Bodily Sensations Research Articles

‘We are all in this together’: Coping with stress during uncertain times through somatic experiencing

The COVID-19 pandemic has had an impact on all countries and induced excessive stress and anxiety among many who are dealing with this invisible danger. Stress and anxiety originate from a threat, and chronic exposure to stressors results in feeling overwhelmed. When the coping strategies are not effective in a certain situation, the person might demonstrate conditioned reactions like fight, flight, or freeze. Somatic Experiencing (SE) is a resiliency-based approach that focuses on these conditioned responses of the nervous system to support the innate regulatory capacity of the body through interoceptive awareness and bodily sensations. This study aims to increase resiliency factors through a SE-based group counselling process. Two groups, an intervention and control group, each consisting of nine individuals, attended a group process for eight weeks. In addition to these groups, a waitlist control group was formed consisting of 31 people. In addition to pre-and-post individual interviews, The COPE-Revised and the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale were administered to both experiment groups and the waitlist control group. An ANCOVA analysis found that the group process was statistically significant for both reducing stress and developing coping strategies. Furthermore, as a result of the qualitative content analysis of the interviews, five themes emerged: hope, universality, cohesiveness, insight, and interpersonal output (new behaviour).

Mind needs body! Practicing positive psychology in English language teaching

Positive emotions are recognised as important for successful foreign language learning. Learners develop a positive attitude towards a language, are motivated to learn, and experience enjoyment through regular, meaningful, and positive engagement. Little attention, however, has so far been paid to the links between Positive Psychology, one of the reasons for the growth of interest in emotions, and embodied cognition which advocates the importance of the body and positive sensations for successful learning. While methods such as Total Physical Response (TPR) can help to get learners moving in class, learning through drama seems to be particularly apt to facilitate embodied learning. Students physically engage with situations, characters, and feelings as they inhabit different spaces, often collaboratively. This paper first introduces embodied cognition. It then discusses the links between embodiment and Positive Psychology, taking Seligman's PERMA MODEL as a point of reference. Following this, it shows how embodied learning can be integrated in the English as a foreign language classroom by using techniques from improvisational theatre.

Understanding symptom perception from the psycho-cognitive schemata of patients with heart failure: an exploratory cohort study

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): Health and Medical Research Fund, Food and Health Bureau, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Introduction Symptom perception emerges as an important determinant of effective self-management and health outcomes of heart failure patients. Even various care models were developed to improve symptom perception, the latest systematic review [1] still conclude its uncertain effectiveness. Seeking further understanding on what determine symptom perception is needed to inform intervention development. Purpose As an integrative theoretical paradigm [2] suggests that symptom perception is a psychological and cognitive representation of bodily sensation, this exploratory cohort study explored how symptom perception was related to the emotional status, self-care self-efficacy, and disease Knowledge of heart failure patients after adjusting for the priori clinical-demographic profile. Methods From Feb 2017 to Aug 2019, 366 heart failure out-patients, who had been diagnosed for at least six months and at NYHA Class II or above, were recruited from the Department of Cardiology of three regional hospitals in Hong Kong. Symptom perception was measured by the corresponding subscale of the Self-Care Heart Failure Index (SCHFI). The psychological and cognitive correlates were measured by the Self-care Self Efficacy Scale, a single-item depression scale and the Dutch Heart Failure knowledge test. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to identify how symptom perception was associated with factors in the psycho-cognitive schemata of heart failure patients after controlling the demographic characteristics, comorbidity and functional status. Results The mean age of the sample was 67.0 (SD = 10.7). About 40.0% of them had reduced left ventricular ejection fraction and 75% were in NYHA Class II. The symptom perception was poor, with about 79% of patients had the SCHFI Symptom Perception Scale score lower than the criterion level of 70. About 42-68% of the patients did not adequately attend to the classical symptoms and medication side effects of heart failure. More patients (64%) only paid attention to the non-specific feeling of wellness. Multiple regression analysis indicated that, after controlling the priori confounders, lower depression (β= 0.112, 95%Ci = 0.260 – 2.540, p = 0.016), better self-care self-efficacy (β= 0.463, 95%Ci = 0.345 – 0.513, p<0.001) and higher HF knowledge (β= 0.114, 95%Ci = 0.173 – 1.602, p = 0.015), independently associated with better symptom perception. Conclusion This study identifies fair disease-specific symptom perception among patients with heart failure. The results urge for effective care intervention to strengthen this important self-care determinant. In addition to prepare for their cognitive knowledge, strategies to strengthen their self-care self-efficacy and emotional wellness may also play a crucial role for the treatment effectiveness.

