Body Surface Temperature Research Articles

The use of body surface temperatures in assessing thermal status of hutch-reared dairy calves in shaded and unshaded conditions.

The study was carried out in a Hungarian large-scale dairy farm during a 5-day period in hot August weather. Altogether 16 preweaning calves were chosen for the study. An agricultural mesh with 80% shielding was stretched over eight calf cages at 2 m from the ground to shield the cages in their entirety, while eight others were left unshaded. Ambient temperature and relative humidity were measured in 10 min intervals inside and outside one of the hutches in the shaded and unshaded groups during the total length of the study. The rectal temperature of the calves was measured by a digital thermometer every 4 h. Surface temperatures were measured on body parts, in the same intervals as rectal temperature with an infrared thermometer. Measuring sites included: the leg (metacarpus), muzzle, eye bulb, scapula, and ear. Statistical analyses were performed to assess the effects of shading on environmental and body temperatures and to also assess the strength of the association between core, skin and ambient temperatures; to estimate the temperature gradient between body shell and core; to compare the changes in heat dissipation capacity of the different body regions (as represented by temperatures of various sites) with increasing ambient temperature controlling for shaded or unshaded conditions; and to predict the risk of hyperthermia (rectal temperature not lower than 39.5°C) with the CART classification method. The average rectal temperatures suggest that the temperature conditions both in shaded and unshaded groups imposed a severe heat load on the calves. The temperature of the body shell, as represented by skin temperatures, shows a much more significant variation, similar to ambient temperature. As expected, areas that are closer to the core of the body (ear and eye) show less difference from rectal temperature and show a narrower range (lower variance), as more distal regions (leg, scapula) have a wider range. Body surface temperatures are more related to ambient temperature in calves than rectal temperature. The predictive value of infrared body surface temperatures for predicting heat stress or rectal temperature is low.

Enhancement of a pyroelectric body energy harvesting scheme employing pulsed electric fields.

This research utilizes waste heat energy as a sustainable energy source to enhance pyroelectric power output by combining pyroelectric nanogenerators with an external pulsed electric field. When the surface temperature of the pyroelectric body varies, applying different pulses of the external electric field results in maximum power accumulation. A novel power-generating experimental setup was developed to measure and compute pyroelectric power generation. A standard Fuji ceramic C-9 sample was used to generate pyroelectric energy in a 20 °C temperature range from 120 to 140 °C. The continuous temperature variation frequency was 0.05Hz, and the pulsed electric field was applied when the temperature rose. Pulses of the electric field with widths of 10, 50, 100, and 200ms were applied to the sample under different pulse amplitudes, and the amplitude of each pulse was 250, 500, 1000, or 1500 V/mm. The maximum power generated through the application of an external pulsed electric field under the above-mentioned conditions was evaluated. This system had the highest power density of 0.204 mJ cm-2 °C-1kV-1. In addition, for the lowest input power, the maximum power generation condition was a 10ms pulse width and an amplitude of 250Vmm-1 in the applied electric field. This state might power smart sensor modules, IoT devices, automobiles, and other waste heat energy applications. Nano-pulse electric field applications may reduce input power to its lowest level, dependent on net-producing power. Therefore, new researchers can use net-generation power efficiency to create a large-scale power source using multiple pyroelectric arrays.

INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY - COMPARISON OF INNER CANTHUS OF THE EYES AND FOREHEAD SURFACE TEMPERATURES IN HEALTHY ADULTS

Infrared thermography (IRT) is a non-invasive method for surface temperature measuring. The use of the contactless IRT method is comfortable for the patient, fast and hygienic. However, this method does not provide information about the core body temperature because the temperature is measured indirectly from the surface of the human body. There are several places on a human body from which surface temperature is commonly measured; the methods of measurement and application of the device is inconsistent. The aim of this article is to show the difference between the temperature measured on the forehead and on the inner corner of the eye in healthy persons, with reference to the recommendations of ISO standard. This is mainly due to the fact that compliance with the ISO standard is not always met, as shown by the personal experience of the authors. The body surface temperature was measured by use infrared camera WIC 640 under control of calibrated model of a black body. The data from 59 different volunteer subjects show statistically significant difference in measured temperature from both selected positions. The obtained median temperature values were 35.04 °C from forehead area and 35.85 °C from canthus of eyes. The observed difference was more than three-quarters of a degree Celsius for the median value. The maximum observed temperature difference within the observed group was almost 1.94 °C. The present study defines surface temperature from canthus of eye and undoubtedly shows how important it is to comply with the standards and recommendations of professional thermology societies.

