Body Reaction Time Research Articles

Lower body reaction testing using ultrasonic motion capture.

This paper presents a lower body reaction test that utilizes a new portable ultra-sound based motion capture system (MobiFit) combined with a synchronized visual stimulus. This novel system was tested first for criterion validity and agreement against a gold standard laboratory based optical motion capture system (CODA). It was subsequently tested in the field during Gaelic football (GAA) team gym sessions with 35 subjects to demonstrate its utility and versatility. The lower body reaction test itself is novel in that it can be applied to a gross motor task. During testing, participants had sensors attached to their lower limbs and trunk. The speed of movement for each sensor was monitored at 500Hz using the Mobifit motion capture system, and reaction time was measured as the elapsed time from the appearance of a green indicator on the screen to a sensor reaching a set threshold velocity as the participant raised the corresponding leg. Pearson's correlation coefficient tested criterion validity against the CODA system and Intra class correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman plots assessed agreement of velocity measures obtained from the MobiFit and CODA systems. Results indicate that the MobiFit system is an accurate device to assess lower body reaction time and has advantage over standard laboratory measures in terms of portability and ease of set-up.

20219 草鞋を模擬した足部装具の装着効果の生体力学評価

Many footwear and shoes claimed that they have effective of promoting health and rehabilitation has been invented. However, there is little evidence have been found in many cases. The purpose of this study was to biomechanically investigate the effect of footwear invented by inspiration from waraji (Japanese traditional sandal) and claimed to contribute to foot health. Ten healthy adults were recruited as subjects. Biomechanical data with the footwear worn were compared to those without worn footwear. Motion data were collected using a force plate. The experimental results showed that the investigated footwear had positive effect of increasing whole body reaction time, the driving force of the ground reaction force. The effects of the footwear on human movement were discussed based on these biomechanical data from the experiments.

Development of Various Reaction Abilities and Their Relationships With Favorite Play Activities in Preschool Children

This study examines the development of various reaction movements in preschool children and the relationship between reaction times and favorite play activities. The subjects were 167 healthy preschool children aged 4-6 (96 boys and 71 girls). This study focused on the reaction times of the upper limbs (reaction 1: release; reaction 2: press) and the whole body (reaction 3: forward jump). The activities frequently played in preschools are largely divided into dynamic play activities (tag, soccer, gymnastics set, dodge ball, and jump rope) and static play activities (drawing, playing house, reading, playing with sand, and building blocks). The subjects chose 3 of 10 cards picturing their favorite play activities, depicting 10 different activities. All intraclass correlation coefficients of measured reaction times were high (0.73-0.79). In addition, each reaction time shortened with age. Reaction 1 showed a significant and low correlation with reaction 3 (r = 0.37). The effect size of the whole body reaction time was the largest. Whole body reaction movement, which is largely affected by the exercise output function, develops remarkably in childhood. Children who liked "tag" were faster in all reaction times. The children who chose "soccer" were faster in reactions 2 and 3. In contrast, children who liked "playing house" tended to have slower reaction times. Dynamic activities, such as tag and soccer, promote development of reaction speed and agility in movements involving the whole body. Preschool teachers and physical educators should re-examine the effect of tag and use it periodically as one of the exercise programs to avoid unexpected falls and injuries in everyday life.

