correlated with reduced OSA risk. Suggestive evidence was obtained for smoking and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) with higher OSA odds, and vigorous physical activity, and HDL cholesterol with lower OSA odds. After adjusting for BMI using multivariable MR analysis, the effects of smoking, WHR, vigorous physical activity, and HDL-cholesterol were fully attenuated. This MR study indicates that overall health rating, nap during day, BMI, body fat mass, body water mass, hypertension, and education are causally associated with the risk of OSA, which means that these modifiable risk factors are key targets for OSA prevention.

Body composition and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: A univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization study.

In this study, we employed a Mendelian randomization (MR) approach to investigate the independent causal associations of six body composition traits with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Genome-wide significant levels (P < 10 × 5-8 ) of single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with body water mass, total protein, whole body fat-free mass, weight, whole body fat mass, and body fat percentage were used as instrumental variables. Data on GDM were obtained from the FinnGen Consortium, and both univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization were performed. We utilized five different analytical methods including inverse-variance weighted (IVW), MR Egger, weighted median, simple mode, and weighted mode to assess the robustness of the results. With univariable Mendelian randomization, the risk of GDM increased per 1-standard deviation (SD) increase in weight (ORweight = 1.297, P = 3.06 × 10-5 ), whole body fat mass (ORwhole body fat mass = 1.408, P = 1.32 × 10-6 ), and the risk of GDM increased per percent increase in body fat percentage (ORbody fat percentage = 1.661, P = 1.01 × 10-8 ). Total protein had a protective effect on the risk of GDM (ORtotal protein = 0.880, P = 0.048). However, there was no significant causal association between increases in body water mass and whole body fat-free mass per SD and the risk of GDM. Causal associations between weight, whole body fat mass, body fat percentage, and total protein with GDM were reduced to null in multivariable Mendelian randomization. The present study furnishes genetic evidence to elucidate the causal relationship between body composition traits and GDM. Additionally, further studies are imperative to establish a causal connection between body composition traits and gestational diabetes mellitus.

Measurement of body composition by deuterium oxide dilution technique and development of a predictive equation for body fat mass among severe neurologically impaired children.

Neurologically impaired (NI) children are at risk of malnutrition, which consequently impacts their health and quality of life. Accurate nutrition assessment is an important step in guiding appropriate nutrition support. Conventional anthropometric measurements among NI children have some limitations. Determining body composition requires more complex equipment, which is not routinely performed. This study was conducted to evaluate the association between anthropometric parameters and body composition assessed using the deuterium dilution technique (DDT) in NI children. A cross-sectional study enrolled severe NI children aged 1-20 years who received home enteral nutrition for at least 3 months. Weight, length, and 4-site skinfold thickness were measured. Body composition was determined using DDT following the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) protocol. A total of 37 NI children (56.76% male, median age 7.2 years) were enrolled. The prevalence of underweight, stunting, and overweight were 22, 38, and 35%, respectively. Body composition analysis showed the mean (SD) of total body water (TBW) and fat mass (FM) were 10.52 (4.51) kg and 9.51 (6.04) kg, respectively. Multivariate GLM analysis showed that the factors associated with FM were age (β = 0.07 [0.05,0.08]; p < 0.001), body mass index (BMI) (β = 0.82 [0.52, 1.12]; p < 0.001), biceps skinfold thickness (BSF) (β = 0.49 [0.23,0.75]; p = 0.001), and subscapular skinfold thickness (SSF) (β = -0.24 [-0.46,0.03]; p = 0.030). A predictive equation for FM was constructed. A high prevalence of malnutrition was found among severe NI children despite enteral nutrition support. Our findings showed that age, BMI, BSF, and SSF were associated with FM. The predictive equation of FM was proposed and needed to be further validated and applied to clinical practice.

Response to Ustekinumab Therapy Is Associated with an Improvement of Nutritional Status in Patients with Crohn's Disease.