Insights into energy balance dysregulation from a mouse model of methylmalonic aciduria.

Inherited disorders of mitochondrial metabolism, including isolated methylmalonic aciduria, present unique challenges to energetic homeostasis by disrupting energy producing pathways. To better understand global responses to energy shortage, we investigated a hemizygous mouse model of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (Mmut) type methylmalonic aciduria. We found Mmut mutant mice to have reduced appetite, energy expenditure and body mass compared to littermate controls, along with a relative reduction in lean mass but increase in fat mass. Brown adipose tissue showed a process of whitening, in line with lower body surface temperature and lesser ability to cope with cold challenge. Mutant mice had dysregulated plasma glucose, delayed glucose clearance and a lesser ability to regulate energy sources when switching from the fed to fasted state, while liver investigations indicated metabolite accumulation and altered expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor and Fgf21-controlled pathways. Together, these shed light on the mechanisms and adaptations behind energy imbalance in methylmalonic aciduria and provide insight into metabolic responses to chronic energy shortage, which may have important implications for disease understanding and patient management.

Assessment of heat production and methane emission using infrared thermography in lactating Holstein and Gyrolando-F1 (½ Holstein ½ Gyr) crossbreed cows

Infrared thermography (IRT) is a non-invasive and efficient tool to detect changes in the animal's body surface temperature, which is directly associated with the animal's energy loss. Methane emission represents a significant energy loss, particularly in ruminants, as well as heat production. Therefore, the aim of this study was to correlate skin temperature measured using IRT with heat production (HP) and methane emission in lactating Holstein and crossbred ½ Holstein x ½ Gyr (Gyrolando-F1) cows. Six Gyrolando-F1 and four Holstein cows, all primiparous, at mid lactation were used to evaluate daily HP and methane emission using indirect calorimetry in respiratory chambers. Thermographic images were taken at anus, vulva, ribs (on the right side), left flank, right flank, right front foot, upper lip, masseter and eye; IRT was performed every hour during 8 h after the morning feeding. Cows received the same diet ad libitum. Daily methane emission was positively correlated with IRT taken at the right front foot 1 h after feeding in Gyrolando-F1 cows (r = 0.85, P < 0.05) and with IRT taken at the eye 5 h after feeding in Holstein cows (r = 0.88, P < 0.05). HP was positively correlated with IRT taken at the eye 6 h after feeding in Gyrolando-F1 cows (r = 0.85, P < 0.05) and with IRT taken at the eye 5 h after feeding in Holstein cows (r = 0.90, P < 0.05). Infrared thermography was positively correlated with HP and methane emission in both Holstein and Gyrolando-F1 lactating cows, although the anatomical points and times of image acquisition yielding the greatest correlation coefficients varies among breeds.

Evaluation of Body Surface Temperature in Pigs Using Geostatistics

This paper explores the potential of infrared thermography and geostatistics in animal production and presents the results of the application of the combination of these techniques, contributing significantly to efforts to obtain animals’ responses to the environments in which they are located and thereby ensuring improvements in productivity and animal welfare. The objective was to verify the variability in surface temperature in pigs submitted to different climate control systems using geostatistics. Three growing animals per stall were selected. Dry bulb temperature (Tbd, °C), relative humidity (RH, %) and thermal images were recorded at 08:00 and 12:00 h. To analyze the data, semivariograms were made, the theoretical model was validated and kriging maps were constructed. The mean temperature of the pigs in the pen with adiabatic evaporative cooling (AEC) ranged from 32.40 to 36.25 °C; for the pigs in the forced ventilation (FV) pen, the range of variation was from 32.51 to 36.81 °C. In the control group (Con), with natural ventilation, the average temperature was 37.51 to 38.45 °C. The geostatistical analysis provided a mathematical model capable of illustrating the variation in temperature in the caudal–dorsal regions of the pigs according to the environments to which the animals were subjected.

