Body Tissue Development Research Articles

Diversity of the Chicken Growth Hormone Gene and Effects on Growth Desi and Fayoumi Chicken Traits at District Kashmore, Sindh-Pakistan

Chicken growth hormone (cGH) gene, one of the candidate genes for economic traits that control body weight and fat deposition, is associated with regulating both growth-axon patterning and metabolism. The growth hormone gene located on the chromosome 2 it enhances and encodes growth hormones as well as protein which are responsible for regulating of growth and development of body tissues. Growth hormone gene as economically very important because of growth rate, efficiency of feeds, body weight, and also for egg production. It also used for the Genetic Engineering for production of desirable GH- related genes. Genomic DNA from four different chicken breeds were screened for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of cGH gene by denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography, as well as sequencing. SNPs and Nucleotide Diversity of the cGH Gene PCR amplification of 700 bp region from each individual from two chicken breeds was performed, which covered partial exons/introns encoding fragments corresponding to the investigated translated peptide. An average of one SNP was found every 86 bp, with a total of eight SNPs discovered. Nine SNPs were in introns, while 4 and one each was in the 5'UTR and 3'UTR respectively of these, five of them (01 from GWAS linkage signals) had significant associations.

Oncomatrix: Molecular Composition and Biomechanical Properties of the Extracellular Matrix in Human Tumors

The extracellular matrix is an organized three-dimensional network of protein-based molecules and other macromolecules that provide structural and biochemical support to tissues. Depending on its biochemical and structural properties, the extracellular matrix influences cell adhesion and signal transduction and, in general, can influence cell differentiation and proliferation through specific mechanisms of chemical and mechanical sensing. The development of body tissues during ontogenesis is accompanied by changes not only in cells but also in the composition and properties of the extracellular matrix. Similarly, tumor development in carcinogenesis is accompanied by a continuous change in the properties of the extracellular matrix of tumor cells, called ‘oncomatrix’, as the tumor matures, from the development of the primary focus to the stage of metastasis. In this paper, the characteristics of the composition and properties of the extracellular matrix of tumor tissues are considered, as well as changes to the composition and properties of the matrix during the evolution of the tumor and metastasis. The extracellular matrix patterns of tumor tissues can be used as biomarkers of oncological diseases as well as potential targets for promising anti-tumor therapies.

Analisis Kesesuaian Kode Diagnosis Utama Neoplasma Di Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Dr. Soedirman Kebumen

Neoplasm is a disease associated with abnormal tissue development due to neoplasia, which is the process of abnormal growth and development of body tissues that grow actively with the autonomic (uncontrolled) system. Information for a patient in a hospital will not be complete and useful if it has not been processed, then coding is required. Giving special diagnosis code of neoplasm should consider 3 things to get the right code, namely topography code, morphology, and behavior. However, in its implementation, there are still many errors in the coder's determination of the neoplasm diagnosis code. This has an impact on services to patients such as errors of Action, care and treatment. This study aims to determine the description of the accuracy of topography and morphology codes in neoplasm diagnosis at Dr. Sudirman Kebumen. The type of research used is descriptive quantitative. Based on the research obtained from 178 inpatient medical records in the case of neoplasms, the samples taken were as many as 39 C codes determined that the accuracy amounted to 8 (20.51%) inaccurate category amounted to 31 (79.49%). Inaccuracy in writing the neoplasm code due to the results of PA (anatomical pathology) that has not come out at the time of coding the disease, anatomical pathology Examination Result Sheet that often the results come late because the laboratory examination outside the hospital and the coding officer is less thorough, sometimes there is a doctor's writing that is less clear so that the difficulty of the officer in reading the diagnosis. This led to the inaccuracy of the neoplasm diagnosis code in Dr. Sudirman Kebumen in September 2020.

Some Elements in The Fruit: An Assessment of Gingerbread Plum from Sokoto, Nigeria

A region like Sokoto that is been challenged by series of problems such as double burden of diseases, malnutrition, and food insecurity should utilized the available fruits for their inherent nutrient’s compositions. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the proximate and elemental contents (sodium, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium) in gingerbread plum (Neocarya macrophylla) fruit which are essential for normal growth and development of body tissues for the human health. Neocarya macrophylla fruit is screened for certain nutritionally needed elements and proximate compositions using standard methods. Results obtained show that, crude protein with (2.70 ± 0.0057%) has the lowest concentration, the moisture content was 5.83 ± 0.57 percent, ash content was 5.33 ± 1.54 percent, crude lipid was 5.23 ± 0.15 percent, and crude fiber was 13.33 ± 4.48 percent. The determined levels of mineral elements (calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium, and potassium) reveal 30.25000 ppm, 4.9001 ppm, 90. 1000 ppm, 40.563 ppm, and 67.5601 ppm, respectively. Therefore, the plant is nutritious and vital for metabolic processes.