The presence of sarcopenia has been associated with the worst outcome of Crohn's disease (CD). At present, no studies have evaluated the impact of ustekinumab (UST) in terms of its effects on body composition. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate whether UST treatment could modify the parameters of body composition as assessed by bioelectrical impedance assay (BIA) in patients with CD. We prospectively enrolled consecutive patients with CD treated with UST, evaluating the therapeutic outcome at week 48 in terms of clinical remission and mucosal healing. BIA was performed at baseline and at week 48, assessing body cellular mass, total body water, phase angle, and body mass index. Out of 44 patients enrolled, 26 (59%) were in clinical remission and 22 (50%) achieved mucosal healing at the end of follow up. No significant differences were observed at baseline in all the BIA parameters between responders and non-responders. Phase angle increased over time in responders, while this was not observed in non-responders (test for the interaction between time and outcome, p-value = 0.009 and 0.007 for clinical remission and mucosal healing, respectively). The same differential increase was observed for body cellular mass (test for the interaction between time and outcome, p-value = 0.03 and 0.05 for clinical remission and mucosal healing, respectively). Total body water and BMI increased homogenously over time regardless of the outcomes (tests for the association with time, p-values of 0.01). To conclude, responsiveness to UST therapy seems to be associated with body composition modifications in patients with CD. In particular, the increase in phase angle in responders suggests that a significant improvement of nutritional status occurred in these patients.

Influence of body composition assessment with bioelectrical impedance vector analysis in cancer patients undergoing surgery.

Malnutrition is common in patients undergoing surgery for cancers and is a risk factor for postoperative outcomes. Body composition provides information for precise nutrition intervention in perioperative period for improving patients' postoperative outcomes. The aim was to determine changes in parameters of body composition and nutritional status of cancer patients during perioperative period. A total of 92 patients diagnosed with cancer were divided into gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal cancer group according to different cancer types. The patients body composition assessed by bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) on the day before surgery, postoperative day 1 and 1 day before discharge. The changes between two groups were compared and the correlation between body composition and preoperative serum nutritional indexes was analyzed. The nutritional status of all patients become worse after surgery, and phase angle (PA) continued to decrease in the perioperative period. Fat-free mass (FFM), fat-free mass index (FFMI), skeletal muscle mass (SMM), extracellular water (ECW), total body water (TBW), hydration, and body cell mass (BCM) rise slightly and then fall in the postoperative period in patients with gastrointestinal cancer, and had a sustained increase in non-gastrointestinal patients, respectively (P<0.05). Postoperative body composition changes in patients with gastrointestinal cancer are related to preoperative albumin, pre-albumin, hemoglobin, and C-reactive protein (P<0.05), whereas postoperative body composition changes in patients with non-gastrointestinal cancer are related to age (P<0.05). Significant changes in body composition both in patients with gastrointestinal cancer and non-gastrointestinal cancer during perioperative period are observed. Changes in body composition for the cancer patients who undergoing surgery are related to age and preoperative serum nutrition index.

Effects of high calorie, protein, calcium and iron Dietary intervention on nutritional status and body composition of long distance athletes- Ngong’ training Camp, Kenya

In recent times a number of athletes have used prohibited substances such as anabolic steroids to enhance their performance and have ended up being suspended from international competitions. This shows a growing need for foods for sports’ enhancement that work and that are affordable. The objective of the study was to develop a food supplement from local foods that was high in energy, protein, calcium and iron and test its’ efficacy in improving nutritional status of the athletes. It was designed to comprise of food supplement development, baseline assessment and dietary intervention with the first two months serving as control where only sports’ nutrition education was offered. Consequently, pre-intervention assessment was conducted on all the study participants. This was followed by a subsequent two months’ supplementation period, after which post-intervention assessment was done to determine efficacy of the product in improving nutritional and body composition status of the athletes. Athletes involved in the study included 13 men and 11 women randomly selected from a population of 36 athletes. Apart from hemoglobin levels, Anthropometric assessments included weight, height and body mass index (BMI) whereas body composition assessment included; fat free mass, percentage body fat, percentage body water and bone mass. In this study, women showed significant improvement in both % body fat and body water, whereas men had significant improvement in mean Body Mass Index and Fat Free Mass. Both men and women groups showed significant improvement in the mean hemoglobin levels at the end of the study. The study concluded that there was a need to ensure adequate nutrition for optimal nutritional status of long-distance athletes.