Thermal signature: A method to extract characteristics from infrared thermography data applied to the development of animal heat stress classifier models

Recent studies have investigated the use of infrared thermography (IRT) to monitor body surface temperature and correlate it with factors related to animal welfare and performance. In this context, this work proposes a new method for extracting characteristics for the temperature matrix obtained using IRT data from regions of the body surface of cows which, if associated with environmental variables through a machine learning algorithm it generates computational classifiers for heat stress condition. IRT data were collected from different parts of the body of 18 lactating cows housed in a free-stall, monitored for 40 non-consecutive days, three times a day (5:00 a.m., 1:00 p.m., and 7:00 p.m.), during summer and winter, along with physiological data (rectal temperature and respiratory rate) and meteorological data for each time. The IRT data is used to create a descriptor vector based on frequency, accounting for temperatures for a pre-defined range, referred to in the study as ‘Thermal Signature’ (TS). The generated database was used for training and assessing computational models based on Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to classify heat stress conditions. The models were built using the following predictive attributes for each instance: TS, air temperature, black globe temperature and wet bulb temperature. The goal attribute used for supervised training was the heat stress level classification generated from the rectal temperature and respiratory rate values measured. The models based on different ANN architectures were compared through metrics of the confusion matrix between predicted and measured data, obtaining better results with 8 TS ranges. The best accuracy for classification into four heat stress levels (Comfort, Alert, Danger, and Emergency) was 83.29% using the TS of the ocular region. The classifier for two heat levels of stress (Comfort and Danger) obtained accuracy of 90.10% also using the 8 TS bands of the ocular region.

Commercial drones can provide accurate and effective monitoring of the world's rarest primate

AbstractThe recently established Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park has designated the Hainan gibbon (Nomascus hainanus) as its flagship species, providing new hope for recovery of the last surviving population of the world's rarest primate. However, current monitoring methods are labour‐intensive and only conducted for discrete periods, meaning that detailed information is still lacking on key Hainan gibbon population parameters (such as movement patterns, sleeping site selection and home range size). Alternative monitoring techniques are therefore necessary to supplement traditional methods and provide more accurate estimates of population parameters. Here, we tested whether flying two drones (DJI MAVIC2 Enterprise Advanced), one in the understory and the other above the canopy, could provide new information on Hainan gibbon biology and ecology. During a total of 60 flights, we successfully collected clear RGB and thermal infrared footage of Hainan gibbons. These data provide new baseline information on gibbon movement within the understory and the canopy, their surface body temperatures (23.0–34.7°C), and their movement area during the survey period. The low cost of this equipment could reduce the running costs for Hainan gibbon monitoring. Although drone‐based monitoring has some limitations (e.g. monitoring efficiency could be affected by variation in forest structure and gibbon group size), this new method could complement existing monitoring approaches. Drone‐based monitoring, using multiple drones and a real‐time transmission network, could therefore contribute further towards Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park's conservation planning for this Critically Endangered primate.

Use of infrared thermography to detect reactions to stressful events: does animal personality matter?

The study of the relationship between animal stress and personality for free-ranging animals is limited and provides contrasting results. The perception of stressors by an individual may vary due to its personality, and certain personality traits may help individuals to better cope with them. Using non-invasive infrared thermography (IRT), we investigated the link between physiological and behavioral components expressed during an acute stress event by free-ranging Fremont's squirrels (Tamiasciurus fremonti). We expected that, during the acute stress event of being approached by the researcher, individuals that showed a fast pace-of-life syndrome (bolder, more active, and less social/more aggressive) based on an arena test would exhibit stronger sympathetic-adrenal-medullary system reactivity showing a more intense stress-induced hyperthermia (high core body temperature and low peripheral temperature) than individuals with a slow pace of life (shy, less active, and more social). We successfully employed IRT technology to images of Fremont's squirrels with identification of the individuals' body parts (eye, nose, ear, hind foot). However, we found no support for our hypothesis. Squirrels' body surface temperatures told us more about a squirrel's external environment and less about the thermal state of the body in that environment following a stressful event. Further studies need to assess how to make IRT effective and efficient in the field and improve its performance in studying the relationships between physiology and personality in wildlife.

