Body Proportions Research Articles

Mechanistic regulation of planarian shape during growth and degrowth.

Adult planarians can grow when fed and degrow (shrink) when starved while maintaining their whole-body shape. It is unknown how the morphogens patterning the planarian axes are coordinated during feeding and starvation or how they modulate the necessary differential tissue growth or degrowth. Here, we investigate the dynamics of planarian shape together with a theoretical study of the mechanisms regulating whole-body proportions and shape. We found that the planarian body proportions scale isometrically following similar linear rates during growth and degrowth, but that fed worms are significantly wider than starved worms. By combining a descriptive model of planarian shape and size with a mechanistic model of anterior-posterior and medio-lateral signaling calibrated with a novel parameter optimization methodology, we theoretically demonstrate that the feedback loop between these positional information signals and the shape they control can regulate the planarian whole-body shape during growth. Furthermore, the computational model produced the correct shape and size dynamics during degrowth as a result of a predicted increase in apoptosis rate and pole signal during starvation. These results offer mechanistic insights into the dynamic regulation of whole-body morphologies.

An Overview of the Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques Application to Detect Changes in the Surface Area of Water Bodies in Iraq

The use of Remote Sensing data in monitoring water bodies and reservoirs is a new and advanced approach that helps to study large areas covered by water in a short time and at a reasonable amount compared to traditional methods. Accordingly, the Remote Sensing technique integrated with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) has been used in several studies to monitor changes in water surface body area locally and regionally. In this study, several studies in Iraq were reviewed, using Remote Sensing techniques with the help of GIS to detect changes in the areas covered by the water bodies using satellite images captured in different periods. Natural and artificial lakes represent a large proportion of the water bodies in Iraq, including eight (8) lakes distributed in different regions of Iraq. An evaluation of the hydrological system of the studied water bodies showed that the changes in the area and size of natural and artificial lakes are affected by political, economic, and climatic conditions as the areas increase and decrease over years.

A Visual Analysis of Male Characters in Disney Animated Movies

This study investigates the visual features of male characters of nine Disney animated movies taken from the last three decades 1990-1999, 2000-2009 and 2010-2019. Aley and Hahn’s (2020) framework of men’s portrayal (developed from Goffman, 1976) is applied. The qualitative analysis reveals that the physical appearance of Disney male characters has changed over time. Body image changed from an unrealistic large body with big muscles to a realistic body type with logical body proportions. Heroes started to be seen as powerful gentlemen rather than heroes with physical strength. Moreover, the heroes, especially in third decade, no longer depended on their physical attire to reflect their ranks. This shift may indicate a change of how people tend to see heroes. In term of masculine touch, male characters used to touch their female companions in a controlling manner. However, in the second and third decade, their touch started to change to protection rather than control. Finally, eye withdrawal remained the same over time because men withdrew their eyes for reasons connected to man’s nature and feelings.

DivaTrack: Diverse Bodies and Motions from Acceleration‐Enhanced Three‐Point Trackers

AbstractFull‐body avatar presence is important for immersive social and environmental interactions in digital reality. However, current devices only provide three six degrees of freedom (DOF) poses from the headset and two controllers (i.e. three‐point trackers). Because it is a highly under‐constrained problem, inferring full‐body pose from these inputs is challenging, especially when supporting the full range of body proportions and use cases represented by the general population. In this paper, we propose a deep learning framework, DivaTrack, which outperforms existing methods when applied to diverse body sizes and activities. We augment the sparse three‐point inputs with linear accelerations from Inertial Measurement Units (IMU) to improve foot contact prediction. We then condition the otherwise ambiguous lower‐body pose with the predictions of foot contact and upper‐body pose in a two‐stage model. We further stabilize the inferred full‐body pose in a wide range of configurations by learning to blend predictions that are computed in two reference frames, each of which is designed for different types of motions. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our design on a large dataset that captures 22 subjects performing challenging locomotion for three‐point tracking, including lunges, hula‐hooping, and sitting. As shown in a live demo using the Meta VR headset and Xsens IMUs, our method runs in real‐time while accurately tracking a user's motion when they perform a diverse set of movements.

