Body Position Research Articles

Trajectory optimization and stability control for a novel unmanned intelligent wheel-legged vehicles on unstructured terrains

The trend of intelligent vehicles is currently expanding, and a new class of unmanned intelligent vehicles known as wheel-legged vehicles (WLVs) is emerging. WLVs excel in transportation on unstructured terrain by offering a unique combination of the efficiency of wheels on flat ground and the versatility of legs to tackle obstacles. To enhance the locomotion performance of WLVs on unstructured terrains, this paper presents a novel framework for improving their locomotion through nonlinear programming-based (NLP) trajectory optimization and stability control. The framework optimizes the vehicle’s body and wheel positioning while incorporating terrain information and employs a linear rigid body dynamic model for efficient motion planning. The stability control framework combines feedforward control using ground reaction forces with feedback control through joint PD control and utilizes model predictive control (MPC) to adjust the wheel slip ratio to prevent slip on steep slopes. Experimental validation on the real vehicle with torque-controlled wheels demonstrated the capability of driving over a 1 m height with a 30°slope at an average speed of 0.7 m/s and a maximum speed of 1.03 m/s. Our approach also enables the WLV to overcome obstacles, such as inclines, while dynamically negotiating these challenging terrains.

Biomechanical characteristics of ligament injuries in the knee joint during impact in the upright position: a finite element analysis

BackgroundOur study aims to examine stress–strain data of the four major knee ligaments—the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), the medial collateral ligament (MCL), and the lateral collateral ligament (LCL)—under transient impacts in various knee joint regions and directions within the static standing position of the human body. Subsequently, we will analyze the varying biomechanical properties of knee ligaments under distinct loading conditions.MethodsA 3D simulation model of the human knee joint including bone, meniscus, articular cartilage, ligaments, and other tissues, was reconstructed from MRI images. A vertical load of 300 N was applied to the femur model’s top surface to mimic the static standing position, and a 134 N load was applied to the impacted area of the knee joint. Nine scenarios were created to examine the effects of anterior, posterior, and lateral external forces on the upper, middle, and lower regions of the knee joint.ResultsThe PCL exhibited the highest stress levels among the four ligaments when anterior loads were applied to the upper, middle, and lower parts of the knee, with maximum stresses at the PCL-fibula junction measuring 59.895 MPa, 27.481 MPa, and 28.607 MPa, respectively. Highest stresses on the PCL were observed under posterior loads on the upper, middle, and lower knee areas, with peak stresses of 57.421 MPa, 38.147 MPa, and 26.904 MPa, focusing notably on the PCL-tibia junction. When a lateral load was placed on the upper knee joint, the ACL showed the highest stress 32.102 MPa. Likewise, in a lateral impact on the middle knee joint, the ACL also had the highest stress of 29.544 MPa, with peak force at the ACL-tibia junction each time. In a lateral impact on the lower knee area, the LCL had the highest stress of 22.279 MPa, with the highest force at the LCL-fibula junction. Furthermore, the maximum stress data table indicates that stresses in the ligaments are typically higher when the upper portion of the knee is affected compared to when the middle and lower parts are impacted.ConclusionsThis study recommends people avoid impacting the upper knee and use the middle and lower parts of the knee effectively against external forces to minimize ligament damage and safeguard the knee.

The effect of hand and body position on chest compression quality and rescuer fatigue in prone cardiopulmonary resuscitation