The associations between interoceptive awareness, emotion regulation, acceptance, and well-being in patients receiving multicomponent treatment: a dynamic panel network model.

Mechanisms of change represent the cornerstone of the therapeutic process. This study aimed to investigate how network models could be used to test mechanisms of change at a group level. A secondary aim was to investigate which of the several hypothesized mechanisms (emotion regulation, interoceptive awareness, and acceptance) are related to changes in psychological well-being. The sample comprised adult patients suffering from psychological disorders (N=444; 70% women) from 7 clinical sites in the Czech Republic who were undergoing groupbased multicomponent treatment composed mainly of psychodynamic psychotherapy (lasting from 4 to 12 weeks depending on the clinical site). Data were collected weekly using the multidimensional assessment of interoceptive awareness, emotion regulation skills questionnaire, chronic pain acceptance questionnaire-symptoms and outcome rating scale. A lag-1 longitudinal network model was employed for exploratory analysis of the panel data. The pruned final model demonstrated a satisfactory fit. Three networks were computed, i.e., temporal, contemporaneous, and between-person networks. The most central node was the modification of negative emotions. Mechanisms that were positively associated with well-being included modification, readiness to confront negative emotions, activity engagement, and trust in bodily signals. Acceptance of negative emotions showed a negative association with well-being. Moreover, noticing bodily sensations, not worrying, and self-regulation contributed indirectly to changes in well-being. In conclusion, the use of network methodology to model panel data helped generate novel hypotheses for future research and practice; for instance, well-being could be actively contributing to other mechanisms, not just a passive outcome.

A Wearable Artificial Intelligence Feedback Tool (Wrist Angel) for Treatment and Research of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Protocol for a Nonrandomized Pilot Study.

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) in youth is characterized by behaviors, emotions, physiological reactions, and family interaction patterns. An essential component of therapy involves increasing awareness of the links among thoughts, emotions, behaviors, bodily sensations, and family interactions. An automatic assessment tool using physiological signals from a wearable biosensor may enable continuous symptom monitoring inside and outside of the clinic and support cognitive behavioral therapy for OCD. The primary aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of using a wearable biosensor to monitor OCD symptoms. The secondary aim is to explore the feasibility of developing clinical and research tools that can detect and predict OCD-relevant internal states and interpersonal processes with the use of speech and behavioral signals. Eligibility criteria for the study include children and adolescents between 8 and 17 years of age diagnosed with OCD, controls with no psychiatric diagnoses, and one parent of the participating youths. Youths and parents wear biosensors on their wrists that measure pulse, electrodermal activity, skin temperature, and acceleration. Patients and their parents mark OCD episodes, while control youths and their parents mark youth fear episodes. Continuous, in-the-wild data collection will last for 8 weeks. Controlled experiments designed to link physiological, speech, behavioral, and biochemical signals to mental states are performed at baseline and after 8 weeks. Interpersonal interactions in the experiments are filmed and coded for behavior. The films are also processed with computer vision and for speech signals. Participants complete clinical interviews and questionnaires at baseline, and at weeks 4, 7, and 8. Feasibility criteria were set for recruitment, retention, biosensor functionality and acceptability, adherence to wearing the biosensor, and safety related to the biosensor. As a first step in learning the associations between signals and OCD-related parameters, we will use paired t tests and mixed effects models with repeated measures to assess associations between oxytocin, individual biosignal features, and outcomes such as stress-rest and case-control comparisons. The first participant was enrolled on December 3, 2021, and recruitment closed on December 31, 2022. Nine patient dyads and nine control dyads were recruited. Sixteen participating dyads completed follow-up assessments. The results of this study will provide preliminary evidence for the extent to which a wearable biosensor that collects physiological signals can be used to monitor OCD severity and events in youths. If we find the study to be feasible, further studies will be conducted to integrate biosensor signals output into machine learning algorithms that can provide patients, parents, and therapists with actionable insights into OCD symptoms and treatment progress. Future definitive studies will be tasked with testing the accuracy of machine learning models to detect and predict OCD episodes and classify clinical severity. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05064527; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05064527. DERR1-10.2196/45123.

