Body Response Research Articles

Bioelectric medicine: unveiling the therapeutic potential of micro-current stimulation.

Bioelectric medicine (BEM) refers to the use of electrical signals to modulate the electrical activity of cells and tissues in the body for therapeutic purposes. In this review, we particularly focused on the microcurrent stimulation (MCS), because, this can take place at the cellular level with sub-sensory application unlike other stimuli. These extremely low-level currents mimic the body's natural electrical activity and are believed to promote various physiological processes. To date, MCS has limited use in the field of BEM with applications in several therapeutic purposes. However, recent studies provide hopeful signs that MCS is more scalable and widely applicable than what has been used so far. Therefore, this review delves into the landscape of MCS, shedding light on the multifaceted applications and untapped potential of MCS in the realm of healthcare. Particularly, we summarized the hierarchical mediation from cell to whole body responses by MCS including its physiological applications. Our final objective of this review is to contribute to the growing body of literature that unveils the captivating potential of BEM, with MCS poised at the intersection of technological innovation and the intricacies of the human body.

Impact of sleep deprivation on memory and learning

Sleep is understood as a natural process of reduction of the body's response to external stimuli, associated with the loss of consciousness, which is useful for several functions. However, there is currently an increase in the number of individuals who do not achieve a good sleep routine, which can be attributed to an increase in exposure to factors that hinder the achievement of adequate time and quality of sleep, leading to various impacts that affect cognitive health and the processes of knowledge acquisition and consolidation. Thus, it aims to clarify the mechanisms associated with sleep deprivation and its repercussions on memory and learning. It is a literature review based on the analysis of scientific articles published from 2012 to 2022, in PubMed and Science Direct, in which the key words "sleep deprivation" AND "memory" AND "learning" were used. It was verified that sleep deprivation can impair several cognitive and affective functions, such as reduced attention, psychomotor vigilance and increased variability in behavioral responses. In relation to memory processing, the decrease of the quantity and the quality sleep time can affect the ability to retain new information and make individuals more prone to develop false memories. Therefore, realizing the fundamental role of sleep in several functions of the human body, highlighting the consolidation of memory and learning, understand the various unfavorable impacts that a reduction in the number and quality of hours of sleep can have.

Emerging Strategies for Beta Cell Encapsulation for Type 1 Diabetes Therapy.

Diabetes is a prevalent chronic disease affecting millions of people globally. To address this health challenge, advanced beta cell therapy using biomaterials-based macroscale, microscale, and nanoscale encapsulation devices must tackle various obstacles. First, overcoming foreign body responses is a major focus of research. Strategies such as immunomodulatory materials and physical immunoshielding are investigated to reduce the immune response and improve the longevity of the encapsulated cells. Furthermore, oxygenating strategies, such as the use of oxygen-releasing biomaterials, are developed to improve oxygen diffusion and promote cell survival. Finally, yet importantly, promoting vascularization through the use of angiogenic growth factors and the incorporation of pre-vascularized materials are also explored to enhance nutrient and oxygen supply to the encapsulated cells. This review seeks to specifically highlight the emerging research strategies developed to overcome these challenges using micro and nanoscale biomaterial encapsulation devices. Continuously improving and refining these strategies make an advance toward realizing the improved therapeutic potential of the encapsulated beta cells.

Efektivitas Guided Imagery Terhadap Penurunan Tekanan Darah Pada Hipertensi

The phenomenon of hypertension in society is a serious and quite common health problem. Unhealthy lifestyles, such as a diet high in salt, lack of physical activity, excessive alcohol consumption, and smoking, can increase the risk of hypertension. The aim of this community service activity is to increase public knowledge in managing blood pressure using Guided Imagery therapy. Community Service Activities in the form of Health Education with the theme "Efforts to Lower Blood Pressure in Hypertension". Counseling will be held in Kebon Raya Bogor on December 6 2023 at 10.00 – 12.00 WIB. Community service activities in the form of health education involve nursing professional students along with community nursing clinical practice activities. After being given counseling, the level of public knowledge about hypertension and its treatment using Guided Imagery increased by 29.5%. Meanwhile, the average blood pressure decreased by 10 mmHg after Guided Imagery was carried out. Guided Imagery can be useful in lowering blood pressure in individuals with hypertension through several mechanisms that have the potential to reduce stress and improve the body's response to stress.