마우스가드의 형태가 운동선수의 체력 및 운동능력에 미치는 영향

본 연구의 목적은 마우스가드의 착용이 기초 체력 및 운동 능력에 미치는 영향을 밝히는데 있다. 특히 부분피개 마우스가드 착용의 효과를 파악하여 교합의 안정성이 기초 체력 및 운동 능력에 미치는 영향을 밝히고자 한다. 이를 위해 K대학교 체육교육과에 재학 중인 대학생 20명을 대상으로 5가지 교합상태-마우스가드 미착용, 전악피개 마우스가드 착용, 좌우측 편측 마우스가드 착용, 전치부 마우스가드 착용-에서 각각 사이드스텝, 제자리 높이뛰기, 배근력, 악력, 외발서기, 유연성과 같은 기초 체력 및 운동능력을 측정하였다. 본 연구의 결과 전악피개 마우스가드의 착용은 운동능력 측정 항목 중 사이드스텝, 제자리 높이뛰기, 배근력, 악력, 외발서기, 유연성, 전신반응 모두에서 마우스 가드 미착용 시와 비교하여 유의성 있는 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 하지만 부분피개 마우스가드의 착용 시에는 미착용 시에 비해 전신반응이 유의성 있게 향상되었다. 이러한 결과를 통해 전악피개 마우스가드의 착용이 운동능력에 유의한 영향은 없으나 부분피개 마우스가드의 착용은 민첩성 향상에 기여할 수 있는 것으로 사료된다. 뿐만 아니라 교합적인 안정성이 단기적으로는 전신반응의 향상에 긍정적인 효과를 발생시키지 못하는 것으로 판단된다. This study examined the effects of the occlusal stability and a partial coverage mouthguard on physical fitness and motor capacity to determine the importance of the occlusal stability as a possible action mechanism of mouthguards on physical performance. Twenty physical education students were included for measurements of their handgrip strength, back strength, whole body reaction time, flexibility, sidestep test, stork stand test and jumping test according to the following 5 different occlusal conditions: mouth closed position without a mouthguard, with a full coverage mouthguard, with a right partial coverage mouthguard, with a left partial coverage mouthguard and with anterior partial mouthguard. The results revealed no significant difference in any of the measured physical factors between the occlusal conditions with and without a full-coverage mouthguard. On the other hand, a significant difference was observed in whole body reaction between the occlusal conditions with and without the partial coverage mouthguards. Therefore, isokinetic muscle tests on both knee joints and the Wingate anaerobic power test should be performed under the following five occlusal conditions: with or without full-coverage maxillary custom-made mouthguard, with a unilateral right or left partial-coverage maxillary mouthguard and with an anterior partial-coverage maxillary mouthguard. These results suggest that the partial coverage mouthguard had a short-term beneficial effect on agility rather than full coverage mouthguard.

An appraisal of reaction time in elite sprinters and Its comparison with age-matched controls

Aim: Our study aimed to quantify sprinter’s reaction time and compared it with age-matched controls. Material methods: Database of 30 male sprinters and age-matched controls for reaction time (auditory, visual and whole body reaction time) was compiled. Sprinters included those who had participated in different state and national athletic meets. After compilation of this data, it was statistically analyzed using unpaired T-test. Results: Our study indicated a highly significant (P value < 0.001) relationship in auditory and visual reaction time between athletes and controls. Our study also revealed that athletes reacted and responded quickly than controls. Whole body reaction time for front and back were highly significant (P value <0.001). Reaction time for right side was significant (P value <0.01), whereas whole body reaction time did not differ on left side in these two groups. Conclusion: Considering the findings of this study, the results suggest that sprinters reacting abilities are faster and quicker than controls, which definitely affects sprint performance. The above finding is of great interest for coaches and athletes in sports involving reacting skills.

Can chronoscopic reading in whole body reaction time be a tool in detecting cognitive dysfunction in hypertensives? Findings from a case control study

Background:Hypertension on a long-term basis can cause target organ damage, especially the central nervous system, which can affect cognition. It is known that difference between simple and choice reaction time (RT) implies time required for cognition. Although delayed RTs indicate involvement of cognition, they cannot quantify how much time is required for cognition.Aim:Recording chronoscpic RT to quantify time required for cognition in hypertensives and compare them with controls.Subjects and Methods:This is a hospital-based case–control study conducted (August 2010 to January 2011) on 118 subjects attending an outpatient department using visual and whole body reaction timers having criteria of age and hypertensive condition, compared with an equal number of age- and sex-matched controls. Statistical analysis was carried out by Independent t test and duration of hypertension was correlated with whole body choice reaction time (WBCRT) C1 using Pearson's correlation. Predictive value of WBCRT C1 was calculated by using the receiver operating characteristic curve.Results:The WBCRT C1 562.6 (108) ms was more delayed among hypertensives compared with controls 523.5(98.8) ms. There was no significant correlation between duration of hypertension and WBCRT C1 (r = -0.064). The best cut-off value for WBCRT C1when predicting cognitive dysfunction in hypertensive patients was 538.5 ms (sensitivity 76.2%, specificity 50%).Conclusions:WBCRT C1 can be a quantitative measurement of cognition. It can be used as a screening tool to detect cognitive dysfunction.

