Body Parts Research Articles

Comparison of the Radiation Protection Effectiveness between Lead and Antimony-Tungsten Bed Skirt in Fluoroscopic-guided Simulated Urological Surgery

Objective: This study aimed to develop a new shielding device, a bed skirt, and compare the radiation protection effectiveness between lead and antimony-tungsten (Sb-W) bed skirts in fluoroscopic-guided urological surgery. Material and Methods: The simulated surgery of ureteroscopy (URS) and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), using the phantoms, was set. The lead and Sb-W skirts were mounted around the operating table. The fluoroscopy time was 120 seconds, and the experiment was repeated 10 times. The radiation dose to the body parts of the patient, surgeon, and anesthesiologist was measured with optically stimulated luminescent dosimeters and compared in the following conditions: conventional operating table, Sb-W bed skirt, and lead bed skirt.Results: By installing a bed skirt, the radiation dose was decreased, with lead being dominant in all areas. The lead bed skirt reduced the radiation dose by 20% to the patient, 66% to the surgeon, and 91% to the anesthesiologist. The absorbed radiation dose of the lead bed skirt was lower than the Sb-W bed skirt in URS settings (23.3±1.8 µGy vs 32.0±1.9 µGy, p-value<0.001) as well as PCNL settings (257.2±15.6 µGy vs 296.5±24.6 µGy, p-value<0.001). There was no statistically significant difference between the conventional operating table and the Sb-W bed skirt in both URS settings (p-value=0.066) and PCNL settings (p-value=0.153).Conclusion: The lead bed skirt significantly reduced the radiation exposure and provided superior radiation protection compared with the Sb-W bed skirt. This shielding technique is practical to minimize the harmful effects of radiation from fluoroscopy.

Antimicrobial neuropeptides and their therapeutic potential in vertebrate brain infectious disease

The defense mechanisms of the vertebrate brain against infections are at the forefront of immunological studies. Unlike other body parts, the brain not only fends off pathogenic infections but also minimizes the risk of self-damage from immune cell induced inflammation. Some neuropeptides produced by either nerve or immune cells share remarkable similarities with antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in terms of size, structure, amino acid composition, amphiphilicity, and net cationic charge. These similarities extend to a wide range of antibacterial activities demonstrated in vitro, effectively protecting nerve tissue from microbial threats. This review systematically examines 12 neuropeptides, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH), orexin-B (ORXB), ghrelin, substance P (SP), adrenomedullin (AM), calcitonin-gene related peptide (CGRP), urocortin-II (UCN II), neuropeptide Y (NPY), NDA-1, and catestatin (CST), identified for their antimicrobial properties, summarizing their structural features, antimicrobial effectiveness, and action mechanisms. Importantly, the majority of these antimicrobial neuropeptides (9 out of 12) also possess significant anti-inflammatory properties, potentially playing a key role in preserving immune tolerance in various disorders. However, the connection between this anti-inflammatory property and the brain’s infection defense strategy has rarely been explored. Our review suggests that the combined antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory actions of neuropeptides could be integral to the brain’s defense strategy against pathogens, marking an exciting direction for future research.

Evaluation of prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder among patients seeking orthodontic treatment in marathwada population

Body Dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a psychological complaint that has visions concerning faults in overall well-being of an individual for which cases explore different treatment modalities. Cases with BDD commonly consult for cosmetological procedures amongst which orthodontic treatment considered commonly. The study was adopted to assess the occurrence of Body Dysmorphic Disorder in Marathwada population. A sample size of 183 patients with different degree of malocclusive traits answered the given the BDD-YBOCS questionnaire form, while the acuteness of malocclusion was assessed with a rating scale. From total of 183 patients No BDD was seen among 58 (31.7%) patients while 116 (63.4%) had mild BDD, 9 (4.9%) reported with moderate BDD and none of the patients had severe Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Significantly higher number of BDD positive patients [98 (78.4%)] as opposed to 15 (29.3%) BDD negative patients were concerned with teeth as compared to face, hair or other body parts with statistically highly significant difference between the groups (χ2=49.219, p<0.001**). This study concluded that Body Dysmorphic Disorder can be diagnosed with its prevalence being 4.9% in the total sample of 183 patients. Face and Dentition are majorly affected. BDD affected samples in study population were majorly males (63%) and even reported previous history of orthodontic consultations. While treating patients with Body Dysmorphic Disorder Orthodontists should be accustomed to the clinical variations encountered in BDD and should always include certain questions regarding BDD during history taking.