Depletion of complement factor 3 delays the neuroinflammatory response to intracortical microelectrodes

The neuroinflammatory response to intracortical microelectrodes (IMEs) used with brain-machine interfacing (BMI) applications is regarded as the primary contributor to poor chronic performance. Recent developments in high-plex gene expression technologies have allowed for an evolution in the investigation of individual proteins or genes to be able to identify specific pathways of upregulated genes that may contribute to the neuroinflammatory response. Several key pathways that are upregulated following IME implantation are involved with the complement system. The complement system is part of the innate immune system involved in recognizing and eliminating pathogens – a significant contributor to the foreign body response against biomaterials. Specifically, we have identified Complement 3 (C3) as a gene of interest because it is the intersection of several key complement pathways. In this study, we investigated the role of C3 in the IME inflammatory response by comparing the neuroinflammatory gene expression at the microelectrode implant site between C3 knockout (C3–/-) and wild-type (WT) mice. We have found that, like in WT mice, implantation of intracortical microelectrodes in C3–/- mice yields a dramatic increase in the neuroinflammatory gene expression at all post-surgery time points investigated. However, compared to WT mice, C3 depletion showed reduced expression of many neuroinflammatory genes pre-surgery and 4 weeks post-surgery. Conversely, depletion of C3 increased the expression of many neuroinflammatory genes at 8 weeks and 16 weeks post-surgery, compared to WT mice. Our results suggest that C3 depletion may be a promising therapeutic target for acute, but not chronic, relief of the neuroinflammatory response to IME implantation. Additional compensatory targets may also be required for comprehensive long-term reduction of the neuroinflammatory response for improved intracortical microelectrode performance.

Coralline Halimeda opuntia algae-derived bio-hydroxyapatite enhances the bioactivity of piezoelectric tissue engineering scaffolds

Biomaterials are increasingly being used to promote tissue repair after wounds. Coralline algae have been reported as valuable sources of hydroxyapatite (HAp). The identification and characterization of Halimeda opuntia with high calcium carbonate content from the Indian Ocean have been performed. Bio-hydroxyapatite (Bio-HAp) was synthesized through a combined process of pyrolysis followed by a hydrothermal treatment. The effect of pyrolysis temperature on the critical properties of the HAp such as Ca/P ratio, morphology and presence of trace elements was assessed. It was found that a calcination temperature of 900 °C produced Bio-HAp with a Ca/P of 1.57 ± 0.01, which is non-stoichiometric and calcium-deficient, similar to the HAp integrated in bone. HAp can integrate with bone without causing any local or systemic toxicity, inflammation or foreign body response, thus we have loaded the synthesized Bio-HAp into piezoelectric PHBV/PDX electrospun mat and assessed the behaviour of human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) and human pre-osteoblasts (HoB) in co-culture at different cell densities. Increasing Bio-HAp content from 1 % to 5 % increased fiber diameter due to fiber melting. Bio-HAp enhanced differentiation of HDF promoting mineralisation with Ca/P ratios of 1.93 ± 0.17 and 1.80 ± 0.18 at 1 % and 5 % HAp content respectively. The mineralisation process was more prominent on scaffolds with Bio-HAp compared to the controls (0 % HAp and synthetic-HAp) with both HDF only and HDF/HoB.

Description of the Application of Spiritual Emotional Freedom Technique (SEFT) on Anxiety in Adolescents Who Do Early Marriage

Background: According to Law No. 16 of 2019, the maximum age for marriage is 19 years to prepare for physical and psychological maturity so that married couples are expected to be happy. However, early marriage couples still occur, which can cause conflicts in the household and make the wife or husband experience anxiety. Anxiety, in principle, is the body's response to a threat and serves as a warning against threatening situations. Objective: To determine the application of SEFT to reducing the anxiety of adolescents who engage in early marriage Method: This study uses a case study. Results: Before the SEFT, the anxiety level was measured using the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS) Questionnaire. It was found that four respondents experienced moderate anxiety and one experienced severe anxiety, and after three treatments, there was a decrease in anxiety levels; three experienced mild anxiety, and two experienced moderate anxiety. Conclusion: SEFT can reduce the anxiety of adolescents who marry early