AimThis study aimed to compare the quality of compressions in supine cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and prone CPR by performing chest compressions on a manikin. Evaluating the effect of prone CPR using different hand and body position on the quality of manual chest compressions and fatigue of participants. MethodsAfter completing 2 min of chest compression in the supine position (Supine Group), 25 participants randomly performed three sets of 2-minutes chest compressions on a prone position manikin. Stand + hands overlapped Group: participants stood beside the patient bed with their hands overlapped and placed on the posterior segment of the thoracic spine between the scapulae, Straddle + hands separated Group: participants straddled the patient bed with their hands placed above the scapulae on both sides at the mid-chest level, and Straddle + hands overlapped Group: participants straddled the patient bed with their hands overlapping on the posterior segment of the thoracic spine between the scapulae. Subsequently, the quality of chest compressions and participants fatigue were assessed. ResultsChest compression depth ratio and mean chest compression depth (MCCD) were worse in the three prone CPR groups (Stand + hands overlapped Group: 0.0(0.0,15.6) %, 39.8 ± 1.3 mm; Straddle + hands separated Group: 1.4(0.0,11.7) %, 42.4 ± 1.2 mm; Straddle + hands overlapped Group: 0.0(0.0,9.2) %, 40.9 ± 1.2 mm) than in the Supine group (87.1(68.1,94.0) %; p < 0.001, 52.4 ± 0.4 mm; p < 0.001). In the three prone CPR groups, Straddle + hands separated Group had the greatest MCCD, lowest changes in heart rate (p = 0.018) and lowest changes in RPE scores (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences between the four groups in terms of mean chest compression rate, accurate chest compression rate ratio, or correct recoil ratio. ConclusionThis simulation-based study showed that the quality of chest compressions was worse in the prone position than in the supine position. When prone chest compressions were performed using different hand and body position, prone CPR performed by a participant straddling a hospital bed with hands placed above the scapula on either side at the mid-chest level provided higher-quality chest compressions and lower rescuer fatigue.

Benefits and Mode of Action of Various Hasta Mudra

Introduction: In this modern era, our lifestyle is changed and become sedentary. Lack of physical exercise, faulty dietary habits, increased stress, and environment changes lead to many diseases. Everybody is fed up by taking so many medicines. Hence, people are showing interest in drugless therapies. Practicing Hasta mudra is totally drugless and cost less. Aim: The aim of this article is to describe the preventive and curative benefits of Various Hasta Mudra and to explain the mode of action of Various Hasta Mudra. Materials and Methods: Various benefits and modes of action of Hasta Mudra have been explained on the basis of classical texts and literature. Results: With regular practice of Hasta mudra, various diseases can be prevented and cured. Discussion: Mudra should be performed for at least 45 min in a day. Conclusion: Hasta Mudra is helpful in Mudhra therapy can control stress, depression, anxiety, fear and promotion of mental health and happiness prevention and cure of many diseases. in Mudra.[3] In Shiva Samhita, it is mentioned that just by practicing The word mudra is a Sanskrit word which has the meaning “gesture” or “attitude.” Mudra can be described as emotional, psychic, devotional, and esthetic gestures or attitudes. Mudra are attitudes of energy flow, which help in linking person’s pranic force with universal or cosmic force.[1] The literal meaning of mudra is the expression of internal feelings by way of different postures of fingers, palms, hands feet, and or body. This is an integral part of yoga and a scientific knowledge of spirituality and physical well. There are different types of Mudra, but in this article, we are discussing only about Hasta Mudra. By doing Hasta mudra, subtle hand and finger movements make important connections in the nervous system and stimulate specific energy pathways. In Hatha Yoga, there are 10 mudra which are mentioned as Jaramarananashaka.[2] In Gheranda Samhita, there are 25 Mudra and according to it, various eye and body positions (Asana) and Locks (Bandha) are also included

Diagnosis of Autism in Children Based on their Gait Pattern and Movement Signs Using the Kinect Sensor

Abstract Background: Autism spectrum disorders are a type of developmental disorder that primarily disrupt social interactions and communications. Autism has no treatment, but early diagnosis of it is crucial to reduce these effects. The incidence of autism is represented in repetitive patterns of children’s motion. When walking, these children tighten their muscles and cannot control and maintain their body position. Autism is not only a mental health disorder but also a movement disorder. Method: This study aims to identify autistic children based on data recorded from their gait patterns using a Kinect sensor. The database used in this study comprises walking information, such as joint positions and angles between joints, of 50 autistic and 50 healthy children. Two groups of features were extracted from the Kinect data in this study. The first one was statistical features of joints’ position and angles between joints. The second group was the features based on medical knowledge about autistic children’s behaviors. Then, extracted features were evaluated through statistical tests, and optimal features were selected. Finally, these selected features were classified by naïve Bayes, support vector machine, k-nearest neighbors, and ensemble classifier. Results: The highest classification accuracy for medical knowledge-based features was 87% with 86% sensitivity and 88% specificity using an ensemble classifier; for statistical features, 84% of accuracy was obtained with 86% sensitivity and 82% specificity using naïve Bayes. Conclusion: The dimension of the resulted feature vector based on autistic children’s medical knowledge was 16, with an accuracy of 87%, showing the superiority of these features compared to 42 statistical features.