Seasonal infestation patterns of ticks on Hokkaido sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis).

Ticks prefer specific feeding sites on a host that are influenced by host–tick and tick–tick interactions. This study focused on the spatiotemporal distribution of ticks in Hokkaido sika deer, an important tick host in Hokkaido, Japan. Tick sampling was performed on the sika deer in the Shiretoko National Park between June and October 2022. Ticks were collected from 9 different body parts of the deer to compare their attachment site preferences. Interspecific and intraspecific relationships among ticks were examined using co-occurrence analysis. The collected ticks were nymphal and adult stages of 4 species: Ixodes ovatus, Ixodes persulcatus, Haemaphysalis japonica and Haemaphysalis megaspinosa. Seasonal variations in tick burden were observed, with I. persulcatus and I. ovatus peaking in June and declining towards October; H. japonica showing low numbers in July and August and increasing from September; and H. megaspinosa appearing from September onwards with little variation. Attachment site preferences varied among species, with a significant preference for the pinna in I. ovatus and I. persulcatus. Haemaphysalis japonica was mainly found on the body and legs between June and August, and shifted to the pinna from September. Haemaphysalis megaspinosa showed a general preference for areas other than the legs. Co-occurrence analysis revealed positive, negative and random co-occurrence patterns among the tick species. Ticks of the same genus and species exhibited positive co-occurrence patterns; I. ovatus showed negative co-occurrence patterns with Haemaphysalis spp. This study revealed the unique attachment site preferences and distinct seasonal distributions of tick species in the Hokkaido sika deer.

Performance of Forensic Age Estimation by Aspartic Acid Racemization and DNA Methylation: A Systematic Review

Background Forensic age estimation is not difficult when the body is found in good condition, but in cases of severe decomposition or damage, such as burnt or separated body parts, then the analysis can only be done with bones and teeth. There has been abundant research and development in the field of related biochemistry over the years. Various molecular changes occur in hard tissues and long-lived proteins, such as those in bones and teeth during the physiological process of aging. Aspartic acid racemization and DNA methylation are still the most frequently used age estimation methods because of their advantages in accuracy. Method This study aimed to compare the accuracy of DNA methylation and aspartic acid racemization methods for age estimation. Journal articles were searched in the electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, and Semantic Scholar of 2017-2022 according to PRISMA guidelines. Result Twelve journal articles were eligible for review. The DNA methylation method is quite simple to use because of commercially available methylation kits. Furthermore, the results can be obtained relatively quickly without requiring many samples, and the method is less sensitive to thermal and other damage than the aspartic acid racemization method. Conclusion The aspartic acid racemization method for age estimation has high accuracy, especially in determining age at death. However, temperature and the condition of the teeth affect the racemization of aspartic acid. Given that DNA methylation is generally stable in a wide range of temperatures, it provides a better approach to determining the chronological age even from charred remains.

Rescaling perceptual hand maps by visual-tactile recalibration.

After concurrent visual and tactile stimuli have been presented repeatedly with a spatial offset, unisensory tactile stimuli, too, are perceived with a spatial bias towards the previously presented visual stimuli. This so-called visual-tactile ventriloquism aftereffect reflects crossmodal recalibration. As touch is intrinsically linked to body parts, we asked here whether recalibration occurs at the level of individual stimuli or at a higher, integrated, map-like level. We applied tactile stimuli to participants' hidden left hand and simultaneously presented visual stimuli with spatial offsets that, if integrated with the tactile stimuli, implied a larger hand. After recalibration, participants pointed to tactile-only stimuli and judged the distance between two tactile stimuli on the hand. The pattern of changes in tactile localization after recalibration was consistent with participants aiming at targets on an enlarged hand. This effect was evident also for new, tactile-only locations that had not been paired with visual stimuli during recalibration. In contrast, distance judgements were not consistently affected by recalibration. The generalization of recalibration to new, non-trained stimulus sites, but not across tasks and responses, suggests a link of low-level multisensory processing and map-like body representations that may, however, be purpose-specific and not organized as a general-purpose "body schema".

