Body Potassium Content Research Articles

Effect of posture on heat acclimatization in man.

ArticleEffect of posture on heat acclimatization in man.J T Maher, D E Bass, D D Heistad, E T Angelakos, and L H HartleyJ T Maher, D E Bass, D D Heistad, E T Angelakos, and L H HartleyPublished Online:01 Jul 1972https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1972.33.1.8MoreSectionsPDF (1 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByHeat alleviation strategies for athletic performance: A review and practitioner guidelines12 October 2019 | Temperature, Vol. 7, No. 1Heart rate variability and plasma nephrines in the evaluation of heat acclimatisation status10 November 2017 | European Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 118, No. 1The Effects of Heat Adaptation on Physiology, Perception and Exercise Performance in the Heat: A Meta-Analysis22 April 2016 | Sports Medicine, Vol. 46, No. 11Heat stress and dehydration in adapting for performance: Good, bad, both, or neither?27 July 2016 | Temperature, Vol. 3, No. 3Time course of the attenuation of sympathetic nervous activity during active heat acclimationAutonomic Neuroscience, Vol. 177, No. 2Endocrinological and Metabolic Responses to Acute and Chronic Heat Exposures1 January 2011Temperature RegulationEffects of dietary sodium on body and muscle potassium content during heat acclimationEuropean Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, Vol. 54, No. 4Cardiovascular Adjustments to Thermal Stress1 January 2011The effect of water temperature on the hormonal response to prolonged swimmingActa Physiologica Scandinavica, Vol. 105, No. 3HUMAN ADJUSTMENTS AND ADAPTATIONS TO HEAT STRESS–WHERE AND HOW?Carbohydrate and fat metabolism of unacclimatized men during and after submaximal exercise in cool and hot environmentsEuropean Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, Vol. 37, No. 1 More from this issue > Volume 33Issue 1July 1972Pages 8-13 https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1972.33.1.8PubMed5037414History Published online 1 July 1972 Published in print 1 July 1972 Metrics

Regulation of Water and Some Ions in Gammarids (Amphipoda)

ABSTRACT A comparison was made of the body water contents and the concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride in the blood and body water of Gammarus zaddachi, G. locusta and Marinogammarus finmarchicus. G. zaddachi had a slightly higher body water content than G. locusta and M. finmarchicus. In all three species the blood chloride concentration was lower than the external chloride concentration in 80–113 % sea water, but the blood sodium concentration was equal to or slightly above the sodium concentration in the external medium. The total body sodium concentration was always greater than the total body chloride concentration. In M. finmarchicus the ratio of body sodium/chloride increased rom 1·2 to 1·3 over the salinity range 100–20% sea water. In G. zaddachi the ratio of body sodium/chloride increased from 1·08 at 100% sea water to 1–87 in 0·25 mM/L NaCl. The total body potassium concentration remained constant. The potassium loss rate and the balance concentration were relatively high in G. zaddachi. The porportion of body water in the blood space was calculated from the assumption that a Donnan equilibrium exists between chloride and potassium ions in the extracellular blood space and the intracellular space. In G. zaddachi the blood space was equivalent to 60% body H2O at 100% sea water, and equivalent to 50% body H2O at 40% sea water down to 0·5 mM/l NaCl. In M. finmarchicus the blood space was equivalent to 38–44% body H2O at salinities of 20–100% sea water. The mean intracellular concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride were also calculated. It was concluded that for each ion its intracellular concentration is much the same in the four euryhaline gammarids. The intracellular chloride concentration is roughly proportional to the blood chloride concentration. The intracellular sodium concentration is regulated in the face of large changes in the blood sodium concentration.

Regulation of water and some ions in Gammarids (Amphipods). II. Gammarus pulex.