Development of E-Module Media on Learning to Make Body Proportion Images in Class X Fashion Design SMK Negeri 1 Buduran

Media Learning is an educational instrument to support the learning process. The purpose of this study is to determine the process of developing E-Module media, the feasibility level of E-Module media, and student learning outcomes after applying E-Module media to learning to make body proportion images. This research uses Research and Development (R&D) research with the ADDIE development model. The data collection technique used feasibility validation with 2 media validation experts and 2 material validations as well as tests by students in class X fashion with a total of 36 students. The data analysis technique used is an assessment of media feasibility and student learning outcomes. The results of the E-Module media feasibility level research on learning to make body proportion images were declared very feasible with a score of 4.25. Student learning outcomes in learning to make body proportion drawings are shown with classical percentages of 97% complete and 3% incomplete. E-Module learning media with very feasible categories can improve student learning outcomes in learning to make body proportion images in class X of SMK Negeri 1 Buduran.

Systematics and palaeobiology of kangaroos of the late Cenozoic genus Protemnodon (Marsupialia, Macropodidae)

Species of the kangaroo genus Protemnodon were common members of late Cenozoic communities across Australia and New Guinea until their extinction in the late Pleistocene. However, since the genus was first raised 150 years ago, it has proven difficult to diagnose, as have the species allocated to it. This is due primarily to the incompleteness of the type material and a heavy reliance on cheek tooth size and slight variations in premolar form. Along with the rare association between cranial and postcranial material, this has hampered understanding of the palaeobiology of these large-bodied kangaroos. Here we review and re-diagnose Protemnodon, recognising a total of seven species and providing a hypothesis of species interrelationships. The following new synonymies are made: Protemnodon chinchillaensis is synonymised with P. otibandus and P. hopei with P. tumbuna. The following are considered nomina dubia: Protemnodon brehus, P. roechus, P. mimas, P. antaeus, and P. devisi. We reveal that the morphology of the cheek dentition is not as consistently useful for differentiating species of Protemnodon as features of the cranium and postcranial skeleton. As a whole, the species share anatomical features that reflect stability and power in the limb joints, yet they differ in body proportions, and axial and limb morphology. This we interpret as showing locomotory adaptations to different habitats. Of the three Pliocene species, Protemnodon snewini is interpreted as a medium- to high-geared hopper, suggesting proficiency in more open environments, whereas P. dawsonae sp. nov. we infer to have been a medium-geared inhabitant of eastern Australian forests and woodlands. Protemnodon otibandus, with a range extending through the woodlands and forests of eastern Australia into the rainforests of eastern New Guinea, displays adaptations to slower hopping. Its Pleistocene descendant, P. tumbuna, is convergent on the morphology of modern New Guinea forest wallabies, and was likely facultatively quadrupedal. Of the three Australian Pleistocene species, the long-necked P. anak is hypothesised to have been a large, medium-geared, eastern Australian species, and P. mamkurra sp. nov. a robust, low-geared resident of well-wooded southern Australia habitats. By contrast, P. viator sp. nov. was larger but more gracile, suggested to be a medium- to high-geared species convergent in some traits on large extant kangaroos. This and a wide inland distribution point to adeptness in open, arid environments. Protemnodon mamkurra sp. nov. and P. viator sp. nov. occupy the morphospace previously occupied by P. roechus and P. brehus. Overall, the species of Protemnodon exhibit a degree of ecomorphological variation suggestive of a broader array of ecological adaptations than hitherto envisioned.

FirstStep2Health: A cluster randomised trial to promote healthy behaviours and prevent obesity amongst low-income preschoolers.