Application of multipoint heat source model to breast surface temperature map

This paper proposed a new method of the clinical analysis of breast tumors based on infrared thermal imaging. The theoretical foundation was constructed on the basis of the widely-used Pennes bio-heat transfer equation to find the relationship between the body surface temperature distribution and the inner heat source. Then, a multi-point heat source model was established. Benign and malignant lesions could be distinguished by analyzing the feature parameters of inner heat source. Moreover, without harm to and contact with human body, this method was suitable for breast cancer screening for its good sensitivity and rapid diagnosis process.

Influence of circadian rhythm, breed, stage of lactation, milk yield and parity on body and udder skin surface temperature of lactating cows monitored by infrared thermography

ABSTRACT The objective of the study was to establish baseline thermographic information on body and udder skin surface temperature (USST) of lactating cows in different stages of lactation, milk yield, parity, breed and season. Holstein Friesian crossbred (n = 19 cows) and Deoni lactating cows (n = 14 cows) were monitored for body (i.e. eye) and USST prior to milking using a forward looking infra-red (FLIR) camera. It was observed that the mean body and USST of both crossbred and Deoni cows did not differ significantly. The body and USST of both the breeds were significantly higher by 0.9–1.0°C during evening than morning milking. There was no difference in body and USST between days and between udder quarters. Similarly, stage of lactation, milk yield and parity did not show any influence over body and USST. The body and USST were higher in summer (1.1°C) than in spring and winter seasons. Deoni cows had 1.0°C lesser body and USST than crossbred cows. It is concluded that baseline thermographic information on body and USST would be useful in developing breed-specific thermographic signature for individual animal.

Where should the thermal image sensor of a smart A/C look?-Occupant thermal sensation model based on thermal imaging data

Applying thermal imaging sensor to air conditioner for monitoring human thermal sensation and achieving dynamic settings may satisfy occupants' thermal needs while saving energy. The existing studies are mostly based on single-view imaging to build the model and ignore the possible differences in body surface temperature on thermal sensation response by gender, etc., which may have many limitations. Subject experiments were conducted in an artificial climate chamber to obtain subjective questionnaires and thermal images of the exposed frontal face, lateral face, top of the head, forearm, and hand dorsum of 27 subjects in this study. By applying machine learning classification algorithms and global optimal regression algorithms, the temperature collection zones that can accurately reflect the thermal sensation of both genders in each view were analyzed, and a two-stage thermal sensation assessment model applicable to multiple views was developed. Of the various imaging views, the frontal view of the face is the best, followed by the lateral view of the face, the top view of the head, and the forearm/hand dorsum view. For male and female, the mean absolute errors of the thermal sensation assessment model established were 0.41–0.49 and 0.50–0.53 thermal sensation units. In addition, gender differences were found in the response of head surface temperatures to thermal sensation. The results obtained can provide a reference for the application of thermal image sensor to smart air conditioners.

Respons Fisiologis Sapi Pedaging terhadap Pengabutan Air Menggunakan Sprinkler Water

Indonesia is facing the problem of low productivity of cattle. To increase the productivity of cattle producer, it can actually be done by relocating the cattle to the comfort zone by observing the physiological response. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effects of misting cattle’s environment by using water sprinkler on the physiological response and the microclimate of the cattle’s shed. The design used was a paired T-test for physiological and microclimate response variables with 5 replications and a completely randomized design to determine the difference between body surface temperatures. The observations were conducted before water misting and after water misting. The results showed that treatment of misting water in the afternoon significantly decreased (P&lt;0.05) the variables of cage temperature, humidity, temperature humidity index, rectal temperature, respiratory rate, and heart rate. Water misting in the afternoon in cattle produced a good effect on all physiological response variables.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: beef cattle, pen microclimate, physiological responses, water sprinkler

Holstein heifers in desert climate: effect of coat color on physiological variables and prediction of rectal temperature.