A Clinical Review of Vasopressors in Emergency Medicine

BackgroundVasopressor medications raise blood pressure through vasoconstriction and are essential in reversing the hypotension seen in many critically ill patients. Previously, vasopressor administration was largely limited to continuous infusions through central venous access. Objective of the ReviewThis review addresses the clinical use of vasopressors in various shock states, including practical considerations and innovations in vasopressor administration. The focus is on the clinical administration of vasopressors across a range of shock states, including hypovolemic, distributive, cardiogenic, and obstructive shock. DiscussionCriteria for starting vasopressors are not clearly defined, though early use may be beneficial. A number of physiologic factors affect the body's response to vasopressors, such as acidosis and adrenal insufficiency. Peripheral and push-dose administration of vasopressors are becoming more common. Distributive shock is characterized by inappropriate vasodilation and vasopressors play a crucial role in maintaining adequate blood pressure. The use of vasopressors is more controversial in hypovolemic shock, as the preferred treatment is correction of the volume deficit. Evidence for vasopressors is limited in cardiogenic shock. For obstructive shock, vasopressors can temporize a patient's blood pressure until definitive therapy can reverse the underlying cause. ConclusionsAcross the categories of shock states, norepinephrine has wide applicability and is a reasonable first-line agent for shock of uncertain etiology. Keeping a broad differential when hypotension is refractory to vasopressors may help to identify adjunctive treatments in physiologic states that impair vasopressor effectiveness. Peripheral administration of vasopressors is safe and facilitates early administration, that may help to improve outcomes in some shock states.

Analysis of orthostatic intolerance symptoms in patients with premature ejaculation.

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays an important role in maintaining physiological regulation. It regulates the body's response to many variable situations. Orthostatic intolerance (OI) is one of the most important signs of autonomic dysfunction. Autonomic dysfunction is known to cause premature ejaculation (PE) by disturbing the balance in erection and ejaculation cycles. Considering that OI may develop due to autonomic dysfunction in patients with PE, we hypothesized that OI symptoms would increase in these patients. The aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between orthostatic intolerance and PE. This case-control study included a total of 39 patients with PE and 47 volunteers without PE. All subjects were assessed using the self-reported Orthostatic Grading Scale (OGS). In addition, the validated five-item Turkish version of the Premature Ejaculation Diagnostic Tool (PEDT) was used to evaluate PE. The PE group included patients with a PEDT score ≥ 11. The mean ages of the PE and control groups were 38.2 ± 7.8 and 40.5 ± 9.1 years, respectively (p = 0.137). The mean PEDT scores of the PE and control groups were 13.9 ± 3.6 and 6.6 ± 2.9, respectively (p < 0.0001), and their mean OGS scores were 5.6 ± 2.4 and 1.6 ± 1.3, respectively (p < 0.0001). A statistically significant correlation was found between the PEDT and OGS scores (r: 0.686, p < 0.0001). The orthostatic intolerance symptoms of patients with PE were higher than those of the control group. There was a correlation between the severity of PE and the severity of orthostatic intolerance. This is the first study in the literature to reveal a relationship between orthostatic intolerance and PE.

Are Changes in Serum IgG Glycosylation Related to the Severe Course of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Recovery Process? In Search of New Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers.