ABSTRACT The water content, and the concentrations of sodium potassium and chloride in the blood and body water were determined in Gammaruspulex acclimatized to external salinities ranging from 0·06 mM/l NaCl up to 50 % sea water. The mean body water content remained constant at 79·0–80·3 % body wet weight. The total body sodium and chloride concentrations were lowered in 0·06 mM/l NaCl and increased markedly at salinities above 10% sea water. The normal ratio of body sodium/chloride was 1·45–1· 70, decreasing to 1·0 at 50% sea water. The total body potassium concentration remained constant at 47·5–55·2 mM/kg body H2O. The rate of potassium loss across the body surface was relatively fast. Potassium balance was maintained at an external potassium concentration of 0·010–0·015 mM/l by starved animals, and at 0*005 by fed animals. The proportion of body water in the blood space was calculated from the concentrations of potassium and chloride in the blood and in the body water. The blood space contained 38–42% body H2O in animals from fresh water. The blood space decreased to 31 % body H2O in animals from 0*06 mM/l NaCl. The sodium space was equivalent to about 70 % body H2O. The mean intracellular concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride were estimated and the results were compared with previous analyses made on the tissues of G. pulex and other crustaceans. It was concluded that in G. pulex from fresh water the distribution of potassium and chloride ions between the extracellular blood space and the intracellular space approximately conforms to a Donnan equilibrium. 30-40% of the body sodium is apparently located in the intracellular space.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Use of rubidium chloride Rb 86 in the detection of carriers of the gene.

Female carriers of the gene for Duchenne muscular dystrophy have been reported to have a decreased total body potassium concentration and a reduced biological half-life of rubidium chloride Rb 86. We have studied these factors in four definite carriers, five normal women, and two normal men. There was no significant difference between the mean values of either factor for the first two groups. The biological half-life of Rb 86 was significantly shorter than in normal women in one carrier, who also has a raised serum creatine phosphokinase activity. These results indicate that neither measurement is likely to be of great value in the detection of carriers of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Erythrocyte composition in diarrheal dehydration

Erythrocyte composition was studied in 6 infants being treated for diarrheal dehydration. The red cells of 4 infants had deficits in potassium which could not be explained by alterations in acid-base equilibrium, in body fluid tonicity, or in erythrocyte hemoglobin concentration. We hypothesize that these deficits reflect alterations in body potassium content. In contrast to red cell sodium and potassium, erythrocyte magnesium content changed little during 24 to 48 hours of parenteral fluid therapy.

Total potassium measurement by anthropogammametry (whole-body counting): various applications in internal pathology

SummaryThe whole Body Counter of Liege University permits, by counting the naturally occurring ,40K isotope, the measurement of total body potassium (which can be practically considered as the intracellular potassium content) in human subjects. The accuracy of the measurements is 5 % for a counting time of 200 seconds. Normal values have been checked by the measurements of a great number of healthy individuals: regression equations have been computed according to age and weight. The fluctuations of normal values, when related to homogeneous groups, are rather small, and the meaning of pathological results seems unequivocal. The preliminary findings have confirmed an important decrease of body potassium in amyotrophy, cirrhosis of the liver, obesity and cardiac failure. A less pronounced, but statistically significant decrease was also found in equilibrated diabetes, essential hypertension and renal failure. Longitudinal studies have shown parallelism between the body potassium content and clinical evoluti...

The Significance of Decreased Body Potassium Concentrations in Patients with Muscular Dystrophy and Nondystrophic Relatives

PATIENTS with muscular dystrophy and also some of their nondystrophic relatives, particularly mothers and female siblings, have diminished total-body potassium concentrations.1 , 2 The diminution of body potassium in these patients appears to correlate with the severity of muscle involvement. On the other hand, the reduced body potassium concentrations observed in some nondystrophic relatives have suggested a biochemical trait with possible genetic implications. There are several possible explanations for such diminished levels of body potassium. It would be logical to assume that the dystrophic patient's loss of body potassium is related to the gradual replacement of normal muscle tissue by potassium-poor fat . . .