Chronoscopic reading in whole body reaction times can be a tool in detecting cognitive dysfunction in hypothyroidism: A case-control study

Background: Hypothyroidism investigated as a risk factor for cognitive decline. It is known that difference between simple and choice reaction time (RT) implies time required for cognition. Though delayed RTs indicate involvement of cognition, they cannot quantify how much time is required for cognition. In whole body choice reaction time (WBCRT), RT is split into two chronoscopic readings, Chronoscope-1 (C1) and Chronoscope-2 (C2). C1 measures time required for central processing, which requires cognition and C2 measures total RT. C2-C1 measures time required for the peripheral motor response. We hypothesized that WBCRT C1will be delayed in hypothyroidism, and WBCRT C1 will have predictive value in detecting cognitive dysfunction. Settings and Design: Hospital based case control study. Materials and Methods: Study was conducted on 99 subjects using visual and whole body reaction timers having criteria of age (20-60years) and hypothyroidism, compared with an equal number of age and sex matched controls. Statistical analysis was done by Independent t-test and duration of hypothyroidism was correlated with cognition times (WBCRT C1) using Pearson's correlation. Predictive value of WBCRTC1 was calculated by using receiver operating characteristic curve. Results: Delayed visual simple reaction time (VSRT), Visual choice reaction time (VCRT), Whole body simple reaction time (WBSRT), and WBCRT observed among subjects of hypothyroidism when compared with controls. Choice RTs were more delayed compared to simple RTs. WBCRT C1 (578±110 ms) was more delayed than WBSRT C1 (396 ± 87.1 ms) among hypothyroid patients indicating cognitive dysfunction. There was no significant correlation between duration of hypothyroidism with cognition. The best cut-off value for WBCRTC1, when predicting cognitive dysfunction in hypothyroidism was 527 ms. (sensitivity 48% specificity 40.8%). Conclusions: WBCRT C1 can be used as a tool to detect cognitive dysfunction.

Effect of handgrip exertion on whole body reaction time in judo competitors

Effect of handgrip exertion on whole body reaction time in judo competitors

Effect of Yoga Regimen on Premenstrual Body Weight and Reaction Time in Young Healthy Females

The present study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of yoga practice, if any, on reducing premenstrual body weight and improving reaction time or motor performance in normal healthy females. Fifty young women between age group 17-21 years volunteered for the study. The following baseline parameters were recorded in postmenstrual and premenstrual phase of a menstrual cycle (Initial menstrual cycle) at the start of yoga practice- Body weight, Auditory Reaction Time (ART) and Visual Reaction Time (VRT). Following the baseline recording, subjects were randomly divided into two groups each having 25 subjects. Group I practiced yogic exercises for a duration of 35 minutes; 5 days a week for a period of three menstrual cycles and group II served as control (non yoga group). No recording was taken in the first menstrual cycle of yoga practice. Follow up recordings were taken in postmenstrual and premenstrual phases of second and third menstrual cycle in both the groups. Yoga group depicted a significant decrease in premenstrual body weight and also Auditory and Visual Reaction Times. The study also demonstrated over all beneficial effect of yoga during post menstrual phase also as depicted by reduction in reaction time leading to improvement in performance.

Evaluation of whole body reaction time and one leg with eye closed balance in elderly Japanese

We evaluated whole body reaction time and one leg with eye closed balance in elderly Japanese. A total of 2059 elderly Japanese (730 men and 1329 women), aged 60 - 79 years, were enrolled in the cross-sectional investigation study. Anthropometric parameters, whole body reaction time and one leg with eye closed balance were measured. Whole body reaction time was significantly higher and one leg with eye closed balance was significantly lower in 70’s than those in 60’s in both sexes. Two hundred twenty seven men (31.1%) and 533 women (40.1%) were having no medications. In men, whole body reaction time was significantly higher and one leg with eye closed balance was significantly lower in subjects with medications than those in subjects without in 60’s. However, significant differences of whole body reaction time and one leg with eye closed balance between subjects with and without medications in men with 70’s and women with 60’s and 70’s were not noted. This standard mean value may provide a useful reference database for evaluating whole body reaction time and one leg with eye closed balance in Japanese elderly subjects.