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) glycosylation affects its effector functions and is essential in many steps of the inflammatory cascade. Therefore, it may be an important parameter for assessing the body's immune response during the course of COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019). The N- and O-glycosylation of serum IgG in severe COVID-19 patients (n=87), convalescents (n=50), and healthy subjects (n=65) were examined using a modified lectin-ELISA method with specific biotinylated lectins. The obtained data were analyzed using STATISTICA 13.3PL software. We showed significantly higher expression of Lewisx oligosaccharide structures in severe COVID-19 patients than in the other two groups. Moreover, significantly lower expression of Lewisy sugar structures in IgG glycans was observed in the convalescents when compared with COVID-19 patients and healthy subjects. The lowest expression of highly branched N-glycans in cases of severe COVID-19 indicates that the development of the disease is associated with the presence of typical IgG biantennary N-glycans. The lack of significant differences in the expression of Tn antigen in IgG between studied groups and the significantly lower expression of T antigen in convalescents compared to the patients with severe COVID-19 and healthy subjects indicates a decrease in the content of the T antigen in IgG O-glycans in subjects recovered from COVID-19. Substantially higher reactivities of IgG O-glycans with Jacalin observed in COVID-19 patients and convalescents in comparison to the control group were most probably caused by increased expression of core 3 O-glycans in IgG. Severe COVID-19 is accompanied by the expression in serum IgG of sialylated biantennary and highly branched N-glycans, decorated by fucose of Lewisx and Lewisy structures. The higher reactivity of IgG O-glycans with Jacalin in severe COVID-19 patients and convalescents indicates that the disease development and the recovery process are most probably accompanied by increased expression of the core 3 O-glycans.

Obesity-related glomerulopathy: recent advances in inflammatory mechanisms and related treatments.

Obesity-related glomerulopathy, which is an obesity-triggered kidney damage, has become a significant threat to human health. Several studies have recently highlighted the critical role of inflammation in obesity-related glomerulopathy development. Additionally, excess adipose tissue and adipocytes in patients with obesity produce various inflammatory factors that cause systemic low-grade inflammation with consequent damage to vascular endothelial cells, exacerbating glomerular injury. Therefore, we conducted a comprehensive review of obesity-related glomerulopathy and addressed the critical role of obesity-induced chronic inflammation in obesity-related glomerulopathy pathogenesis and progression, which leads to tubular damage and proteinuria, ultimately impairing renal function. The relationship between obesity and obesity-related glomerulopathy is facilitated by a network of various inflammation-associated cells (including macrophages, lymphocytes, and mast cells) and a series of inflammatory mediators (such as tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 6, leptin, adiponectin, resistin, chemokines, adhesion molecules, and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1) and their inflammatory pathways. Furthermore, we discuss a recently discovered relationship between micronutrients and obesity-related glomerulopathy inflammation and the important role of micronutrients in the body's anti-inflammatory response. Therefore, assessing these inflammatory molecules and pathways will provide a strong theoretical basis for developing therapeutic strategies based on anti-inflammatory effects to prevent or delay the onset of kidney injury.

Role of the CXCR4-Gnαq-Plcβ signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of collagen-induced arthritis in rats

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease in which immune cells and inflammatory cytokines are abnormally activated, leading to immunoregulatory dysfunction in the body and triggering systemic inflammatory responses. The interaction between CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and heterotrimeric G-protein α-subunit Gαq (Gnαq) activates phospholipase Cβ (PLCβ), which influences the expression of downstream effectors and participates widely in the onset and development of various diseases, thus suggesting the potential involvement of these molecules in RA pathogenesis. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine whether the CXCR4-Gnαq-PLCβ signaling pathway participates in the onset and development of RA. Using a collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rat model, we found that compared with the control (healthy) rat group, CIA rats exhibited highly time-dependent arthritis, with the maximum arthritis score occurring in week 3. In contrast to the splenic and joint tissue of control rats, CIA rats showed obvious hyperplasia in the lymphoid white pulp and main germination centers of the spleen, narrowing of joint cavities, and inflammatory cellular infiltration on articular surfaces. The serum levels of expression of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, and TNF-α were significantly elevated (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Core genes of the CXCR4-Gnαq-PLCβ pathway, namely CXCR4, Gnαq, PLCβ1, MMP1, and MMP3, also showed a significant increase in mRNA and protein expression levels (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Proteins related to the CXCR4-Gnαq-PLCβ pathway were mainly localized to the red and white pulp regions in the spleen as well as in stromal, endothelial, and subdifferentiated synovial cells in the joints. These results indicated that CXCR4 is dependent on Gnαq for inducing the expression of PLCβ1 and stimulation of secretion of inflammatory cytokines by inflammatory cells. This consequently affects the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which serve as downstream effectors, thereby promoting RA pathogenesis. Our findings play an important role in elucidating the mechanisms of the onset and development of RA.