What We Can Learn About Emotion by Talking With the Hadza

Emotions are often thought of as internal mental states centering on individuals’ subjective feelings and evaluations. This understanding is consistent with studies of emotion narratives, or the descriptions people give for experienced events that they regard as emotions. Yet these studies, and contemporary psychology more generally, often rely on observations of educated Europeans and European Americans, constraining psychological theory and methods. In this article, we present observations from an inductive, qualitative analysis of interviews conducted with the Hadza, a community of small-scale hunter-gatherers in Tanzania, and juxtapose them with a set of interviews conducted with Americans from North Carolina. Although North Carolina event descriptions largely conformed to the assumptions of eurocentric psychological theory, Hadza descriptions foregrounded action and bodily sensations, the physical environment, immediate needs, and the experiences of social others. These observations suggest that subjective feelings and internal mental states may not be the organizing principle of emotion the world around. Qualitative analysis of emotion narratives from outside of a U.S. (and western) cultural context has the potential to uncover additional diversity in meaning-making, offering a descriptive foundation on which to build a more robust and inclusive science of emotion.

Linguistic embodiment in typical and atypical anorexia nervosa: Evidence from an image-word matching task.

The integration of sensory, motor, and cognitive systems is embodied cognition, according to which mind and body are not separate and distinct, and our body (and our brain, as part of the body) contributes to determining our mental and cognitive processes. In spite of limited data available, Anorexia nervosa (AN) appears as a condition in which embodied cognition is altered, in particular, if we consider bodily sensations and visuospatial information processing. We aimed to evaluate the ability to correctly identify body parts and actions in both full (AN) and atypical AN (AAN), looking at the role of the underweight status. A group of 143 females (AN=45, AAN=43, unaffected women=55) was enrolled. All participants performed a linguistic embodied task to evaluate the association between a picture-showing a bodily action-and a written verb. Additionally, a subsample of 24 AN participants performed a retest after stable weight recovery. Both AN and AAN demonstrated an abnormal ability to evaluate the picture-written verb associations, especially if the involved bodily effectors were the same in both stimuli (i.e., pictorial and verbal) and needed a longer response time. Specific embodied cognition linked to body schema seems to be impaired in persons with AN. The longitudinal analysis showed a difference between AN and AAN only in the underweight condition, suggesting the presence of an abnormal linguistic embodiment. More attention should be devoted to embodiment during AN treatment to improve bodily cognition, which might, in turn, diminish body misperception.

Working Through Transformations in Play

ABSTRACT For Bion, one of the aims of analysis is to increase the transformation of negative emotions so that they do not exceed the personal capacity to contain them. Ferro described a transformation in playing as the possibility of giving the patient an emotion contained in action or a concrete situation, intuiting the underlying dream. A possible hypothesis to deepen the “transformations in playing” theory is that they can be a valuable tool to explore the relational area that escapes the word. Through transformation into play, the unthought can find a way to establish an invariant, a profound relational continuity that can move toward elaboration. The frequent clinical entanglement between transformations in play and reverie suggests that these are clinical phenomena that can take place in an area of analytical work at the frontiers of dreaming (Ogden, 2001). In this process, reverie seems to reveal itself both as a possible endpoint of a potential transformation in dreaming and a starting point of a possible transformation in playing. Transformation in play defines an intersubjective area where one can experience how the transformative capacity of the two subjects can establish continuity even between unmentalized sensory and emotional experiences, enabling the development of the embryonic dreams contained within them. Unlike transformations in dreaming, those in play preserveas wrote by Ogden; in ”Conversations at the frontier of dreaming” the features of playing, namely, bodily sensations and movements and the preservation of paradox.

New Insight into Hallux Valgus: Body Awareness in Patients with Hallux Valgus.

Body awareness is an expression of the extent of sensitivity and attentiveness to internal bodily signals and sensations. The foot has a critical function in providing interoceptive and exteroceptive information. The purposes of this study were to 1) compare body awareness in individuals with and without hallux valgus (HV) deformity, and 2) investigate the relationship between body awareness and HV-related parameters. A total of 129 participants completed the assessments. The severity of the HV was evaluated using the Manchester Scale; pain severity was evaluated using the numeric pain rating scale; and the functional status was evaluated using the Manchester-Oxford Foot Questionnaire. The patients were divided into two groups according to the Manchester Scale scores as the presence or absence of HV. The body awareness of the individuals with HV was assessed using the Body Awareness Questionnaire. Included in this study were 69 participants with HV and 60 healthy participants. There was no difference between groups in terms of demographic properties. Two groups were found different only in pain severity (P < .01). The correlation analysis showed that there was a low correlation between the body awareness score and pain severity in both feet (right foot, r = 0.306, P = .011; left foot, r = 0.320, P = .007) in individuals with HV. Participants with HV had higher pain severity and the pain severity was associated with the body awareness. The level of body awareness should be assessed and taken into consideration in the management of pain in patients with HV.