Body Potassium Content in Obese Subjects and Potassium Depletion During Prolonged Fasting

Serum potassium levels of the starving obese subjects studied decreased only slightly and did not necessarily mirror tissue depletion. Renal potassium loss was variable in different subjects. Losses were high during the first three weeks, decreasing gradually, but complete renal conservation could not be attained regardless of the length of the starvation period. During this initial phase of the starvation period, potassium could not be liberated from catabolized protein in quantities sufficient to prevent tissue depletion, but definite clinical symptoms of potassium deficiency did not develop. Urinary potassium to nitrogen ratios varied greatly. The highest ratios (4:1) were observed in patients who had not received potassium supplements; the lowest ratios, based on balance data, occurred in those patients who had had a preliminary adaptive period on a low calorie diet and were given potassium supplements during starvation. Total body K40cannot be used as a measure of body potassium in obese subjects unless a graduated correction factor based on the degree of obesity is employed. Applying this factor, most obese subjects are found to have increased body potassium.

EXCHANGEABLE SODIUM, BODY POTASSIUM, AND BODY WATER IN PREVIOUSLY EDEMATOUS CARDIAC PATIENTS: EVIDENCE FOR OSMOTIC INACTIVATION OF CATION.

Measurements have been made of total exchangeable sodium, total body potassium, and total body water in a group of 13 previously edematous patients with heart disease, and in 20 "control" patients. The data show that while both groups have the same quantity of water as the per cent of body weight and the same body potassium concentration, the cardiac group has an excess of exchangeable sodium when compared with the "controls." Since the excess sodium in the cardiac group cannot be attributed to the loss of potassium or the accumulation of water, the results of these studies are taken as evidence that osmotic inactivation of a considerable amount of some cation, probably sodium, has taken place. It is suggested that a likely site for cation binding is in the polyanionic constituents of the connective tissues.

137CESIUM BODY BURDEN AND ITS VARIATION IN 23 NORWEGIAN SCHOOL BOYS.

Twentythree boys from a school in Oslo, born in the years 1945, 1946 and 1947, have been studied with regard to their 137Cs body burden and potassium content. Their average 137Cs body burden increased from 24,2 nC in March 1963 to 46,1 nC in October 1963 and then more slowly to 49,3 nC in March 1964 (or in the ratio 137Cs/K 178, 338, 357 respectively). The 137Cs body burden which is relatively high compared to what has been found in other countries is partly due to the high concentration of 137Cs in the milk. Those with a large milk consumption seem to have somewhat higher 137Cs body burdens than the others.

Effect of exogenous adrenocortical hormones and states of adrenal dysfunction on body sodium and potassium composition.

Large doses of hydrocortisonc, administered intravenously over a 32-hour period, had no acute effect on the exchangeability of body sodium and potassium in a normal female subject. Similarly administered desoxycorticosterone glucoside, however, had an acute effect (about a 14 per cent decrease) on the exchangeability of body sodium and potassium in another normal female subject. Data are presented from 4 studies which demonstrated that changes in body electrolyte status as measured by the classic metabolic balance technique were usually in good agreement with the changes as measured by the levels of exchangeable body sodium and potassium during prolonged (two weeks) administration of hydrocortisone (orally), ACTH-gel (intramuscularly), or desoxycorticosterone (intramuscularly). Discrepancies in results obtained by the 2 techniques arose frequently enough, however, to suggest the possibility that during prolonged administration of adrenal steroids or ACTH some of the retained sodium may be deposited in nonexchangeable stores, and that the nonexchangeable body potassium stores may become exchangeable during the potassium diuresis associated with prolonged hydrocortisone therapy. Nevertheless, such occasional discrepancies may be methodologic in origin. Body electrolyte measurements in 5 patients with Cushing's syndrome revealed in most instances a normal exchangeable body sodium content (Nae/Kg), a low exchangeable body potassium content (Ke/Kg), and correspondingly high Nae/Ke ratios. After bilateral adrenalectomy, the body potassium values and the Nae/Ke ratios returned slowly to normal after intervals of four to twelve months. Body electrolyte measurements in 2 masculinized females—1 with male, and 1 with female physique—showed good correlation with body habitus. Exchangeable body sodium and potassium values were within the wide normal range in 5 cases of treated Addison's disease. In 1 case of previously untreated Addison's disease the exchangeable body sodium and potassium values were normal, though the Nae/Ke ratio was slightly elevated (1.02). After two weeks of therapy with large doses of 9α-fluorohydrocortisone, the ratio was 1.51. After seven more weeks of therapy with reduced dosage, the ratio had returned to approximately the pre-treatment value. At the end of fourteen months of therapy the ratio was 1.06, but the Nae/Kg, and Ke/Kg. values were lower than before treatment, probably due to the patient's gain in electrolytepoor adipose tissue.