Clinical variables associated with immune checkpoint inhibitor outcomes in patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma: a multicentre retrospective cohort study

ObjectivesImmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are indicated for metastatic urothelial cancer (mUC), but predictive and prognostic factors are lacking. We investigated clinical variables associated with ICI outcomes.MethodsWe performed a multicentre retrospective...

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF FUNGAL AND BACTERIAL INFECTIONS IN HUMAN HEALTH

Our study aims to explore the origins of infectious diseases and the responses of the human body to invading pathogens. Despite the development of antibiotics and vaccines, the threat of infection remains ever-present. Continuously emerging pathogens and antibiotic-resistant strains pose challenges to effective treatment, while diseases such as AIDS and rabies remain incurable. While infectious diseases have been recognized for millennia, comprehensive understanding of their causes has only emerged in the last century. We focus on elucidating the diverse array of disease-causing organisms and the underlying mechanisms that drive clinically apparent infections. This knowledge is essential for individuals and serves as a fundamental requirement for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of infectious diseases.

Assessment of focused ultrasound stimulation to induce peripheral nerve activity and potential damage in vivo.

Peripheral neuroprostheses are aimed to restore loss of sensory and motor functions by interfacing axons in the peripheral nerves. Most common interfaces in neuroprostheses are electrodes that establish electrical connection with peripheral axons. However, some challenges arise related to long-term functionality, durability, and body response. Recently, focused ultrasound stimulation (FUS) has emerged as a non-invasive approach to modulate the nervous system. However, it is controversial whether FUS can induce axon depolarization. We have assessed FUS applied in vivo to the rat peripheral nerve, with two objectives: first, to test whether FUS activates peripheral nerves under different stimulation conditions, and second, to evaluate if FUS inflicts damage to the nerve. FUS was delivered with three ultrasound transducers (Sonic Concept H115, H107, and H102) covering the largest set of parameters examined for FUS of peripheral nerves so far. We did not obtain reliable evoked action potentials in either nerves or muscles, under any FUS condition applied, neither over the skin nor directly to the nerve exposed. Additional experiments ex vivo and in vivo on mice, confirmed this conclusion. When FUS stimulation was applied directly to the exposed sciatic nerve, neuromuscular function decreased significantly, and recovered one week later, except for FUS at 0.25 MHz. Histologically, degenerating nerve fibers were observed, with a tendency to be higher with the lower FUS frequency. Past reports on the ability of ultrasound to stimulate the peripheral nerve are controversial. After testing a wide range of FUS conditions, we conclude that it is not a reliable and safe method for stimulating the peripheral nerve. Special consideration should be taken, especially when low-frequency FUS is applied, as it may lead to nerve damage.

Potential Intersections between lncRNA, Vascular Cognitive Impairment, and Immunization Strategies: Insights and Future Directions.

Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) encompasses a wide range of cognitive disorders stemming from cerebrovascular issues, such as strokes or small vessel disease. These conditions often pose challenges to traditional diagnostic approaches due to their multifactorial nature and varied clinical presentations. Recently, next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have provided detailed analyses of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the molecular pathobiology of VCI. These new findings help with molecular-based diagnostics and treatments of VCI. Within this realm, the concept of immune modulation, especially through specific vaccinations, emerges as a promising therapeutic strategy in VCI mitigation. In this review, we comprehensively elucidate the function of lncRNAs in VCI, emphasizing the advanced understanding of VCI's molecular underpinnings made possible through NGS technologies. Significant focus is placed on the immune system's role in VCI, particularly the neuroinflammatory processes which are consequential to cerebrovascular abnormalities. We believe that lncRNAs participate in regulating these immunological pathways, potentially guiding the development of vaccines targeting VCI. In this context, we propose a novel perspective: using knowledge about lncRNA profiles and functions to guide vaccine development, we can potentially exploit the body's immune response to mitigate or prevent VCI. This approach has the potential to revolutionize VCI management by introducing targeted immunization strategies informed by molecular signatures, a concept that remains largely unexplored in current research endeavors. In addition, we summarize current progress and propose future directions, advocating for robust, interdisciplinary studies to validate the potential intersections between lncRNA landscapes, VCI pathology, and immunology. This review aims to spur innovative research and promote the development of lncRNA-informed vaccine strategies as proactive interventions against the cognitive consequences of VCI.