Non-Facial Skin Rejuvenation of the Neck, Chest, and Hands. Part One: Using Injections.

The demand for aesthetic procedures aimed at restoring and preserving a youthful appearance is growing. While numerous non-surgical facial rejuvenation techniques are available, there is a need for a comprehensive review of clinic-based procedures targeting non-facial body parts. This review aims to describe and evaluate clinic-based techniques for rejuvenating the neck, chest, and hands, focusing on various types of fillers and other non-invasive procedures. In this first part of this review, we conducted an extensive literature review on PubMed, reporting the effectiveness of different fillers, detailing their preparation, required volume per area, injection methods, durability, and any associated side effects. We also discuss the use of mesotherapy, microneedling, chemical peeling, and Profhilo in these specific body areas. The review synthesizes the latest data on the effectiveness and safety of these procedures, highlighting the advancements in filler technology and the growing popularity of non-invasive techniques for body rejuvenation. This article serves as a valuable resource for practitioners and patients interested in non-surgical body rejuvenation, providing insights into the best practices.

Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Footcream

Skin diseases are numerous and a frequently occurring health problem affecting all ages from the neonates to the elderly and cause harm in number of ways. If the cracks in the heels are deep, they can be painful, hurting when a person stands up, and they may sometimes bleed. Some wild plants and their parts are frequently used to treat these diseases. Herbal crack cream contains the extracts of the plantconsists of five ingredients viz., extract of Daruharida (Berberisaristata DC.), Pashanbheda (Bergenialigulata (Wall.) Engl.), Jivanti (Leptadeniareticulata W. & A.), kampilak (Mallotusphilippensis Muell.-Arg.), Manjistha (Rubiacordifolia Linn.) were used to prepare Herbal crack cream. The main objective of the research work was to prepare and evaluate Herbal crack cream and the results showed that Herbal crack cream passeall Parameters related to cream and TLC of formulated cream and extract showed that the tannins, flavonoids and alkaloids were found to be present in mentioned medicinal plants. These days, skin conditions are a major cause of illness for people of all ages. If someone has a crack in their foot's heel, it hurts and is quite uncomfortable. Environmental factors contribute to the growth of germs and fungi on human skin. This factor is taken into account when creating HERBALFOOTCREAM. That cream's function is to hydrate the heel, and its emulsion is w/o type (cold cream). Cold cream works by producing an oily coating on the skin that aids in reducing water loss from the skin to the environment. Water serves to hydrate and refresh the skin while beeswax and cocoa butter work as emollients, which aid to soften and smooth the skin. The key ingredient in these formulations is argan oil, which has vitamin E and is healthy for the skin since it hydrates. Neem extract also has antibacterial and antifungal properties. Lemongrass essential oil is used in fragrances. This cream is homogeneous, spread sreadily, and is naturally fatty. This is W/O emulsion and with anacidic pH (within the range of skin pH). There was no phase separation in this cream. • The main aim of our research was to develop on anti-cracked heels cream formulation consisting of hedychium spicatum, aleo bar, badensis azodirachta indica for the treatment of cracked heels. Skin diseases are numerous and frequently occurring health problem affecting all age from neonate to the elderly and cause harm in number of ways. • The skin is external exposure of the body. The ageing is most visible on the skin. Nowadays, premature ageing is a big complication in the world because of the changes in an environment. Feet is important part of body; they suffer from many frictions. The lack of oil gland in the feet skin which results into very dry skin. External penetration of dirt, fungus, bacteria cause cuts and wounds. Bacterial decomposition is also occurred in foot give bad odour. For these purpose herbal foot cream is prepared. • This herbal foot cream is prepared from Argan oil (good for dry skin), Neem extract (antibacterial & antifungal effects), Aloe vera extract (for hydration) and lemongrass oil (fragrance). Other than synthetic compound, herbs have more effective, low cost, more availability, and less side effects. Here, ARGAN OIL have good property which give protection to the skin and lemongrass oil is having a good fragrance. Argan oil contains vitamin E which is known as anti-inflammatory agent in skin and several studies proves that vit E is good in seal up the cracks caused by dryness..