Measurement in vivo of radium gamma-ray activities lower than K40 levels existing in the human body.

The measurement of gamma rays emitted by more than about 0.03 μg of Ra in the human skeleton can be carried out conveniently with moderate shielding (∼ 1∕4 in. Pb) and easily available NaI crystals (2 1∕4 × 1 1×2 in.) by comparing the counting rates engendered by suitably located persons with positive and negative radium exposure history. The error due to the difference in body potassium content (∼ 0.012 gamma ray μc) is small, if care is taken to match body weights. Below this level of burden, the task is made progressively more difficult by the stricter requirements of high intrinsic sensitivity, low environmental gamma-ray background and interference from potassium activity and cosmic rays. In our laboratory, crystals of NaI (1.5 × 1 in., 4.2 × 1.5 in.), CsI (1.5 × 1 in.), and a large plastic scintillator (6 × 5 in.) have been housed in a room 7 × 7 × 8 ft., shielded by 8 inches Fe. Their scintillation pulses have been analyzed in the presence of background Ra and K sources under a variety of condition...

Alterations in the Body Potassium Content in Cirrhosis of the Liver

Summary Determinations of the exchangeable potassium content (Ke) by the radioisotopic method were performed on 13 subjects with cirrhosis of the liver, four of whom had ascites. Twelve of the 13 initial values were below the range found in normal subjects, the remaining value was in the lower normal range. Repeat determinations were performed on 6 subjects. The 3 subjects without ascites showed a significant increase in Ke following a week or more of treatment with a high protein, high carbohydrate, low fat diet, supplementary vitamins. In the 3 subjects with ascites no significant change in Ke occurred, even after the administration of an oral supplement of potassium. The results suggest that an intracellular deficiency of potassium is commonly present in cirrhosis of the liver, that this deficit is not correctable once hepatic decompensation has occurred.

Effect of starvation on exchangeable potassium and tissue K 42 content in rabbits.

Summary1. Male rabbits were starved in order to study the effect of a decrease in food intake on potassium metabolism. 2. Serial determinations of the exchangeable potassium content and urinary potassium and creatinine excretion were made in one group of animals. The mean decrease in exchangeable potassiumcontent was 29.8 and 54.6% of the baseline value after one and two weeks respectively. The corresponding mean decrease was 15.6 and 31.7% in body weight. No significant changes in urinary creatinine excretion occurred. 3. In a separate group of rabbits, tissue analyses for radiopotassium and water concentration after one week of starvation revealed no significant changes when compared with control animals, continued on a constant diet. 4. The decrease in total body potassium content, as measured by the exchange of isotopic potassium, as well as the loss in the urine during starvation could be accounted for on the basis of tissue catabolism without postulating an intracellular deficiency of this cation in...

Fatal Loss of Plasma Volume After Lymph Heart Destruction in Toads

ConclusionsToads without lymph hearts kept in constant humidity showed no change in body weight, whereas other animals kept in the presence of water showed a gain in weight of as much as 20% daily. With a constant body weight the fluid redistribution can be assumed to be internal. In both series of experiments there was a marked increase in red call volume to a point where flow even in large vessels was impeded.The fall in plasma and lymph protein, and the rise in body fluid, potassium content and tissue water are much greater when water is absorbed through the skin by contact.When the normal flow of fluid from plasma to tissue space to lymph channels to vascular system is blocked by lymph heart destruction, there is a marked increase in the interstitial fluid at the expense of the plasma. The failure of this edema fluid to return to the blood vessels in these experiments is a primary and uncomplicated cause of death.