Effects of Activation of the Obliquus Internus Abdominis Muscle and Shortening of the Whole Body Reaction Time by a Labored Breathing Exercise

Effects of Activation of the Obliquus Internus Abdominis Muscle and Shortening of the Whole Body Reaction Time by a Labored Breathing Exercise

Reliability of the whole body reaction time as the motor ability measurement items for preschool children

Reliability of the whole body reaction time as the motor ability measurement items for preschool children

Chronoscopic reading in whole body reaction times in detecting cognitive dysfunction in metabolic syndrome: A case control study

The metabolic syndrome, a clustering of several commonly occurring disorders that include abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, low high-density lipoprotein level, hypertension, and hyperglycemia, has been specifically investigated as a risk factor for cognitive decline in elderly individuals. The metabolic syndrome may be a risk factor for cognitive decline because it summarizes the joint effects of these risk factors. It is known that difference between simple and choice reaction time (RT) implies time required for cognition. Though delayed choice RTs indicate involvement of cognition, they cannot quantify how much time is required for cognition. In whole body simple reaction time (WBSRT), RT is split into two chronoscopic readings: C1 and C2. C1 measures time required for central processing which requires cognition and C2 measures total RT. C2-C1 measures time required for peripheral motor response. We hypothesized that whole body choice RT chronoscopic reading 1 (WBCRTC1) will be delayed in metabolic syndrome and WBCRTC1 will have predictive value in detecting cognitive dysfunction. Hospital-based cross-sectional case-control study. Study was conducted on 120 subjects using visual and WBSRT having criteria of age (40-60 years) and metabolic syndrome, compared with equal number of age- and sex-matched controls. Statistical analysis was done by independent t-test and duration of metabolic syndrome was correlated with cognition times (WBCRTC1) using Pearson's correlation. Predictive value of WBCRTC1 was calculated using receiver operating characteristic curve. Delayed visual simple RT, visual choice RT, WBSRT, and whole body choice RT (WBCRT) observed among subjects metabolic syndrome when compared with controls. Choice RTs were more delayed compared to simple RTs. WBCRTC1 (608.8 ± 132 ms) was more delayed than WBSRTC1 (424.05 ± 89.9 ms) among metabolic syndrome indicating cognitive dysfunction. Unfortunately, there was no significant correlation between duration of metabolic syndrome with cognition. The best cut-off value for WBCRTC1, when predicting cognitive dysfunction in metabolic syndrome was 542.5 ms (sensitivity 36.7% and specificity 31.6%). WBCRTC1 can be used as a tool to detect cognitive dysfunction.

Relationships between Whole Body Reaction Time and the Motion-silent Period and the Action Period in Jump

Relationships between Whole Body Reaction Time and the Motion-silent Period and the Action Period in Jump

Association between obesity and various parameters of physical fitness in Korean students

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between the types of obesity classified according to the body mass index (BMI) and/or waist circumference (WC) and the various parameters of physical fitness in Korean college students. BMI, WC, and fitness assessments were performed on 726 male college student volunteers who visited a public health center in Seoul, Korea. Classification based on BMI and/or WC was established according to the data in the WHO's Asia-Pacific standard report, and the subjects were divided into the following 4 groups: (1) obese as determined by BMI, but not WC (BMI Obesity Group, BOG); (2) obese as determined by WC, but not BMI (WC Obesity Group, WOG); (3) obese as determined by both BMI and WC (BWOG); and (4) non-obese normal group (NG). Fitness assessment parameters such as cardiorespiratory endurance, cardiovascular function, muscular endurance, muscular strength, flexibility, power, agility, and balance were evaluated through the following measurements: time required to run 1.5 km, physical efficiency index (PEI), vital capacity (ℓ), push-ups (reps/2 min), sit-ups (reps/2 min), back strength (kg), grip strength (kg), sit and reach distance (cm), vertical jumps (cm), whole body reaction time (ms), side steps (reps/30 s), and maximum time of standing on 1 foot with closed eyes (s). The odds ratios (OR) (95% confidence interval [CI]) of the BOG and WOG for the 1.5-km run were 0.367 (0.192-0.701) and 0.168 (0.037-0.773), respectively; of the BWOG and WOG for vital capacity were 5.900 (1.298-26.827) and 5.364 (1.166-24.670), respectively; of the BOG for push-ups was 0.517 (0.279-0.959); of the WOG for back strength was 0.206 (0.045-0.945); of the BWOG and BOG for grip strength were 5.973 (1.314-27.157) and 2.036 (1.089-3.807), respectively; and of the BOG for the whole body reaction time was 0.405 (0.212-0.774), as compared to the NG. We conclude that all 3 types of obesity (classified into the BWOG, BOG, and WOG) result in reduced cardiorespiratory and muscular endurance, but increased muscular strength and vital capacity.