The Rate of Water Safety Team Interventions in High Diving, A Survey of Elite Athletes Performing between 2009 and 2021.

There is a paucity of sport-specific safety data on high diving. This paper describes the results of a survey of all athletes competing in elite international competitions between 2009 and 2021.Sixty-eight athletes completed surveys, representing a response rate of 80%. The rate of water safety team interventions was calculated at one intervention per 295 high dives for the men (0.34%) and one intervention per 265 high dives for the women (0.38%). After safety team intervention, 26% of the male and 42% of the female divers required hospital evaluation.Circumstances reported by high divers that may contribute to an incident were performing a new dive (<10 repetitions), body position at water entry, and environmental factors such as water movement and cold ambient temperature. Statistically, a water safety team will intervene once or twice per 4-d tournament. Injury and illness surveillance both during tournaments and year-round is recommended.

Automated Digital Sfigmomanometer Prototype Testing

Abstract Blood pressure is the pressure of blood flow in the arteries generated by the heart. Abnormal blood pressure can lead to hypertension and hypotension. Hypotension, or low blood pressure, has a prevalence of 5% to 34% among individuals aged 17 to 19, and over 50% in the elderly. Hypertension can cause death in patients with heart disease. About 39.7% of people suffer from hypertension, especially those over the age of 60. Blood pressure measurement needs to be done regularly because it has impact such as early detection of blood pressure health conditions and monitoring of health conditions for those already diagnosed with abnormal blood pressure. Unfortunately, only 59% of the population in Indonesia regularly measure their blood pressure. Accurate blood pressure measurement can be performed using an invasive method. Another method is non-invasive, which can be done using a sphygmomanometer that applies the oscillometric method. This method uses pressure oscillations in the cuff influenced by the pulse in the blood vessels. When using this method, several factors need to be considered, such as body position, cuff size, and the technique used during the measurement. In this study, a fully automatic digital sphygmomanometer has been developed with a cuff attached to the device, equipped with a thermal printer to print out the measurement results and classify blood pressure categories. The advantage of the developed prototype is that it has a smaller relative error value, with 1.03% for systolic blood pressure and 1.45% for diastolic blood pressure, and has already been integrated with a thermal printer to directly print the measurement results.

Abdominal Drawing-In Maneuver is Less Effective for Core Stability During High Load Tasks: A Systematic Review

Context: The abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM) is a technique commonly used to activate deep core muscles for the prevention and rehabilitation of low back pain. However, its benefits during high-load tasks (HLT) are unclear. Objectives: The primary objective of this article is to review the literature to determine whether the use of ADIM enhances core stabilization during HLT. Additionally, we will examine if other factors, beyond load, could influence the effectiveness of this activation maneuver. Methods: A search was conducted using PubMed databases for studies that compared interventions using ADIM to those without ADIM. The literature search spanned from January 1981 to March 2024. Only studies that included kinematic assessments were selected. Results: The search yielded 359 studies, of which 24 were included in the final analysis. Task load was analyzed based on Mottram and Comerford's criteria, alongside other approaches such as the source of the perturbation applied to the subject and body position. In conditions using ADIM, better performance was observed in only 16.66% of interventions with HLT, whereas other conditions (OC) without ADIM performed better in 83.33% of interventions using HLT. When core stability was tested against external perturbations, ADIM was less effective in all scenarios. In lying positions, ADIM performed better in 4 tasks, while OC performed better in 2. In upright positions, ADIM was more effective in 7 tasks, while OC performed better in 6. Conclusions: The findings suggest that ADIM should not be used if the goal is to train core stability and strength during HLT. Abdominal drawing-in maneuver was less effective for stabilizing the core during tasks involving external perturbations, and its use was also less effective in upright positions.