Body tissue development of Santa Inês breed sheep using computed tomography

Context The in vivo evaluation of body tissue development on meat production sheep can be used both to identify and select animals with the best characteristics and to make choices regarding marketing the products of these animals. Aims The objective of this work was to evaluate, using computed tomography, the dynamics of body tissue development and composition of male and female Santa Ines sheep in vivo. Methods The carcass tissue evaluation by computed tomography of 38 sheep (21 male and 17 female) was performed after weaning, at the ages of 90, 120, 180 and 300 days. Based on the Cavalieri method, regression equations were generated for estimates of total weight and proportions of bone, muscle and fat. For the Cavaliere method five males and five females were selected at random and in the four times. In the evaluation of the reference points, all the animals of the study were evaluated in the four times (21 males and 17 females). Key results The mean fat weight was highest at 300 days (2.74 ± 0.99 kg) and lowest at 90 (1.88 ± 0.88 kg) and 120 days (1.91 ± 0.83 kg), indicating that the mean fat area increased with age at all the points evaluated. At age 300 days, the females accumulated more fat than the males whereas the proportions of bone and muscle were higher in the males. Conclusions Computed tomography allowed the evaluation of the body tissues of live animals and was efficient at detecting the changes during the growth phase, besides revealing differences in tissue composition between males and females. Implications The in vivo evaluation by computed tomography of body traits on meat production animals can be used both to identify and select animals with the best productive characteristics, allowing advances in sheep meat production.

Genetic Parameters of Pre-adjusted Body Weight Growth and Ultrasound Measures of Body Tissue Development in Three Seedstock Pig Breed Populations in Korea.

The objective of this study was to compare the effects of body weight growth adjustment methods on genetic parameters of body growth and tissue among three pig breeds. Data collected on 101,820 Landrace, 281,411 Yorkshire, and 78,068 Duroc pigs, born in Korean swine breeder farms since 2000, were analyzed. Records included body weights on test day and amplitude (A)-mode ultrasound carcass measures of backfat thickness (BF), eye muscle area (EMA), and retail cut percentage (RCP). Days to 90 kg body weight (DAYS90), through an adjustment of the age based on the body weight at the test day, were obtained. Ultrasound measures were also pre-adjusted (ABF, EMA, AEMA, ARCP) based on their test day measures. The (co)variance components were obtained with 3 multi-trait animal models using the REMLF90 software package. Model I included DAYS90 and ultrasound traits, whereas model II and III accounted DAYS90 and pre-adjusted ultrasound traits. Fixed factors were sex (sex) and contemporary groups (herd-year-month of birth) for all traits among the models. Additionally, model I and II considered a linear covariate of final weight on the ultrasound measure traits. Heritability (h2) estimates for DAYS90, BF, EMA, and RCP ranged from 0.36 to 0.42, 0.34 to 0.43, 0.20 to 0.22, and 0.39 to 0.45, respectively, among the models. The h2 estimates of DAYS90 from model II and III were also somewhat similar. The h2 for ABF, AEMA, and ARCP were 0.35 to 0.44, 0.20 to 0.25, and 0.41 to 0.46, respectively. Our heritability estimates varied mostly among the breeds. The genetic correlations (rG) were moderately negative between DAYS90 and BF (−0.29 to −0.38), and between DAYS90 and EMA (−0.16 to −0.26). BF had strong rG with RCP (−0.87 to −0.93). Moderately positive rG existed between DAYS90 and RCP (0.20 to 0.28) and between EMA and RCP (0.35 to 0.44) among the breeds. For DAYS90, model II and III, its correlations with ABF, AEMA, and ARCP were mostly low or negligible except the rG between DAYS90 and AEMA from model III (0.27 to 0.30). The rG between AEMA and ABF and between AEMA and ARCP were moderate but with negative and positive signs, respectively; also reflected influence of pre-adjustments. However, the rG between BF and RCP remained non-influential to trait pre-adjustments or covariable fits. Therefore, we conclude that ultrasound measures taken at a body weight of about 90 kg as the test final should be adjusted for body weight growth. Our adjustment formulas, particularly those for BF and EMA, should be revised further to accommodate the added variation due to different performance testing endpoints with regard to differential growth in body composition.