The correlation between whole body reaction time and the onset timing of lower extremity muscles during landing

BackgroundQuickness can be shown as whole body reaction time (WBRT) by measuring how quickly they can react for a stimulus. In addition, it is said that the onset timing of...

The effect of motivational self-talk on reaction time

It is well documented that self-talk (ST) as a cognitive strategy can enhance motor tasks and sport performance. The first purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of motivational self-talk (MST) on the auditory whole body, simple and choice reaction time (RT). Secondly, we aimed to examine the relationship between participants’ belief in self-talk and performance. Thirty-four female university students (21.94 ± 1.89 years) voluntarily participated in the study. Subjects accomplished three reaction time tasks on two occasions. At the first day whole body, simple and choice reaction times were assessed separately in five trials. In the second session participants engaged in MST before each trial and then filled out the belief in self-talk questionnaire (BSQ). A Paired samples t-test revealed that MST leads to a significant decrease in choice RT (p < 0.01). Although, there were no significant differences between pre-test and post-test of whole body and simple reaction time. Furthermore, bivariate correlation showed no significant correlation between belief in self-talk and performance. The results suggest that using motivational self-talk can help to react remarkably fast in choice reaction time tasks.

Whole body lexical decision

When a person standing upright raises an arm on cue, muscles of the left and right sides of the body exhibit changes prior to and specific to the responding arm. We had standing participants perform a visual lexical decision task (“is this letter string a word?”), responding yes by raising one arm and no by raising the other arm. We recorded onset of the arm movement and onset of electromyographic activity in thigh, trunk, and shoulder muscles. We observed the expected responding arm specificity and found that the onset difference favoring word decisions was evident in similar magnitude at all measurement sites, with the difference at the levels of thigh, trunk and shoulder muscles available 225, 189, and 120 ms, respectively, prior to its manifestation at the level of arm movement. We discuss including (a) whole body reaction time along with event-related potentials in determining the decision-response, brain–body temporal relation and (b) response execution along with response initiation in investigating mental chronometry.

태권도 종목별 선수들의 차기에 대한 시지각기능 및 충격량 비교 분석

The purpose of this study was to compare the efficiency of visual perception and impulse according to the three types of Taekwondo players to be able to supply an efficient training method, for this a total of 12 representative Taekwondo players of the Korean National team, 4 poomsae players, 4 kyokpa players and 4 kyorugi players weighting between 68 to 74 kg, and the results from the motion analysis system, eye tracker and Electronic hogu are as follows. For the visual perceptual function, the total body reaction time was slowest for the kyokpa group, and for the visible reaction and vision fixation time was longest of the poomsae group, while the performance movement was fastest for the kyorugi group. As for description of the two kicking motions dollyo chagi and dolgae chagi the longer visual fixation helps the accuracy of the kick. In conclusion, as there was a difference between the groups, this information could help to train the visual perception of players according to what event they are participating in.

The Sprinter's Foot

This paper discusses the key findings of the assessment of an elite athlete’s body composition and reaction time to understand how fastest runners accelerate. Previously published research has shown that sprinters have longer fascicles (fiber bundles) in their calf muscles that may permit those muscles to do more work. Enhanced power generation would help a sprinter to reach top speed quickly from a standing start. In the current study, measurements of tendon lever arm were made using a well-established but indirect technique called the tendon excursion method. The ultrasound scans showed that the athlete’s Achilles tendon excursion was only about half of what the research team had earlier seen in similar measurements made in relatively nonathletic graduate student volunteers for the same joint rotation. This meant that rather than being abnormally large, the wide receiver’s Achilles tendon lever arms were substantially smaller than normal. The same strange observation was made for athlete’s right as well as the left legs. A nonathlete that was tested was found to have tendon excursions that were much larger and consistent with what researchers had measured before.