Two hundred Holstein heifers were divided by hair coat color in black (n1 = 60), white (n2 = 62), and mixed (n3 = 78) to accomplish two objectives: (1) to compare physiological variables using an analysis of variance, and (2) to construct regression equations to predict rectal temperature. In each heifer, rectal temperature (RT), respiration frequency (RF), and body surface temperatures (obtained with infrared thermography in eye, nose, forehead, head, neck, ear, shoulder, flank, belly, leg, loin, rump, and vulva) were measured. Black heifers had more RF and RT (P < 0.01) than mixed and white coat heifers; white heifers had similar RT than mixed color heifers, but they exhibited less RF (P < 0.05). In general, black and mixed coat color heifers had higher BST (P < 0.01) than white heifers in the majority of the anatomical regions measured. For black coat heifers, the best regression model to predict RT included three predictor variables: [RT = 35.59 - 0.013 (RH) + 0.045 (RF) + 0.019 (TEar); R2 = 71%]. For white coat heifers, the best model included two predictor variables: [RT = 35.29 + 0.035 (RF) + 0.033 (TForehead); R2 = 71%]; and for mixed coat color heifers, the best model included two predictor variables: [RT = 35.07 + 0.022 (RF) + 0.038 (THead); R2 = 44%]. Heifers with dark hair coat color showed higher physiological constants than white heifers; the prediction of rectal temperature was more precise in heifers with well-defined hair coat color. Physiological and climatic variables, along with infrared thermography, represent an appropriate combination to predict rectal temperature in Holstein heifers with predominant white or black hair coat color.

Evaluation of thermoregulation of horses (Equus caballus) submitted to two methods of post-exercise cooling, in hot and humid climate conditions, in the Eastern Amazon.

In Brazil, the study on equine thermoregulation has not shown considerable advances, moreover, in the Amazon, this is a little explored aspect. This study aims to evaluate the thermoregulation of horses submitted to two methods of post-exercise cooling, in the climatic conditions of the Eastern Amazon. The experiment was conducted at Centro Hipico, Ananindeua, Para, for 15 days. Ten male horses, castrated of the Brazilian breed, aged 13 years and with an average weight of 482.3 kg were used. Equestrianism, which was exercised with pre-established protocol in the arena and track, for 30 min. After the exercise, the animals were divided into two groups for application of the treatments, which were two cooling methods, such as a bath with water at room temperature (about 25°C) and a hiper cooling method (6-9°C). During the experimental period, air temperature (AT) and relative humidity (RH) data were recorded and the Temperature and Humidity Index (THI) was calculated. Data from the rectal temperature (RT), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR) and Body surface temperature (BST) of the animals were also measured at three moments: before exercise, after exercise and after applying the cooling methods. The adaptability index used was the Benezra Thermal Comfort Index (BTCI). The BST was performed with the help of infrared thermograph, which were the left side of the neck, thorax, rump, and right side to the armpi, before the exercise, after the exercise and after applying the cooling methods. The statistical design was completely randomized. Analysis of variance was performed using the GLM Procedure of SAS 9.1.3. After the application of the cooling techniques in the animals, the AT and THI were higher and the highest RH values were found before the exercise (87.21%). The highest RT, RR, HR, BST, and BTCI values were observed after exercise. There was no significant dierence (P > 0.05) between cooling methods. There was a highly significant and positive correlation (P < 0.01) between all physiological variables (RT, RR, HR, and BST) and the Iberian Index with AT and THI and negative with RH (P < 0.01), thus demonstrating the influence of the environment on the thermoregulation of animals. It is concluded the evaluation of stress, welfare and thermoregulation of horses submitted to two methods of post-exercise cooling, in the climatic conditions of the Eastern Amazon, demonstrated that the studied cooling methods showed to reduce the rectal temperature, the respiratory rate, the heart rate and the body surface temperature with equal efficiency. However, in terms of practical ease of use, the room temperature water cooling method has proven to be more practical.