Mutual relationships among body condition score, live weight, and back tissue development in meat sheep

Body tissue development and proportion affect predisposition to optimum functioning of production attributes, health, and fertility of sheep. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine relationships among indicators of mature ewes’ nutritional status documented by the body condition score and live weight using ultrasonic evaluation of backfat thickness and depth of musculus longissimus lumborum et thoracis. The monitoring was carried out in Suffolk sheep (n = 942) for a period of 2 years. A significant increase (P < 0.05 to P < 0.01) of all the evaluated indicators was detected corresponding to an increase of the body condition score from 1 to 5 points. The differences in ewes’ live weights depending on particular condition scores reached up to 31.04 kg with the lowest value (58.71 kg) in 1 point and the highest (89.75 kg) in 5 points. The variability of backfat thickness and muscle depth depending on individual condition scores was up to 352.08% (11.02 mm) in backfat thickness and up to 50.10% (12.83 mm) in muscle depth (P < 0.05 to 0.01) compared to the lowest condition score of 1 point. Strong positive linear relationships were also detected between the live weight and back tissues development in ewes (P < 0.001). This study innovatively determinates mutual relationships among growth indicators and body tissue development performed on intensive meat-purpose sheep in vivo. Results of the present study could serve in flock management as a tool for evaluation of the current nutritional status as well as a basic ground for further research focused on development of sheep fattiness and carcass traits evaluation.

Easy life of males? Indirect evidence that growth is easier than egg production in mangrove-dwelling monitor lizards ( Varanus indices )

In male-larger species of animals, males typically continue to grow after the age of female sexual maturation has been reached. Consequently, a switch of energy allocation occurs as the female investment from growth is shifted into egg production. We focus on the transitional period when both sexes heavily invest into anabolic processes; males invest in the development of body tissues while females predominantly invest in egg production. In captive mangrove- dwelling monitor lizards, we found that relative food intakes as well as quantitative estimates of anabolic processes (relative growth and egg production rates) are fairly comparable between the sexes. In spite of this biochemical clini- cal values and body condition indices revealed sex differences suggesting costs of reproduction in females. These results clearly illustrate that growth and egg production still substantially differ in associated physiological costs. This may be attributed to qualitative requirements (nutrients, minerals, etc.) of these processes. Our results correspond well with the higher susceptibility and mortality rates of females than males in many lizard species in captivity.

Characteristics of body tissue composition and functional traits in junior football players

PurposeThe aim of this study was to examine the body tissue composition and functional traits of young football players.MethodsAnalysis was performed on 23 junior football players. Body mass and height were measured. Bioelectrical impedance was used to assess the players’ body composition (fat mass, muscle mass, body cell mass and extracellular mass). The body mass index, body cell mass index and the extracellular mass/body cell mass ratio were also calculated. Functional traits were assessed by a one-on-one football game in an enclosed space with the objective to score the highest number of goals in a timed setting. Measurements of HRrest, HRmax and heart rate reserve were used to evaluate the efficiency of the subjects’ cardiovascular systems.ResultsInsignificant differences in body tissue composition and cardiovascular efficiency were found regardless of what position was played. Overall, forwards were characterised by having the greatest height, the highest level of active body tissue development and the most efficient cardiovascular systems. Defenders were characterised by having larger body build, while midfielders displayed a significantly greater percentage of extracellular mass and EMC in relation to BC M.ConclusionsThe results reveal that trends exist in the body tissue composition and cardiovascular efficiency of football players depending on which position they play. These differences reflect the varied physical efforts players perform during a match and should be taken into consideration when designing training programmes.