Technical Note: Neural Network Architectures for Self-Supervised Body Part Regression Models with Automated Localized Segmentation Application.

The advancement of medical image deep learning necessitates tools that can accurately identify body regions from whole-body scans to serve as an essential pre-processing step for downstream tasks. Typically, these deep learning models rely on labeled data and supervised learning, which is labor-intensive. However, the emergence of self-supervised learning is revolutionizing the field by eliminating the need for labels. The purpose of this study was to compare neural network architectures of self-supervised models that produced a body part regression (BPR) slice score to aid in the development of anatomically localized segmentation models. VGG, ResNet, DenseNet, ConvNext, and EfficientNet BPR models were implemented in the MONAI/Pytorch framework. Landmark organs were correlated to slice scores and mean absolute error (MAE) was calculated from the predicted slice and the actual slice of various organ landmarks. Four localized DynUNet segmentation models (thorax, upper abdomen, lower abdomen, and pelvis) were developed using the BPR slice scores. Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) was compared between the localized and baseline segmentation models. The best performing BPR model was the EfficientNet architecture with an overall 3.18 MAE, compared to the VGG baseline model with a MAE of 6.29. The localized segmentation model significantly outperformed the baseline in 16 out of 20 organs with a DSC of 0.88. Enhanced neural networks like EfficientNet have a large performance increase in localizing anatomical structures in a CT compared in BPR task. Utilizing BPR slice score is shown to be effective in anatomically localized segmentation tasks with improved performance.

Experiences and needs of persons who have undergone limb amputation in Saki West, Oyo State, Nigeria.

Amputation is a life-changing experience involving the surgical removal of a body part. However, little is known about the experiences of persons who have undergone limb amputation in the Saki West Local Government Area (LGA), which prompted this study. An exploratory qualitative study design was used. Thirty participants were interviewed using face-to-face focus group discussions. Five sessions were conducted, with six participants in each session. Data were analysed using the thematic analysis framework of Braun and Clarke. A total of 76.3% of the participants were males and 73.3% were married. Their ages ranged from 22 and 69y, with a mean age of 48.0y and a monthly income of 20000 naira (US$12). Three major themes emerged from the study: the needs and challenges of those who have undergone amputation, coping strategies of those who have undergone amputation and recommendations by persons who have undergone amputation. The study revealed that people who have undergone amputation experienced psychological pain, such as a loss of self-worth and stigmatization from friends and loved ones. Coping strategies identified were accepting the situation and emotional support from family. Participants recommended providing financial support, empowerment programs, employment opportunities and fostering a community of amputees in the Saki West LGA. Amputees undergo psychological and psychosocial problems that can affect their health and recovery. They need emotional and financial support, rehabilitation services and provision of prostheses from family, society and the government. These services should be adequately provided in the Saki West LGA, the largest among the 10 suburban local governments in Oyo State, with numerous commercial activities and a high risk for road traffic accidents.

Hypergraph modeling of complex interactions: Applications from human musculoskeletal structures to complex system dynamics.

The musculoskeletal network is a complex system of different types of nodes and edges interacting with each other. Although there is a wealth of knowledge about the anatomical components of the human body and the connections between them, the interdependence of these components as a system remains largely unexplored. This study aims to understand the structure of musculoskeletal networks by using hypergraphs as a model of the musculoskeletal system with many-to-many connections. We used both pairwise and hypergraph-based embedding methods to learn the connectivity of muscles. Experiments demonstrated the superiority of the proposed hypergraph-based method over pairwise methods in distinguishing the specific roles of the muscles connecting different body parts.

Spatially integrated cortico-subcortical tracing data for analyses of rodent brain topographical organization.