Bioimpedance Analysis: Basic Concepts

Bioimpedance analyzers uses these differences in the electrical properties of the human body to analyze the cellular and water components. Human body acts as a semiconductor, with the various body compartments offering resistance (R) and reactance (X) to the passage of alternating current. The X and R thus measured can be used in validated regression equations or mathematical models to provide information on body water, fat, and fat-free mass. Depending on the number of frequencies used, the available equipments include single frequency, multifrequency and bioimpedance spectroscopy. The bioimpedance vector analysis is an alternative tool that uses the raw values of X and R, corrected to height, to categorise the hydration status as well as muscle mass.

Hypothesis-free discovery of novel cancer predictors using machine learning.

Cancer is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and better understanding of the risk factors could enhance prevention. We conducted a hypothesis-free analysis combining machine learning and statistical approaches to identify cancer risk factors from 2828 potential predictors captured at baseline. There were 459,169 UK Biobank participants free from cancer at baseline and 48,671 new cancer cases during the 10-year follow-up. Logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, education, material deprivation, smoking, alcohol intake, body mass index and skin colour (as a proxy for sun sensitivity) were used for obtaining adjusted odds ratios, with continuous predictors presented using quintiles (Q). In addition to smoking, older age and male sex, positively associating features included several anthropometric characteristics, whole body water mass, pulse, hypertension and biomarkers such as urinary microalbumin (Q5 vs. Q1 OR 1.16, 95% CI = 1.13-1.19), C-reactive protein (Q5 vs. Q1 OR 1.20, 95% CI = 1.16-1.24) and red blood cell distribution width (Q5 vs. Q1 OR 1.18, 95% CI = 1.14-1.21), among others. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Q5 vs. Q1 OR 0.84, 95% CI = 0.81-0.87) and albumin (Q5 vs. Q1 OR 0.84, 95% CI = 0.81-0.87) were inversely associated with cancer. In sex-stratified analyses, higher testosterone increased the risk in females but not in males (Q5 vs. Q1 ORfemales 1.23, 95% CI = 1.17-1.30). Phosphate was associated with a lower risk in females but a higher risk in males (Q5 vs. Q1 ORfemales 0.94, 95% CI = 0.90-0.99 vs. ORmales 1.09, 95% CI 1.04-1.15). This hypothesis-free analysis suggests personal characteristics, metabolic biomarkers, physical measures and smoking as important predictors of cancer risk, with further studies needed to confirm causality and clinical relevance.

Phase angle and extracellular water-to-total body water ratio estimated by bioelectrical impedance analysis are associated with levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit in patients with diabetes

BackgroundAnemia is one of the common complications of diabetes and is associated with mortality. Phase angle (PhA), ratio of extracellular water to total body water (ECW/TBW) and skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) estimated by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) have been used as prognostic indicators for various chronic diseases and frailty. We aimed to clarify the clinical significance of PhA, ECW/TBW and SMI for anemia in patients with diabetes. Materials and methodsThe values of PhA, ECW/TBW and SMI were estimated by a portable BIA device and blood samples were collected in 371 Japanese patients with diabetes. The relationships of PhA, ECW/TBW and SMI with hemoglobin (Hgb) and hematocrit (Hct) were statistically evaluated. ResultsIn simple linear regression analysis, PhA and SMI were positively correlated with Hgb and Hct levels in total subjects, male subjects and female subjects. In contrast, ECW/TBW was negatively correlated with Hgb and Hct levels regardless of sex. Multivariate regression analysis showed that both PhA and ECW/TBW but not SMI independently contributed to Hgb and Hct levels after adjustment of clinical confounding factors in both males and females. ConclusionsPhA and ECW/TBW but not SMI were associated with levels of Hgb and Hct in patients with diabetes. Therefore, aberrant values of PhA and ECW/TBW suggest a risk of anemia in diabetic patients.