Framing Emotions on Mainstream Media Instagram Feeds During the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic

The main goal of this paper is to answer the following questions. 1) What visual narratives about emotions are constructed and imposed by mainstream media on their Instagram channels during the COVID-19 pandemic? 2) How do they frame them by complementing existing or creating new iconic-symbolic representations of the semantic framework of selected emotions (joy, fear, sadness, anger)? The selected visual material included photos and drawings and was examined using quantitative and qualitative content analysis and comparative semiological analysis. The analysis showed a low saturation of media messages with emotions and made it possible to describe the semantic media framework of individual emotions according to the following scheme: bodily sensations, expressive gestures, social situation and emotional culture.

On the Need to Apply the Ālayavijñāna theory to Modern Meditation Practices: Focusing on the first argument of the Eight Proofs of the Existence of the Ālayavijñāna

This paper analyzes the content of the eight proofs of the existence of the Ālayavijñāna, which were established in the context of the Viniscayasamgrahani of Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra the Viniscayasamgrahani, in a contemporary perspective, and suggests the necessity of applying them to modern meditation practices. If we understand the eight proofs of the existence of the Ālayavijñāna in a modern context, they can be summarized as follows. The first proof is that the discriminative function of five consciousness and the sixth consciousness, which perceives the functioning of the sense organs, is incapable of the function of upādi, and only the Ālayavijñāna is capable of this function of upādi, which applies to the body, speech, in seed. The second proof is that the birth of all living beings is only possible with the existence of the Ālayavijñāna. The third proof is that only with the existence of the Ālayavijñāna can one perceive all aspects of an object clearly. The fourth proof is that only with the existence of the Ālayavijñāna can one retain the potentiality for nāma-grāha and ātma-grāha within the mind. The fifth proof is that only with the existence of the Ālayavijñāna can one contain karma. The sixth proof is that only with the existence of the Ālayavijñāna can one experience the various sensations of the body. The seventh proof is that only with the existence of the Ālayavijñāna can one continue life in the state of asaṃjñi-samāpatti and nirodha-samāpatti. The eighth proof is that only with the existence of the Ālayavijñāna can one explain the differentiation of bodily sensations between the head and the feet cooling down at the time of death. When the eight proofs of the existence of the Ālayavijñāna are combined with modern meditation techniques, it can surpass the limitations of various meditation practices being conducted in Korea and can heal even the deepest inner the Ālayavijñāna. Especially, the function of upādi demonstrated in the first argument, is an area that can be reached through prolonged and in-depth observation of the body of the sensory organs and thoughts. In addition, it is important to practice prenatal meditation related to the birth of life, and it is necessary to develop death meditation in relation to the phenomena that occur at the time of death. In addition, in the consciousness only school of Buddhism, it is claimed that the Ālayavijñāna creates the body and seeds when it is turned inward, and creates the natural environment, when it is turned outward. Therefore, developing meditation techniques that combine with the natural environment is required for overall healing of the mind.

The role of emotion processing in art therapy (REPAT) intervention protocol.

Psychological and physical health are known to improve with emotion processing, which is becoming aware of bodily sensations, accepting them as information that can be translated into emotion concepts and expressing them symbolically and linguistically as emotions. Art therapy utilizes the visual arts for processing emotions to facilitate self-expression and communication with the goal of improving psychological wellbeing. The mental health of individuals coping with and recovering from cancer is known to benefit from art therapy. The purpose of this paper is to describe the development of the role of emotion processing in art therapy (REPAT) intervention, which is an 8 week, one and a half hour art therapy intervention created to target emotion processing as a primary mechanism of change, through which art therapy has the potential to reduce symptoms (i.e., depression, pain and fatigue) of women coping with breast cancer. To obtain this goal we used template for intervention description and replication (TIDieR) and GUIDance for the rEporting of intervention Development (GUIDED) guidelines for intervention development description, with the goal of ensuring successful implementation for clinical and research use.