Abstract CT170: Initial safety and feasibility results from a first-in-human clinical trial evaluating a novel magnetic hyperthermia approach for the treatment of metastatic solid tumors

Abstract A novel approach for cancer therapy was developed, comprising of magnetic multicore iron oxide nanoparticles (SaNPs) and alternating magnetic field (AMF) application. SaNPs are administered IV to the patient and accumulate in tumors through the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. The patient then undergoes regional AMF application (300kHz) that is converted to thermal energy, inducing sub-ablative hyperthermic cancer cell death. Based on extensive pre-clinical testing, treatment was proven safe and biocompatible in animal models without any associated toxicities. Efficacy studies in a murine metastatic cancer model, demonstrated the ability to reduce the number and size of metastatic lesions. Methods: A First-in-Human open label dose escalation study was designed to evaluate the feasibility and safety of treatment in patients (n=18) with advanced metastatic solid tumors. A secondary objective was to evaluate initial efficacy signs. Eligibility criteria included patients with a life expectancy of at least 30 days with measurable disease according to RECIST 1.1. The patients underwent toxicity analysis and MRI scans without contrast media before (baseline), after treatment, and at the end of the follow-up period of 1 month. Vital signs were monitored before, during, and after treatment. Measurements included ECG, oral and body surface temperatures, blood pressure, heart rate, and oxygen saturation. Results: 3 patients were enrolled in the first cohort that received a single SaNP injection of 10% (first dose level) without AMF. No systemic toxicity was observed. 7 patients were then enrolled and SaNP was administered at the same dose followed by AMF irradiation (first dose level of 40%) of the torso area, conducted for two intervals of 5 min. each. SaNP administration procedures were successful in all cases whereas, 3 patients succeeded to complete the full treatment in accordance to the study protocol. During AMF exposure, the patients were covered with a cooling blanket and temperatures were monitored using fiber-optic sensors. There were no significant temperature deviations beside one patient, where a rise in oral temperature was noted due to the presence of dental implants which heated up. In all patients there were no significant differences in any of the vital signs post-injection nor before or after AMF except for one patient, for whom increased heart rate was observed during irradiation, returning to baseline thereafter. No treatment-related abnormal clinical pathology or urinalysis results were identified. Some fluctuations were observed, attributed to the disease stage. Although tumor response was not expected at the first dose levels, MRI and CT results for one patient showed a reduction in a breast tumor and in another patient, stable disease was reported. Conclusion: SaNP administration either alone or followed by AMF application was not associated with any significant adverse reactions, and no clinical or humoral toxicity was observed at initial doses of 10% SaNP and 40% AMF. Citation Format: Sarah Kraus, Cheri Tal, Boaz Shalev, Moshe Eltanani, Pazit Rukenstein, Shir Arbib, Michal Eck, Raz Khandadash, Shaul Atar, Arnoldo Cyjon, Ofer Shalev. Initial safety and feasibility results from a first-in-human clinical trial evaluating a novel magnetic hyperthermia approach for the treatment of metastatic solid tumors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 2 (Clinical Trials and Late-Breaking Research); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(8_Suppl):Abstract nr CT170.

Temperature-Responsive Hydrogel for Silver Sulfadiazine Drug Delivery: Optimized Design and In Vitro/In Vivo Evaluation.

Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimise a temperature-responsive hydrogel formulation synthesised via the direct incorporation of biocellulose, which was extracted from oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) using the PF127 method. The optimised temperature-responsive hydrogel formulation was found to contain 3.000 w/v% biocellulose percentage and 19.047 w/v% PF127 percentage. The optimised temperature-responsive hydrogel provided excellent LCST near to the human body surface temperature, with high mechanical strength, drug release duration, and inhibition zone diameter against Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, in vitro cytotoxicity testing against human epidermal keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells was conducted to evaluate the toxicity of the optimised formula. It was found that silver sulfadiazine (SSD)-loaded temperature-responsive hydrogel can be used as a safe replacement for the commercial SSD cream with no toxic effect on HaCaT cells. Last, but not least, in vivo (animal) dermal testing-both dermal sensitization and animal irritation-were conducted to evaluate the safety and biocompatibility of the optimised formula. No sensitization effects were detected on the skin applied with SSD-loaded temperature-responsive hydrogel indicating no irritant response for topical application. Therefore, the temperature-responsive hydrogel produced from OPEFB is ready for the next stage of commercialisation.