To evaluate the preliminary effects of a theory-based, multi-component intervention on improving healthy lifestyle behaviours and preventing obesity amongst low-income preschoolers. A cluster randomised controlled trial was conducted at 10 daycare centres. The 16-week FirstStep2Health intervention, grounded in the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model and the Social Cognitive Theory, included five components: a Facebook-based parent programme, three virtual parent meetings, three weekly motivational text messages, parent-child learning via weekly child letters and daycare centre-based child programme. A total of 95 preschoolers (53 intervention and 42 control) participated. Preschoolers' mean age was 49.27 months, with 57.9% being female, 12.6% being Hispanic and 40% being African American. The intervention significantly decreased intervention preschoolers' fat intake (B = -33.76, p = 0.047) and % body fat (B = -1.18, p = 0.036) compared to the control. During year 2, there were significant intervention effects on increasing skin carotenoids (B = 87.06, p = 0.035). Although not statistically significant, the intervention showed positive effects on increasing preschoolers' fruit/vegetable intake; and decreasing screen time, body mass index z-score and proportion of overweight/obesity. Even with some potential limitations (small sample size, measurement concerns and confounding with Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic), the study's results support the preliminary efficacy of the FirstStep2Health intervention in preventing obesity amongst low-income racially diverse preschoolers.

Determination of anthropometric measurements and their application in the development of clothing sizing systems for women in the regions of the Republic of Croatia

Abstract The aim of this article is to determine the differences in the physical dimensions of the female body that form the basis of the clothing size system and compare their deviations within the three regions of the Republic of Croatia. Due to the changes in the dimensions and shape of the human body, there is a need to adjust clothing in order to achieve the best possible fit. A systematic consideration of the fit of clothing includes investigation of a number of elements and factors, especially those based on anthropometric knowledge. The results of anthropometric measurements performed on a representative sample determine the body dimensions of the measured population. By sorting and grouping the data of body measurements, clothing sizes are created, with significant differences in body shape and body proportions of individual population groups. In the clothing size system, individual body dimensions define the clothing size and form a scale determined by a norm that prescribes body shape based on two dimensions of girths, where the measurement of bust girth is the basic measurement, and the body height is the dependent variable. This research was carried out on a sample of 940 women from the region of Slavonia, 1,109 women from the region of Dalmatia, and 799 women from the City of Zagreb, classified into seven age groups. The statistical processing of the results, i.e., the method of principal components, the values of the observed body measurements, and the representation of certain categories of bust girth and body size in the measured population of each region were determined.

Characterization of a novel fast-growing zebrafish: a new approach to growth hormone transgenesis.

The manipulation of the somatotropic axis, governing growth, has been a focus of numerous transgenic approaches aimed at developing fast-growing fish for research, medicine and aquaculture purposes. However, the excessively high growth hormone (GH) levels in these transgenic fish often result in deformities that impact both fish health and consumer acceptance. In an effort to mitigate these issues and synchronize exogenous GH expression with reproductive processes, we employed a novel transgenic construct driven by a tilapia luteinizing hormone (LH) promoter. This approach was anticipated to induce more localized and lower exogenous GH secretion. In this study, we characterized the growth and reproduction of these transgenic LHp-GH zebrafish using hormonal and physiological parameters. Our findings reveal that LHp-GH fish exhibited accelerated growth in both length and weight, along with a lower feed conversion ratio, indicating more efficient feed utilization, all while maintaining unchanged body proportions. These fish demonstrated higher expression levels of LH and GH in the pituitary and elevated IGF-1 levels in the liver compared to wild-type fish. An examination of reproductive function in LHp-GH fish unveiled lower pituitary LH and FSH contents, smaller follicle diameter in female gonads, and reduced relative fecundity. However, in transgenic males, neither the distribution of spermatogenesis stages nor sperm concentrations differed significantly between the fish lines. These results suggest that coupling exogenous GH expression with endogenous LH expression in females directs resource investment toward somatic growth at the expense of reproductive processes. Consequently, we conclude that incorporating GH under the LH promoter represents a suitable construct for the genetic engineering of commercial fish species, providing accelerated growth while preserving body proportions.

Exploring the Relationship Between Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor (GHSR) Gene and Body Proportions in Bangkok Chickens: Insights from DNA Sequencing and Hin6I Enzyme-Restricted PCR-RFLP Analysis