The cerebral cortex extends axonal projections to several subcortical brain regions, including the striatum, thalamus, superior colliculus, and pontine nuclei. Experimental tract-tracing studies have shown that these subcortical projections are topographically organized, reflecting the spatial organization of sensory surfaces and body parts. Several public collections of mouse- and rat- brain tract-tracing data are available, with the Allen mouse brain connectivity atlas being most prominent. There, a large body of image data can be inspected, but it is difficult to combine data from different experiments and compare spatial distribution patterns. To enable co-visualization and comparison of topographical organization in mouse brain cortico-subcortical projections across experiments, we represent axonal labelling data as point data in a common 3D brain atlas space. We here present a collection of point-cloud data representing spatial distribution of corticostriatal, corticothalamic, corticotectal, and corticopontine projections in mice and exemplify how these spatially integrated point data can be used as references for experimental investigations of topographic organization in transgenic mice, and for cross-species comparison with corticopontine projections in rats.

The Effect Characterization of Lens on LNAPL Migration Based on High-Density Resistivity Imaging Technique

Light non-aqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs), which include various petroleum products, are a significant source of groundwater contamination globally. Once introduced into the subsurface, these contaminants tend to accumulate in the vadose zone, causing chronic soil and water pollution. The vadose zone often contains lens-shaped bodies with diverse properties that can significantly influence the migration and distribution of LNAPLs. Understanding the interaction between LNAPLs and these lens-shaped bodies is crucial for developing effective environmental management and remediation strategies. Prior research has primarily focused on LNAPL behavior in homogeneous media, with less emphasis on the impact of heterogeneous conditions introduced by lens-shaped bodies. To investigate the impact of lens-shaped structures on the migration of LNAPLs and to assess the specific effects of different types of lens-shaped structures on the distribution characteristics of LNAPL migration, this study simulates the LNAPL leakage process using an indoor two-dimensional sandbox. Three distinct test groups were conducted: one with no lens-shaped aquifer, one with a low-permeability lens, and one with a high-permeability lens. This study employs a combination of oil front curve mapping and high-density resistivity imaging techniques to systematically evaluate how the presence of lens-shaped structures affects the migration behavior, distribution patterns, and corresponding resistivity anomalies of LNAPLs. The results indicate that the migration rate and distribution characteristics of LNAPLs are influenced by the presence of a lens in the gas band of the envelope. The maximum vertical migration distances of the LNAPL are as follows: high-permeability lens (45 cm), no lens-shaped aquifer (40 cm), and low-permeability lens (35 cm). Horizontally, the maximum migration distances of the LNAPL to the upper part of the lens body decreases in the order of low-permeability lens, high-permeability lens, and no lens-shaped aquifer. The low-permeability lens impedes the vertical migration of the LNAPL, significantly affecting its migration path. It creates a flow around effect, hindering the downward migration of the LNAPL. In contrast, the high-permeability lens has a weaker retention effect and creates preferential flow paths, promoting the downward migration of the LNAPL. Under conditions with no lens-shaped aquifer and a high-permeability lens, the region of positive resistivity change rate is symmetrical around the axis where the injection point is located. Future research should explore the impact of various LNAPL types, lens geometries, and water table fluctuations on migration patterns. Incorporating numerical simulations could provide deeper insights into the mechanisms controlling LNAPL migration in heterogeneous subsurface environments.

Hierarchical behavior control by a single class of interneurons

Animal behavior is organized into nested temporal patterns that span multiple timescales. This behavior hierarchy is believed to arise from a hierarchical neural architecture: Neurons near the top of the hierarchy are involved in planning, selecting, initiating, and maintaining motor programs, whereas those near the bottom of the hierarchy act in concert to produce fine spatiotemporal motor activity. In Caenorhabditis elegans, behavior on a long timescale emerges from ordered and flexible transitions between different behavioral states, such as forward, reversal, and turn. On a short timescale, different parts of the animal body coordinate fast rhythmic bending sequences to produce directional movements. Here, we show that Sublateral Anterior A (SAA), a class of interneurons that enable cross-communication between dorsal and ventral head motor neurons, play a dual role in shaping behavioral dynamics on different timescales. On a short timescale, SAA regulate and stabilize rhythmic bending activity during forward movements. On a long timescale, the same neurons suppress spontaneous reversals and facilitate reversal termination by inhibiting Ring Interneuron M (RIM), an integrating neuron that helps maintain a behavioral state. These results suggest that feedback from a lower-level cell assembly to a higher-level command center is essential for bridging behavioral dynamics at different levels.