Temporal growth and development of body tissues of pigs as assessed by X-ray computed tomography

Data from 54 hybrid (mainly Large White × Landrace) pigs, comprising 18 male, 18 female and 18 castrated pigs, were used to quantify and mathematically describe the temporal growth and development of body tissues of live pigs. The pigs were 31.1 ± 3.6 kg liveweight (LW) and 70 ± 1 day of age (mean ± s.d.) at the start of the study, were individually penned, fed ad libitum and were weighed weekly. Computed tomography (CT) imaging was used to determine the weights of lean, fat and bone tissues of each pig at five different times during the study, which corresponded to ~30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 kg LW. The highest age and LW achieved by a pig were 31.4 weeks and 166.6 kg, respectively. A nonlinear mixed effects model of Gompertz function with sigmoidal behaviour was fitted to the data for each of the three sexes (male, female and castrate) to study the temporal growth and development of CT LW and the body tissues (lean, fat and bone). The estimate for CT LW at maturity was 237.5, 198.6 and 210.1 kg for males, females and castrates, respectively, and the corresponding prediction for the point of inflection (maximum growth rate) was 87.4, 73.1 and 77.3 kg. The predicted point of inflection for lean tissue was 47.0, 37.5 and 34.3 kg for males, females and castrates, respectively. In general, male pigs were the leanest, and castrates were the fattest, with females in between. Within sex, the ages at the point of inflection for lean tissue and bone tissue were lower than those for CT LW, whereas those for fat tissue were higher than those for CT LW. The percentage of bone tissue in the body generally remained stable with age (e.g. castrates had 9.2 and 9.0% at 14 and 26 weeks of age, respectively), whereas the percentage of lean tissue decreased with age (e.g. castrates had 61.3 and 50.4% at 14 and 26 weeks of age, respectively), and that of fat tissue increased with age (e.g. castrates had 16.8 and 25.8% at 14 and 26 weeks of age, respectively). Accurate mathematical models are required to develop management strategies to optimise pig production. The results of this study indicate that serial data on live pigs generated by CT imaging technology can be used to describe temporal growth and development of LW and body tissues of pigs using sigmoidal growth functions.

Oestradiol, but not genistein, inhibits the rise in food intake following gonadectomy in cats, but genistein is associated with an increase in lean body mass

The prevalence of obesity in domestic cats is increasing worldwide, and is strongly associated with gonadectomy. We have previously demonstrated the effectiveness of oestradiol in reducing food intake in both male and female neutered cats. This experiment was designed to test the hypothesis that oestradiol or genistein would prevent the increase in food intake following gonadectomy of male and female cats, and would prevent an increase in body fat mass. Three groups of eight cats each were surgically neutered then treated daily with either 0.5 mug oestradiol subcutaneously, 100 mg/kg genistein orally, or vehicle only. Effect of treatment on food intake, vaginal cytology and body weight were recorded, and body composition was assayed using the D(2)O isotopic dilution method. Neutering was followed by an increase in food intake, bodyweight and body fat mass in the control group, which were almost completely prevented by treatment with oestradiol (p < 0.001). Treatment with genistein had no effect on food intake or bodyweight increase, but was associated with a significant increase in lean body mass (p = 0.018), and significantly less body fat accumulation than the control group (p = 0.01). There were no significant differences in responses to treatment between sexes. These findings demonstrate the importance of gonadal oestrogen for the control of food intake in male and female cats, and suggest the provision of an oestrogenic compound could help prevent obesity following neutering. In addition, the findings of this study are consistent with observations in rodents of the efficacy of genistein in inhibiting adipogenesis and promoting lean body tissue development.

Body tissue development in lambs of two genetic lines analysed by X-ray computer tomography

Growth and development of carcass lean (LEAN), carcass fat (FAT), BONE, subcutaneous fat (SFAT), intermuscular fat (IeFAT), non-carcass fat (NcFAT) and non-carcass visceral tissue (NcVT) were analysed by computer tomography (CT) in male lambs of a meat line (ML, n = 62) and a control line of sheep (CL, n = 29). The ML animals were of origin Norwegian white sheep (NWS) crossed with Texel and selected for lean weight since 2001, while the CL was NWS animals bred for an overall national breeding goal. CT images were recorded at 40 mm intervals throughout the animal at a mean age of 44 (CT1), 90 (CT2) and 118 (CT3) days. Weight of body tissues was estimated by CT in each animal for each scanning. Traits were analysed by mixed model including line, dam age, year, age at CT1 (covariate) and random effect of lamb and scan event (lamb). Average daily growth (g/day) was analysed by general linear model in SAS including fixed effects and their two-traits interactions and age at CT1 (covariate). ML lambs had a heavier weight of LEAN at CT1 ( P < 0.05) and showed a tendency of more LEAN at CT2 and CT3 than the CL. LEAN:BONE was significant larger for the ML compared to CL at all scan events, while FAT, FAT% and LEAN:FAT were similar for the two lines for all scan events ( P > 0.05). CL had a greater average daily growth between the second and third scan event than ML but this was largely a larger growth in fat depots.