Treatment Options for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Using Immunotherapy: Present and Future.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common cancer, and the body's immune responses greatly affect its progression and the prognosis of patients. Immunological suppression and the maintenance of self-tolerance in the tumor microenvironment are essential responses, and these form part of the theoretical foundations of immunotherapy. In this review, we first discuss the tumor microenvironment of HCC, describe immunosuppression in HCC, and review the major biomarkers used to track HCC progression and response to treatment. We then examine antibody-based therapies, with a focus on immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), monoclonal antibodies that target key proteins in the immune response (programmed cell death protein 1, anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4, and programmed death-ligand 1) which have transformed the treatment of HCC and other cancers. ICIs may be used alone or in conjunction with various targeted therapies for patients with advanced HCC who are receiving first-line treatments or subsequent treatments. We also discuss the use of different cellular immunotherapies, including T cell receptor (TCR) T cell therapy and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy. We then review the use of HCC vaccines, adjuvant immunotherapy, and oncolytic virotherapy, and describe the goals of future research in the development of treatments for HCC.

Immunotherapy-associated cardiovascular toxicities: insights from preclinical and clinical studies.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have become a widely accepted and effective treatment for various types of solid tumors. Recent studies suggest that cardiovascular immune-related adverse events (irAEs) specifically have an incidence rate ranging from 1.14% to more than 5%. Myocarditis is the most common observed cardiovascular irAE. Others include arrhythmias, pericardial diseases, vasculitis, and a condition resembling takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) pathway, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) pathway, and the recently discovered lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3) pathway, play a critical role in boosting the body's natural immune response against cancer cells. While ICIs offer significant benefits in terms of augmenting immune function, they can also give rise to unwanted inflammatory side effects known as irAEs. The occurrence of irAEs can vary in severity, ranging from mild to severe, and can impact the overall clinical efficacy of these agents. This review aims to summarize the underlying mechanisms of cardiovascular irAE from both preclinical and clinical studies for a better understanding of cardiovascular irAE in clinical application.

Changes of Salivary Concentration of IL-6 and TNF-Α in Early Childhood Caries

Background: Early childhood caries is a biofilm-dependent, critical, widespread health problem in both developing and industrialized countries. The interleukin-6 (IL-6) has several roles in the body's response to inflammation and tissue damage. TNF-α is a pleiotropic cytokine that acts as a pro-inflammatory cytokine. Aim of Study: The purpose of this research was to assess the salivary concentrations of TNF-α and IL-6 in children with dental caries and study the correlation between cytokines and DMFs index. Materials and Methods: Eighty children aged four and five took part in the study. Forty children with ECC served as the research group, whereas 40 caries-free children of the same age and gender served as the control group. Clinical parameters were assessed after an oral examination and measurement. All participants had saliva samples obtained. IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations in saliva were estimated using an ELISA test. Results: The current study found a significant elevation (P&lt;0.05) in mean levels of TNF-α and IL-6 among children with ECC in comparison to caries free children. Moreover, there is significant positive correlation between IL-6 and TNF-α levels in caries children. Conclusion: Based on these results, it seems likely that elevated levels of TNF-α and IL-6 are involved in ECC.

Poly(Glutamic Acid-Lysine) Hydrogels with Alternating Sequence Resist the Foreign Body Response in Rodents and Non-Human Primates.

The foreign body response (FBR) to implanted biomaterials and biomedical devices can severely impede their functionality and even lead to failure. The discovery of effective anti-FBR materials remains a formidable challenge. Inspire by the enrichment of glutamic acid (E) and lysine (K) residues on human protein surfaces, a class of zwitterionic polypeptide (ZIP) hydrogels with alternating E and K sequences to mitigate the FBR is prepared. When subcutaneously implanted, the ZIP hydrogels caused minimal inflammation after 2 weeks and no obvious collagen capsulation after 6 months in mice. Importantly, these hydrogels effectively resisted the FBR in non-human primate models for at least 2 months. In addition, the enzymatic degradability of the gel can be controlled by adjusting the crosslinking degree or the optical isomerism of amino acid monomers. The long-term FBR resistance and controlled degradability of ZIP hydrogels open up new possibilities for a broad range of biomedical applications.