Differences in Diaphragmatic and Chest Wall Excursion During Quiet Breathing According to Body Position: Dynamic Analysis by MRI

Background and Purpose: The diaphragm is the largest contributor to respiration but is highly influenced by position. Therefore, despite understanding the importance of “positioning” in respiratory physiotherapy, research on diaphragmatic excursion between body positions remains insufficient. This study examined the differences in diaphragm and chest wall excursion between supine, prone, and left and right side-lying positions to investigate the most suitable position for ventilation. Methods: Diaphragmatic excursion, as well as the lateral and anteroposterior diameters of the chest walls of 40 healthy adults (20 males and 20 females), was dynamically imaged during quiet breathing in 4 positions using magnetic resonance imaging, and the amount of excursion was calculated. The Friedman test was used for statistical analysis to compare differences in diaphragmatic and chest wall excursions. Results: The median age was 21.0 years, the median BMI was 20.8 kg/cm2, and all pulmonary function values were normal and within the reference values based on Japanese predicted normal values. The diaphragm and chest wall exhibited significantly greater excursion in the prone position than in other positions (P &lt; .001). In the side-lying position, the anteroposterior diameter excursion of the lower chest wall on the unloaded side was significantly greater (P &lt; .005). However, there was no significant difference between the side-lying and supine positions (P &gt; .05). Conclusions: Diaphragmatic and chest wall excursion during quiet breathing was found to be significantly greater in the prone position than in other positions. This suggests that the prone position is the optimal “positioning” for increased ventilation and may contribute to the prevention of respiratory complications.

A model of task-level human stepping regulation yields semistable walking.

A simple lateral dynamic walker, with swing leg dynamics and three adjustable input parameters, is used to study how motor regulation affects frontal-plane stepping. Motivated by experimental observations and phenomenological models, we imposed task-level multi-objective regulation targeting the walker's optimal lateral foot placement at each step. The regulator prioritizes achieving step width and lateral body position goals to varying degrees by choosing a mixture parameter. Our model thus integrates a lateral mechanical template, which captures the fundamental mechanics of frontal-plane walking, with a lateral motor regulation template, an empirically verified model of how humans manipulate lateral foot placements in a goal-directed manner. The model captures experimentally observed stepping fluctuation statistics and demonstrates how linear empirical models of stepping dynamics can emerge from first-principles nonlinear mechanics. We find that task-level regulation gives rise to a goal-equivalent manifold in the system's extended state space of mechanical states and inputs, a subset of which contains a continuum of period-1 gaits forming a semistable set: perturbations off of any of its gaits result in transients that return to the set, though typically to different gaits.

‘Mind your head’, tackle characteristics associated with concussions in rugby league: A case-control study

ObjectivesIdentify tackle characteristics associated with concussions in male professional rugby league. DesignCase-control study. MethodsTackles resulting in 196 clinically diagnosed concussions and 6592 non-concussive tackles were analysed, from the men's rugby league Super League between 2018 and 2022. Eleven tackle characteristics were coded for each tackle, and Firth penalised logistic regression models were employed to identify influential variables through forward stepwise selection. Three multivariate models were produced; all (i.e., ball-carrier and tackler), tackler, and ball-carrier concussions. ResultsOf the 196 concussions, 70 % occurred to the tackler and 30 % to the ball-carrier. Initial impact location on the ball-carrier was identified as a predictor in all models, specifically the shorts, upper- and lower-leg (OR 9.1–12.3, compared to shoulder) for tacklers and head/neck (OR 66.1, compared to shoulder) for ball-carriers. Tackler head placement in front of the ball-carrier (OR 8.5, compared to away from the body) and a ball-carrier leading arm in any position (OR 4.8–22.1, compared to no leading arm) provided the greatest odds of a tackler concussion. For player's body position the greatest risk of concussion for all players was observed when both players were falling/diving (OR 8.8, compared to both players upright). One (OR 4.9, compared to two) and four (OR 3.7, compared to two) defender tackles provide the greatest odds for all concussions. ConclusionsConcussion prevention strategies should aim to reduce head impacts by deterring initial contact with the ball-carrier's head/neck. Tackle technique should prioritise making initial impact with the torso and avoid the head being in front of the ball-carrier and any leading arms.