The specificity of body surface temperature of relevant back-shu points in patients with chronic persistent asthma based on infrared thermal imaging technology

To detect the body surface temperature of the relevant back-shu points in patients with chronic persistent asthma by infrared thermal imaging technology, and observe the specific changes of the body surface temperature of the relevant back-shu points under the condition of lung disease. Forty-five patients with chronic persistent asthma (observation group) and 45 healthy subjects (control group) were selected. The body surface temperature of bilateral Feishu (BL 13), Geshu (BL 17), Pishu (BL 20) and Shenshu (BL 23) were measured by BK-MT02A medical infrared thermography. The body surface temperature of bilateral Feishu (BL 13), Geshu (BL 17), Pishu (BL 20) and Shenshu (BL 23) in the observation group was higher than that in the control group (P<0.01, P<0.05). The body surface temperature of bilateral Feishu (BL 13) and Geshu (BL 17) was higher than that of ipsilateral Pishu (BL 20) and Shenshu (BL 23) in the two groups (P<0.01, P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in body surface temperature between ipsilateral Feishu (BL 13) and Geshu (BL 17), between ipsilateral Pishu (BL 20) and Shenshu (BL 23) (P>0.05). The pathological increase of body surface temperature of Feishu (BL 13), Geshu (BL 17), Pishu (BL 20) and Shenshu (BL 23) in patients with chronic persistent asthma indicates that above acupoints have specificity in reflecting lung diseases. The Feishu (BL 13) and Geshu (BL 17), which have significantly increased body surface temperature, not only provide objective basis for the pathological pathogenesis of "deficiency in origin and excess in symptom" in patients with chronic persistent asthma, but also reflect the different expressions of different acupoints on the same meridian for the lung diseases.

Body surface profile in ambient and hot temperatures during a rectangular test in race walker champions of the World Cup in Oman 2022

There is current interest in infrared thermography as a method to assess changes in body surface temperature to determine thermoregulatory mechanisms, especially in endurance sports. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two environmental temperatures (17 and 28°C) on body surface temperature in different anterior and posterior aspects of the body during a rectangular test in international walkers of the Spanish National Team. Three international walkers performed a rectangular test, where body temperature was measured at rest, and after the 5th, 10th and 15th run using an infrared thermographic camera in room temperatures at 17 and 28°C. In addition, oxygen consumption was measured simultaneously. ANOVA detected a group × time interaction in the chest and abdomen (right and left), left back and right calf (p = < 0.05), with a trend in the right hamstring (p = 0.053) when comparing 17°C and 28°C. ANOVA detected no significant group × time interaction (p = 0.853) but there was a significant group effect (p = 0.022). The eleven degrees increase in ambient temperature (17 to 28°C) produces changes in almost all anatomical zones, but not homogeneously in international walkers during a rectangular test. This indicates that metabolic and blood flow changes are different depending on the anatomical zone measured.

The Value of Non-Contact Infrared Thermometer in Measuring Temperatures of Different Body Surfaces: A Clinical Diagnostic Study

Objectives: This study aimed to determine the optimal cutoff value for fever based on temperature measurements of different body surfaces using a non-contact infrared thermometer. Methods: A total of 229 participants were conveniently sampled for this clinical diagnostic study. Oral temperature was measured using a mercury thermometer, while the temperatures of the forehead, neck, and wrists were measured using a non-contact infrared thermometer. The differences and linear relationships between the temperature measurements of different body surfaces and oral temperature were analyzed using statistical methods. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed to determine the optimal cutoff values for fever on the forehead, neck, and wrists. Results: The optimal cutoff values for fever on the neck, forehead, and wrists were 37.1°C, 36.9°C, and 36.8°C, respectively, as measured by the non-contact infrared thermometer. Conclusion: The non-contact infrared thermometer is a reliable tool for measuring body surface temperatures. The optimal cutoff values for fever using a non-contact infrared thermometer are 37.1°C for the neck, 36.9°C for the forehead, and 36.8°C for the wrists.