Solvitur ambulando: The Peripatetic Essay from Leslie Stephen to Virginia Woolf

This paper aims to bring to light some continuities between periodical essays written by Victorian critic Leslie Stephen (1832-1904) and Modernist writer Virginia Woolf (1882-1941), by focusing on a specific type of essay—“the peripatetic essay”—, which uses walking as a structuring device (Forsdick 48) and which both father and daughter quite frequently deployed. Although they were published some fifty years apart, “London Walks” (1880), and “Street Haunting” (1927) testify to their authors’ common interest in the material culture of their times and their rootedness in the English empirical tradition, a tradition epitomized by Stephen’s motto as the leader of the Sunday Tramps: “solvitur ambulando,” “solved by walking” or “solved by practical experience,” which connects empirical proof with perambulation (Maitland 366). The peripatetic essay, because it relies on the “alternation between thought and perception,” “self-consciousness and consciousness of a world beyond the self,” “physical and mental experience” (Gilbert in Forsdick 47-8), allows both writers to firmly root their reflection in bodily sensation. Comparison with Stephen’s essays reveals the magnitude of Woolf’s re-appropriation and revision of the genre: while Stephen’s persona, “a professed misoscopist” or hater of sights (224), refuses to be absorbed or alienated by visual perceptions, using them merely as a “promoter of thought” (234), Woolf’s persona gives precedence to sensation over the intellect, turning into “a central oyster of perceptiveness,” “an enormous eye” (481), as well as an army of conflicting selves, who dissolve the frontiers of personality.

Embodying Indigeneity in the Mountains: Creating Inclusive Adventure Spaces for Welsh Women, UK

Summary This case study examines an intersecting legacy of exclusion in the Welsh mountains, UK, and how this is challenged by Welsh women’s participation in outdoor adventure courses. The research critically appraised how Indigenous Welsh women 1 navigate gender, class, and racial landscapes in mountain leisure to create inclusive spaces. Facilitated by a National Charitable Organization (NCO) that engages Indigenous Welsh communities in mountain adventure, we explored women’s embodied experiences through mobile video ethnography. Methodologically embodiment facilitated a way of capturing bodily sensations and experiences, which provided a language to express those ideas through reflexive analysis ( Ellingson, 2017 ). The findings highlight how women embody cultural identity in the mountains, which contributes to understanding issues of exclusion/inclusion in adventure spaces. Information © The Authors 2023

Validation of the Hispanic American Version of the Plymouth Sensory Imagery Questionnaire (psi-q): A Culturally Adapted Measure of Multisensory Mental Imagery

Mental imagery is increasingly recognized to play a key role in psychotherapy, education, and other domains. The Plymouth Sensory Imagery Questionnaire (psi-q) measures the vividness of mental imagery in seven modalities: vision, sound, smell, taste, touch, bodily sensations, and feelings. This study adapted the psi-q for Hispanic-American respondents in Colombia and explored moderators of imagery vividness. Study 1 validated the original psi-q (short version) in a sample of 292 Colombian university students. Study 2 developed and validated a cultural adaptation of the psi-q with 508 Colombian adults from the general population. The Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire-2 (vviq-2) was used to analyze convergent validity in both samples. Thus we propose a new 29-item Hispanic-American version of the psi-q, adapted to cultural differences in the region, that displays good reliability and convergent validity. Imagery vividness was higher in females and at higher education levels. Higher cross-loadings between senses occurred in this sample, which may reflect cultural differences in somatization.

The roles of inflammation, affect, and interoception in predicting social perception

“Sickness behavior” is an orchestrated suite of symptoms that commonly occur in the context of inflammation, and is characterized by changes in affect, social experience, and behavior. However, recent evidence suggests that inflammation may not always produce the same set of sickness behavior (e.g., fatigue, anhedonia, and social withdrawal). Rather, inflammation may be linked with different behavior across contexts and/or across individuals, though research in this area is under-developed to-date. In the present study (n = 30), we evaluated the influence of affective context and individual differences in difficulty detecting bodily sensations (i.e., interoceptive difficulty) on social perception following an inflammatory challenge. Inflammation was induced using the influenza vaccine and inflammatory reactivity was operationalized as changes in circulating levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) before the vaccine and approximately 24 h later. Twenty-four hours after administration of the influenza vaccine, we manipulated affective context using a well-validated affect misattribution task in which participants made trustworthiness judgments of individuals with neutral facial expressions following the rapid presentation of “prime” images that were positive or negative in affective content. Interoceptive difficulty was measured at baseline using a validated self-report measure. Results revealed significant interactions between inflammatory reactivity to the influenza vaccine and affective context on social perception. Specifically, individuals with greater inflammatory reactivity were more biased by affective context when judging the trustworthiness of neutral faces. In addition, interoceptive difficulty and affective context interacted to predict social perception such that individuals with greater interoceptive difficulty were more biased by affective context in these judgments. In sum, we provide some of the first evidence that inflammation may amplify the saliency of affective cues during social decision making. Our findings also replicate prior work linking interoceptive ability to the use of affect-as-information during social perception, but in the novel context of inflammation.