The purpose of this study was to determine the diversity of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) gene and also to analyze the association of the GHSR gene with the body proportions of Bangkok chickens. A total of 125 Bangkok chickens were reared, and blood samples were taken. Bangkok chickens were kept in colony cages with ad libitum feeding and drinking. The GHSR gene polymorphism was determined using the PCR-RFLP method. The restriction enzyme used in this study was Hin6I. The data analyzed were indicators of body proportions, which included data on body weight, carcass weight, and commercial cut weight. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) identification using the Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis 7 program with reference number AB095994.1. Allele frequency values, genotype frequencies, and Hardy-Weinberg balance values were also analyzed. The association between the GHSR gene and the traits observed in Bangkok chickens was analyzed using the T-test. The results of the study showed that the GHSR gene in Bangkok chickens had two genotypes, namely TT and CT. The values for Ho and He were 0.224 and 0.198, respectively. The genotype frequencies of TT and CT were 0.776 and 0.224, respectively. The two genotypes were associated with body weight, carcass weight, and commercial weight (p < 0.05). For all measured criteria, the TT genotype showed a higher weight value than the CT genotype. The GHSR gene has the potential to be used as a genetic marker for the selection process on body weight, carcass weight, and commercial weight traits.

Achieving Harmonious Feminine Proportions: A Comprehensive Study on Breast Harmonization with Nanotextured Implants.

The prevalence of breast augmentation as a strategy for achieving idealized feminine proportions, consistent with contemporary beauty standards, has increased notably. This study focuses on the use of nanotextured implants, examining their efficacy in enhancing body symmetry and conforming to current aesthetic ideals. Conducted as a prospective cohort study, this research included women who underwent breast augmentation using nanotextured ergonomic implants from 2017 to 2023. A personalized methodology was applied, incorporating an array of anthropometric measurements and individual motivations to inform the selection of implants. The techniques used aimed at fostering a natural aesthetic, coupled with an extensive postoperative follow-up to evaluate outcomes and identify any complications. The study involved 1000 participants, with findings indicating a marked improvement in breast and overall body proportions, in line with targeted aesthetic principles. High levels of patient satisfaction were observed, with more than 90% reporting favorable aesthetic results and a low incidence of complications. These findings emphasize the effectiveness and safety of nanotextured implants in achieving the desired aesthetic goals. The study underscores the efficacy of nanotextured implants in attaining balanced feminine proportions, aligning surgical results with modern beauty ideals and enhancing personal well-being. It highlights the significance of a tailored approach in breast augmentation, which encompasses not only the physical aspects of aesthetic enhancement but also the psychological and social facets of patient contentment.

Method for Human Ear Localization in Controlled and Uncontrolled Environments

One of the fundamental stages in recognizing people by their ears, which most works omit, is locating the area of interest. The sets of images used for experiments generally contain only the ear, which is not appropriate for application in a real environment, where the visual field may contain part of or the entire face, a human body, or objects other than the ear. Therefore, determining the exact area where the ear is located is complicated, mainly in uncontrolled environments. This paper proposes a method for ear localization in controlled and uncontrolled environments using MediaPipe, a tool for face localization, and YOLOv5s architecture for detecting the ear. The proposed method first determines whether there are cues that indicate that a face exists in an image, and then, using the MediaPipe facial mesh, the points where an ear potentially exists are obtained. The extracted points are employed to determine the ear length based on the proportions of the human body proposed by Leonardo Da Vinci. Once the dimensions of the ear are obtained, the delimitation of the area of interest is carried out. If the required elements are not found, the model uses the YOLOv5s architecture module, trained to recognize ears in controlled environments. We employed four datasets for testing (i) In-the-wild Ear Database, (ii) IIT Delhi Ear Database, (iii) AMI Ear Database, and (iv) EarVN1.0. Also, we used images from the Internet and some acquired using a Redmi Note 11 cell phone camera. An accuracy of 97% with an error of 3% was obtained with the proposed method, which is a competitive measure considering that tests were conducted in controlled and uncontrolled environments, unlike state-of-the-art methods.