Assessment of Clarity of Images in COVID-19 Health Education Materials Among Diverse Communities in the United States

ABSTRACT Given the need to provide clear communication to diverse audiences in the United States during public health emergencies, this assessment of images in COVID-19 communication materials identified ways to improve visual communication design. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 74 participants from various racial and ethnic backgrounds to gauge the clarity of images without associated text used in two infographics. Most images were understood by participants, but for each image at least some participants had an interpretation different from intended or only captured a portion of the message. Some images were interpreted by most or all participants as representing something other than intended. Participant recommendations were used to develop seven practical ways to improve image clarity: realistic graphics, exaggerated body position and actions, details to show image context and background, icons to encourage or discourage actions, symbols to show movement, consistency in recommended behavior in each image, and closely matching image to associated text. These elements can be applied in combination with existing health equity guiding principles for creating visual communication products before testing and validating products with intended audiences of different sociodemographic and cultural background to ensure appropriateness and clarity of images.

Effects of head gaze and body position on attention in real-world scenes.

Effects of head gaze and body position on attention in real-world scenes.

그림책으로 읽어보는 어린이의 몸과 건강: 푸코의 지식, 권력과 담론을 기초로

Objectives This study aimed to analyze how picture books discuss and represent children's bodies and health, as well as to uncover their underlying meanings, utilizing the concepts of knowledge, power, and discourse by the post-structuralist M. Foucault. Methods To achieve this, a discourse analysis was conducted using Foucault's techniques of discipline, surveillance, and normalization on 132 picture books selected through the search of the National Library for Children and Young Adults. Results The findings revealed that these picture books reflect the standards and norms set by our society regarding children's bodies and health. They utilize the authority and status of specialized knowledge in fields such as medicine, nutrition, psychology, and sports science to regulate children's bodies by presenting different arrangements of healthy or vulnerable bodies and establishing hierarchical knowledge to secure a standardized body position. The multiplicity of voices, including the voice of narrators, illustrations, and the voice of adult readers, intertwined with gazes between characters, exerted the power of reward and punishment, allowing child readers to self-regulate regarding their bodies and health. Moreover, the ideal characteristics of children's bodies and health were reinforced through powerful discourses structured around expectations, commands, conventions, norms, declarations, and linked to broader societal discourses such as risk and deficiency, differentiated by age and gender. Conclusions The meaning and discourse surrounding children's healthy bodies were discussed within the context of how societal discourses, including risk and deficiency discourses based on age and gender, also regulate children's bodies and health. Picture books by adopting a narrative form can become a mechanism of power that (re)produces and disseminates knowledge and discourse about children.

PSII-12 The effect of the diffusion of geranium and clary sage essential oils on relaxation responses in horses