An Exploration of the Association Between Sensory Processing and Interoceptive Awareness in Neurotypical School-Aged Children

ABSTRACT The relationship between children’s interoceptive awareness and sensory processing has to date received little attention in the empirical literature. This study investigated the association between sensory processing and interoceptive awareness factors in neurotypical school-aged children aged 8–12 years. A sample of 33 typically developing child/parent participant pairs residing in Australia were recruited. Sensory processing data was collected using the parent-reported Sensory Processing Measure-2, while interoceptive awareness data was gathered using the child-reported Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness-Youth, Interoceptive Awareness Questionnaire, and Three-domain Interoceptive Sensations Questionnaire. Spearman rho correlations and regression analysis with bootstrapping were used to investigate the relationship between sensory processing and interoceptive awareness factors. Five significant associations were found between interoceptive awareness and sensory processing factors: (1) Attention Regulation with Vision and Touch; (2) Self-Regulation with Vision, Taste & Smell, and Social Participation; (3) Body Listening with Touch, Taste & Smell, and Social Participation; (4) Awareness of Neutral Bodily Sensations with Vision; and (5) Interoceptive Sensibility with Taste & Smell. Significant positive predictive relationships were found between sensory processing and interoceptive awareness variables. Findings suggest an association between aspects of children’s sensory processing and their interoceptive awareness exists, providing occupational therapists with preliminary insights on this topic.

Conceptualising participant observations in festival tourism

ABSTRACT There is still confusion on what participant observation connotes and scholars call for more studies on researchers’ roles and emotional reflexivity in tourism. This interdisciplinary research aims to unpack participant observations at festivals. Findings from literary festivals in Ireland and Italy suggest that participant observations are Holistic Research Experiences and are characterised by four elements. First, they go beyond the visual and the multisensory nature, to be holistic experiences. Second, fieldwork is emplaced since researchers are situated in the field and can feel bodily sensations and empathy, but are not fully immersed. Third, the researchers’ participation continuum does not go from complete observer to complete participant, but it goes from passive to active involvement in the festival activities. Fourth, different passive/active, intentional/unintentional encounters can take place: human, animal, space, material, and immaterial. Finally, the paper considers future areas for research.

Feelings of detachment during rescue incidents: Qualitative analysis of depersonalisation and derealisation in paramedics

Depersonalisation and derealisation (DepDer) are alterations in consciousness occurring in both healthy people and those with mental problems, including trauma-related disorders. Depersonalisation relates to emotional detachment or numbing and distorted bodily sensations. Derealisation is associated with experiencing the environment as unreal or strange. This qualitative study explores these phenomena occurring during rescue operations by paramedics. Eight women participated in-depth interviews which were transcribed and subjected to interpretative phenomenological analysis, leading to identifying seven salient themes: 1) Getting excited and alert before rescue operations, 2) Running on autopilot under stress, 3) Filtering out stimuli to avoid distraction, 4) Agitation affects the perception of time, 5) Abreactions when detachment fades, 6) Selective memory about the course of events, and 7) Dealing with loss. Results show that DepDer were functional during emergency actions. Further research is necessary into normal and pathological forms of DepDer, and examining them in terms of state and trait.

Basic Emotion Measurement: Advances in Basic Emotion Theory

Emotions are both subjective feelings and objective physiological responses. Traditional psychology uses questionnaires to conduct research, which has great limitations. This article review some developments of the basic emotion measurement within a new theory about body maps. With a unique topographical self-report method, people could better understand the relationship between body sensations maps and different emotions. This article reviews several studies and compares them with other relevant emotion measurement studies to identify further possibilities and future research directions. Moreover, this paper will cut in from the method and process results of the experiment, and strive to obtain more accurate data for future. This new approach may provide new way of thinking. Meanwhile, the application of emotional bodily maps to various fields, such as artificial intelligence and experimental reference.