Effect of pre-season and in-season training on anthropometric variables, somatotype, body composition and body proportion in elite basketball players

The aims of the study were: 1) to evaluate the changes in anthropometric variables, body composition, somatotype and body proportions of elite basketball players throughout the pre-season period; 2) to evaluate the changes in anthropometric variables, body composition, somatotype and body proportions of elite basketball players throughout the in-season period; and 3) to observe if the age and position influenced the variables analyzed. A total of 17 players belonging to the men’s ACB league team competing in the Euroleague (age = 23.42 ± 5.28 years-old) participated in the study. The players underwent an anthropometric measurement before and after the pre-season, as well as four evaluations throughout the in-season. Anthropometric indices, somatotype components according to Heath and Carter, and adiposity were calculated. The results show that during the pre-season, body mass, BMI, sum of 6 and 8 skinfolds, waist/hip ratio, adipose tissue (kg), adipose tissue percentage, and endomorphy decreased, while ectomorphy increased. However, no significant changes were found in the variables analyzed throughout the season; except for endomorphy, which increased along the in-season. Playing position and age did not have a significant influence on the changes in the anthropometric variables throughout the pre-season and the in-season. In conclusion, while changes in the anthropometric variables in the pre-season were observed, these remained the same during the in-season.

Deep learning-based human pose estimation towards artworks classification

ABSTRACT Human pose detection has attracted more attention in recent years, particularly with various applications such as human-computer interaction, motion recognition, action prediction, gaming, sign language translation, video surveillance and human tracking. For example, it is challenging to analyse the proportions of the human body in historical artwork collections for classifying genres, styles, and artists. Unfortunately, most of existing detection methods do not generalize well across artworks, resulting in poorly recognized differences in the proportions. Therefore, we present a large-scale analysis of 130,000+ paintings and ninety-nine human pose estimation (HPE) methods to show that different artistic styles have a distinct average degree of human proportions. We have further verified that the Topdown Heatmap + Scnet algorithm with a threshold of 0.3 can classify artworks effectively and fully distinguish historical epochs. This analysis is a baseline for researchers to discover new techniques towards finding the canon of art based on symmetry and proportions.

Analysis of the Thigh Aesthetic Profiles: One of Physical Ideal Body Proportions

BackgroundThe contour of the thigh is increasingly being recognized as crucial component of the ideal human physique, giving rise to heightened interest in attaining the perfect thigh profile. Notwithstanding, the contemporary landscape of cosmetic surgery appears to be bereft of efficient and precise objective methodologies to evaluate the outcomes of thigh contouring treatments. The present study is aimed to investigate the aesthetic appeal of varying thigh contours, employing specialized software as an indispensable instrument for quantitative and qualitative analysis.MethodsStandardized photographs of the lower body were obtained from a sample of 200 healthy volunteers. A linear analysis was conducted, examining aspects such as the vertical length and transvers width of the thigh, as well as angular measurements including the posterior gluteal angle (PGA) and lateral angle thigh (LAT). Variables relating to thigh measurements and body mass index (BMI) were documented, with the relationships between them ascertained through Pearson’s correlation and regression analysis.ResultsIn males, the LAT was measured at 168 ± 3.9, and the PGA at 170 ± 3.4, while in females, these measurements were 166 ± 2.8 ve 166 ± 2.8, respectively. Linear analyses, including the vertical length of thigh (VLT), transverse width of thigh (TWT), lateral width (LW), and posterior width (PW), were conducted. Based on the LW inferior/LW superior ratio values, the most commonly observed thigh types were Type III (0.90) at 45% and Type II (0.85) at 24.75% while the least common was Type V at 4% (0.99). PW inferior/PW superior was 84.7%. The PWI/PWS ratio was highest for Type V, at 0.99, accounting for 84.70% of the total. Furthermore, an increase in the LWI/LWS ratio leads to an increase in the PWI/PWS ratio. The frequency of the VLT/TW1 ratio 0.31-0.35 (Type 3) was found to be on the left side and Type 4 on the right side. A strong correlation was found between BMI and all thigh indexes, with a significant positive correlation between the index and factors tied to the buttocks and upper thigh.ConclusionsThe concept of an ideal thigh may vary based on an individual’s gender, race, country of residence, and self-esteem, aiming to achieve a more natural silhouette. Focusing on the different ratios of hip and thigh varieties in the study is quite intriguing. Further inquiry and rigorous exploration are warranted to delineate the optimal techniques and methodologies for attaining ideal thigh proportions.Level of Evidence IVThis journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

Exploring Influential Factors on Customer Satisfaction with Clothing for Overweight and Obese Women: A Focus on Generations Y and Z in Sri Lanka