Abstract Aromatherapy has been used in holistic medicine to improve relaxation in humans; however, there are limited studies on its use in horses. This study investigated the potential of aromatherapy on relaxation responses in horses using two common essential oils geranium (Pelargonium asperum) and clary sage (Salvia sclarea). We hypothesized that aromatherapy using essential oils would improve relaxation responses in horses. Geranium aromatherapy (GA) and clary-sage aromatherapy (CA) were tested against a control (CO; deionized water only) in a replicated 3 x 3 Latin square with three treatments, three horses (584 ± 9 kg of body weight and 11 ± 1 yr old), and three experimental periods. The experiment was replicated using the same horses, and the two experimental replicates were considered the square blocking factor. Aromatherapy session involved a 5-min acclimation period followed by 15 min of aromatherapy using a diffusor. Heart rate and respiration rate at min 0, 7 and 15, and average counts for body position and facial expressions from min 0 to 7 and from 7 to 15 (early and late session, respectively) were used as measure of relaxation. Aromatherapy improved eye expression over time (P = 0.01), with GA and CA horses showing significantly increased durations of relaxed eyes from early to late session (2.8 min vs. 5.3 min for GA and 3.7 min vs. 4.8 min for CA), while horses on CO showed reduced duration from early to late session (2.7 min vs. 1.2 min), indicating increased level of alertness and tension. Aromatherapy tended (P = 0.07) to improve ear expression. Horses receiving CA tended to show longer durations of relaxed ears compared with CO (4.33 min vs. 1.25 min), while GA (3.25 min) did not differ from CA and CO. Aromatherapy did not affect (P &amp;gt; 0.05) measures of body posture and heart and respiratory rates. Although not all relaxation responses were improved by aromatherapy, the results indicate that aromatherapy has potential for improving relaxation in horses as indicated by facial expressions.

Forensic-radiological diagnosis of gunshot wounds

Although gunshot wounds are less common in Germany than in other countries, aproportion of suicides and violent crimes are committed with firearms, which is why basic knowledge of diagnosis is important. Fundamentals regarding forensic assessment of gunshot wounds are discussed alongside typical radiological findings. In addition to analyzing our own cases and evaluating official statistics, this article is based on adiscussion of basic research and expert recommendations. The article describes the characteristics of the bullet entry and exit as well as special features of the bullet trajectory, particularly in bony injuries, and discusses their significance for radiological findings. Pitfalls in interpretation, such as changes in body position and the deflection of projectile (fragments) in the body, are presented, as are the advantages of supplementary radiological diagnostics (projectile search before initiation of dissection, simple detection of an air embolism, clarity of bullet trajectory reconstruction). This article is intended to provide an overview of not only typical types of weapons and projectiles but also their effects on the body of the victim, which must be documented by the examiner.

Orthostatic testing for heart rate and heart rate variability monitoring in exercise science and practice.

Orthostatic testing, involving the transition from different body positions (e.g., from lying or sitting position to an upright or standing position), offers valuable insights into the autonomic nervous system (ANS) functioning and cardiovascular regulation reflected through complex adjustments in, e.g., measures of heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV). This narrative review explores the intricate physiological mechanisms underlying orthostatic stress responses and evaluates its significance for exercise science and sports practice. Into this matter, active orthostatic testing (e.g., active standing up) challenges the cardiovascular autonomic function in a different way than a passive tilt test. It is well documented that there is a transient reduction in blood pressure while standing up, leading to a reflex increase in HR and peripheral vasoconstriction. After that acute response systolic and diastolic blood pressures are usually slightly increased compared to supine lying body position. The ANS response to standing is initiated by instantaneous cardiac vagal withdrawal, followed by sympathetic activation and vagal reactivation over the first 25-30 heartbeats. Thus, HR increases immediately upon standing, peaking after 15-20 beats, and is less marked during passive tilting due to the lack of muscular activity. Standing also decreases vagally related HRV indices compared to the supine position. In overtrained endurance athletes, both parasympathetic and sympathetic activity are attenuated in supine and standing positions. Their response to standing is lower than in non-overtrained athletes, with a tendency for further decreased HRV as a sign of pronounced vagal withdrawal and, in some cases, decreased sympathetic excitability, indicating a potential overtraining state. However, as a significant main characteristic, it could be noted that additional pathophysiological conditions consist in a reduced responsiveness or counter-regulation of neural drive in ANS according to an excitatory stimulus, such as an orthostatic challenge. Hence, especially active orthostatic testing could provide additional information about HR(V) reactivity and recovery giving valuable insights into athletes' training status, fatigue levels, and adaptability to workload. Measuring while standing might also counteract the issue of parasympathetic saturation as a common phenomenon especially in well-trained endurance athletes. Data interpretation should be made within intra-individual data history in trend analysis accounting for inter-individual variations in acute responses during testing due to life and physical training stressors. Therefore, additional measures (e.g., psychometrical scales) are required to provide context for HR and HRV analysis interpretation. However, incidence of orthostatic intolerance should be evaluated on an individual level and must be taken into account when considering to implement orthostatic testing in specific subpopulations. Recommendations for standardized testing procedures and interpretation guidelines are developed with the overall aim of enhancing training and recovery strategies. Despite promising study findings in the above-mentioned applied fields, further research, thorough method comparison studies, and systematic reviews are needed to assess the overall perspective of orthostatic testing for training monitoring and fine-tuning of different populations in exercise science and training.