Purpose: At present, global trade in textiles and clothing is expanding across the world. The increase in the percentage of overweight and obese women creates tendency to focus on the demand for plus-size clothes. Prior studies confirmed that there is a low attention paid to women's plus-size clothing in Sri Lanka when compared to other countries such as the United Kingdom, Australia, and England. The main purpose of this study is to identify the factors affecting clothing satisfaction of overweight and obese women in Generation Y and Z in Sri Lanka.
 Design: Acknowledging Renoux’s theory of retail satisfaction, the study used three influencing factors; shopping system, buying system, and consuming system. Shopping system considers displaying plus-size mannequins, creating a separate section for plus-size cloth and providing proper and sufficient information. Buying system focuses on new clothing designs, maintaining a reasonable price range, high-quality materials, and adequate the space in the store. Consuming system focuses on body proportion, body image, and the length of time a garment is held after purchase. A self-administered questionnaire is used to gather data from 287 respondents via online survey. This study adopted quantitative analyses. Influencing factors were determined through the multiple regression analysis.
 Findings: Results revealed that the buying system and shopping system have statistically significant influences on overweight and obese women's clothing satisfaction and buying system recorded the highest influence. However, consuming system has an insignificant influence on overweight and obese women's clothing satisfaction.
 Research Implications: Under the shopping system, displaying plus-size mannequin and allocating a separate section for plus-size could stimulate clothing satisfaction of overweight and obese women. Offering a reasonable price range and providing an adequate fit-on-room are the significant factors to be considered in buying system. 
 Future Research Suggestions: Quantitative approach limited the ability to address the problems of overweight and obese women's clothing satisfaction in depth. Shopping mechanism, the ability to do online or offline shopping, store attributes and human attributes should focus on further studies.

Effect of Low Protein Diet on Bone Structure of Young Wistar Mice.

<b>Background and Objective:</b> Malnutrition and stunting are major unresolved problems in Indonesia. Protein deficiency can cause stunted growth, as well as make physical and cognitive abilities cannot reach their maximum potential. During childhood the need for protein must be fulfilled so that the peak of bone formation during adolescence can be perfect. In malnourished children, a low protein diet will lead to thinning of the bone cortex. Due to the high rate of stunting and malnutrition in children due to protein deficiency, a study was conducted on the effects of feeding low protein diet on rat bones. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> Male Wistar rats (n = 10) at 6-8 weeks old (body weight around 250 g), control groups were fed a normal chow diet and low protein diet groups were given low protein chow diet (protein 5%) for 18 weeks, then the rats were sacrificed and the femoral bones were isolated. Body weight, femur weight, femur length were checked and bone density was examined using X-ray. <b>Results:</b> The body proportions of the low protein group rats were smaller and thinner than those of the control group. This difference is supported by the significant weight loss starting from the sixth week after low protein feeding. There are significant differences in body weight and femur weight between the control and low protein diet groups. Bone density decreases significantly in low protein diet group. Macroscopically, the femur length of the low protein group was shorter than the control group, however the femur length did not show significant differences statistically between the two groups. <b>Conclusion:</b> A low protein diet decreased the body weight of the rats, also causing impaired bone growth characterized by decreasing femur weight. The low protein diet also caused osteoporosis in the bones.

Internationalisation and the lived experiences of Non-South African postgraduate students in accessing higher education in South Africa

The internationalisation of higher education has resulted in an increase in student mobility from countries of their origin to experience a different kind of education elsewhere. South Africa absorbs most international students within Africa. According to Chasi and Quinlan (2021, 209) the Council for Higher Education reported that 6.5 per cent of the total number of enrolments in universities in South Africa are international students, which is a significant proportion of the student body. The success of these students contributes to raising the profile of South African universities as far as rankings are concerned as well as generating revenue for the institutions. This article explores the lived experiences of postgraduate international students at a university in South Africa. The aim of the article is to identify the opportunities and constraints that students experience, coming from outside South Africa to pursue postgraduate studies. Using Sen’s capability approach, the article endeavoured to unveil conversion factors that international students encounter while studying for their postgraduate programmes. A qualitative approach was employed to generate data through interviews with students who had completed their postgraduate studies. The findings revealed the capability to study as a “doing” that mattered to the students with the intention of ultimately attaining their postgraduate qualifications. Experiences along the way included both enabling and constraining factors such as immigration, cultural adjustments, supervision and institutional factors. There is a compelling need to revisit the processes of admission and immigration regarding international students aimed at benefiting both students and institutions.

FEATURES OF TACTICAL AND TECHNICAL ACTIONS IN A TAEKWONDO FIGHT FOR SHORT ATHLETES

The article discusses the features of tactical and technical actions in a taekwondo match for short athletes. Relevance. Knowing and taking into account the anthropometric characteristics of an opponent allows you to prepare for battle more eff ectively, in particular, adapt your tactics and strategy to the individual characteristics of the enemy. It becomes relevant to study the features of tactical and technical actions in a taekwondo match for short athletes. Problem, goal, tasks. The purpose of the study is to consider the features of tactical and technical actions in a taekwondo match for short athletes. Research objectives: 1. Priority for close combat due to the lower center of gravity and stability. In this regard, avoiding long distance allows you to deliver short blows to your opponent and make blocks. 2. Maneuverability and speed of movement due to shorter strikes and avoidance of attacks and counterattacks at short distances. 3. Using a low stance, which makes it diffi cult for the enemy to strike from the head. 4. Higher frequency of impacts to the legs due to low height. 5. Quick and powerful strikes to the lower body. However, for a short athlete there is a high risk of receiving blows from above. Materials and Methods of research: analysis, synthesis, generalization, systematization of scientifi c sources on the research problem. Results and its discussion. The relevance of studying the characteristics of combat by short athletes is substantiated. It is noted that the taekwondo program should include a block of educational and training activities, which includes exercises that take into account individual body proportions, the height of the op-ponent, and is aimed at analyzing the actions of a short opponent, combat tactics, and possible risks for the athlete. The results of competitions with the participation of short athletes for the period 2019–2023 are systematized. An analysis of observations of competitions with the participation of short athletes was carried out and the features of tactical and technical actions in a WTF taekwondo match were determined. These include 1) the priority of close combat due to the lower center of gravity and stability, 2) maneuverability and speed of movement due to shorter strikes and avoidance of attacks and counterattacks at short distances, 3) the use of a low stance, which complicates the task of striking with the head parts of the opponent, 4) higher frequency of strikes to the legs due to low height, 5) fast and powerful strikes to the lower body. However, for a short athlete there is a high risk of receiving gifts from above. Conclusions. It is concluded that the tactical and technical actions of a short athlete, their features and risks for the enemy.

Rostral and body shape analyses reveal cryptic diversity of Late Jurassic batomorphs (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii) from Europe.

The fossil record of chondrichthyans (chimaeras, sharks, rays and skates) consists largely of isolated teeth, with holomorphic specimens being extraordinary exceptions. However, numerous of these more or less completely preserved specimens are known from several Upper Jurassic deposits of Europe, enabling detailed analysis of their morphology. Batomorphs (rays and skates) resembling modern guitarfishes and wedgefishes (Rhinopristiformes) are among the most common Jurassic chondrichthyans found, but they have been only sporadically studied up to now, resulting in large knowledge gaps concerning their taxonomy and phylogeny. Here, we present the most detailed revision of Late Jurassic holomorphic batomorphs to date, quantitatively analysing body proportions of specimens from Germany (Solnhofen Archipelago), France (Cerin) and the UK (Kimmeridge), using both geometric and traditional morphometrics. Furthermore, we identify qualitative morphological characters for species discrimination, to clarify the taxonomic identity and diversity of Late Jurassic batomorphs based on holomorphic specimens. Our results support the validity of Belemnobatis sismondae, Kimmerobatis etchesi and Spathobatis bugesiacus, as well as that of the previously doubtful Asterodermus platypterus. Moreover, we describe Aellopobatis bavarica, a new taxon, which has hitherto been considered to be a large-sized morphotype of Spathobatis bugesiacus. Our results highlight that the diversity of holomorphic batomorphs during the Late Jurassic was greater than previously thought, and suggest that this group was already well-established and diverse by this time. This study thus provides vital information about the evolutionary history of Late Jurassic batomorphs and has direct implications for batomorph species that are based on isolated teeth only.