Effect of body position during weaning from total liquid ventilation in piglets

ObjectiveTo determine if change in body position improves oxygen requirements and respiratory mechanics during the transition from total liquid ventilation (TLV) to gas ventilation. MethodsFourteen piglets underwent TLV, followed by a 2-hour weaning period under conventional gas ventilation. Subjects were randomized to the experimental group (Rotating – R), that was in prone position between the 10th and 30th minute of weaning, or to the static control group (Supine – S). ResultsOxygenation index was lower in the R group at 30 minutes in prone position than that in the S group (1.9 [1.6; 2.8] vs 3.5 [3.1; 5.1], p = 0.001). This difference disappeared when subjects resumed the supine position (4.2 [3.8; 4.7] and 4.7 [3.8; 5.4], p = 0.4, for the R and S groups, respectively). The change in body position did not affect respiratory system compliance or inspiratory capacity. ConclusionProne position improved oxygenation during weaning from TLV. The effect disappeared once piglets returned to the supine position.

Pemberian Posisi Semi Fowler untuk Meningkatkan Saturasi Oksigen pada Pasien Congestive Heart Failure di Ruang Intensive Care Unit

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) is a medical condition that affects various body systems and causes the heart to be unable to pump blood properly to meet metabolic needs. To increase oxygen levels in CHF patients, one approach is to change body position. This study used a descriptive method to evaluate the impact of the semi-Fowler position on oxygen levels. This study involved 10 patients in the ICU Room of RSUD Ir. Soekarno Sukoharjo, with the semi-Fowler position at a 45° angle applied for 15 minutes after eating at 13:00, from 23 to 25 May 2023. Patients who met the inclusion criteria were those with oxygen saturation &lt;95%, while patients who refused or experienced complications were not included. The instruments used included the SOP for the 45° semi-Fowler position and the Mindray PM 60 oximeter. The results showed that the 45° semi-Fowler position could increase oxygen saturation by around 2%, with a variation in increase between 2% and 4%. In conclusion, the 45° semi-Fowler position can increase oxygen levels by around 3-4% in CHF patients, as well as help reduce shortness of breath.

Commercial infant products influence body position and muscle use

The musculoskeletal and motor development of infants is affected by their environment, which varies from being held, lying on a firm flat surface, to seated in various nursery products. Nursery products can alter the body position of infants, particularly the position of the head/neck and trunk, which may inhibit an infant's ability to breathe. With U.S. infants spending an increasing amount of time in seated products, the purpose of this study was to assess muscle activation and body position in four commercial infant products (carrier, bouncer, rocker, and swing) during supine and prone positioning, compared to a firm flat surface. Thirteen healthy infants (age: 4.2 ± 1.4 months; 7 M/6F) were enrolled in this IRB-approved in-vivo biomechanics study. Surface electromyography sensors recorded muscle activity of the erector spinae, cervical paraspinals, quadriceps, and abdominal muscles and retro-reflective markers tracked movements to determine head-neck, trunk, and torso-pelvis flexion/extension in the sagittal plane. While supine, infants exhibited increased head-neck and trunk flexion of up to 21° and 27° above the playmat, respectively, in all seated products. While prone, high abdominal muscle activation compared to the playmat indicates that infants will fatigue faster in seated products. Additionally, the lower muscle activation levels exhibited in younger infants (< 4 months) compared to older infants (≥ 4 months) indicates that younger infants rely on the product design to maintain body position. However, offering infants a variety of environments to move within is important to avoid motor delay, therefore future work should explore how long-term use may impact an infant's development.