HEALTH IN THE WORKPLACE: POSTURE, ERGONOMICS AND MUSCULAR DISORDERS

Objective: The study aimed to map the epidemiological profile of chronic musculoskeletal disorders and the ergonomic risks of body posture in the office environment. Methods: Data were collected using an electronic form consisting of sociodemographic questions and adapted versions of the Nordic Musculoskeletal Symptom and Rapid Office Strain Assessment questionnaires. Results: The mean age of the 73 participants in the extension project was 25.3 years and most had higher education. Of these, 86.3% felt pain, numbness or tingling in the last 12 months and of these, 90.5% had more than one body part affected by the symptoms. Of the thirteen body postures evaluated (sitting, leaning, position of the knees, feet, elbows, forearms and head), all were identified as ergonomically inadequate, especially those related to the chair used. Conclusion: There is a clear need for immediate health care actions for this population, since the office environments were not ergonomically adequate and the workers were already ill. Ergonomic intervention and health education actions are essential to guide the risks of this environment and propose behavioral changes to reduce/prevent musculoskeletal disorders. A limitation of the study may be that the sample was affected by the healthy worker effect, that is, those who were already affected by chronic musculoskeletal disorders were interested in participating in the project.

Differential Leaf-to-Root Movement, Trophic Transfer, and Tissue-Specific Biodistribution of Metal-Based and Polymer-Based Nanoparticles When Present Singly and in Mixture.

The transfer of nanoparticles (NPs) through the terrestrial food chain via foliar uptake presents poorly understood risks, especially in scenarios involving copollution and plant translocation. Herein, we exposed the radishes to single and mixed foliar doses of CeO2 NPs and deuterated polystyrene (DPS), investigating the trophic transfer of NPs from radish shoots/roots to snails. Compared to single treatments, mixture treatments increased Ce uptake by plants but had no effect on DPS uptake. Additionally, mixture treatments did not affect the movement of Ce and DPS from shoots to roots. Under NP mixture exposure, trophic transfer efficiencies (TTF) for Ce (2.09 × 10-2) and DPS (2.54 × 10-2) significantly decreased in shoot-feeding snails. In root-feeding snails, TTF for Ce (3.32 × 10-1) also showed a significant decrease, while TTF for DPS remained unchanged. Mixture treatments exhibited differential impacts on different snail body parts, particularly leading to biomagnification of DPS in the digestive glands and soft tissues (TTF > 1) of snails consuming roots exposed to mixtures. Both CeO2 and DPS displayed a sudden increase in assimilation efficiency following translocation to the roots. This study provides insights into changes during trophic transfer due to coexposure and plant translocation processes associated with nanoparticles, enhancing our comprehension regarding their environmental risks.

Positive Attributable Visual Sources Attenuate the Impact of Trigger Sounds in Misophonia

Abstract Misophonia is characterized by strong negative reactions to everyday sounds, such as chewing, slurping or breathing, that can have negative consequences for daily life. Here, we investigated the role of visual stimuli in modulating misophonic reactions. We recruited 26 misophonics and 31 healthy controls and presented them with 26 sound-swapped videos: 13 trigger sounds paired with the 13 Original Video Sources (OVS) and with 13 Positive Attributable Visual Sources (PAVS). Our results show that PAVS stimuli significantly increase the pleasantness and reduce the intensity of bodily sensations associated with trigger sounds in both the misophonia and control groups. Importantly, people with misophonia experienced a larger reduction of bodily sensations compared to the control participants. An analysis of self-reported bodily sensation descriptions revealed that PAVS-paired sounds led participants to use significantly fewer words pertaining to body parts compared to the OVS-paired sounds. We also found that participants who scored higher on the Duke Misophonia Questionnaire (DMQ) symptom severity scale had higher auditory imagery scores, yet visual imagery was not associated with the DMQ. Overall, our results show that the negative impact of misophonic trigger sounds can be attenuated by presenting them alongside PAVSs.

Injury epidemiology and emergency department length of stay in trauma hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Injuries are a major cause of health problems in low- and middle-income countries than in high-income nations. This study aimed to describe injuries and identify factors associated with the emergency department (ED) length of stay (LoS). This study was conducted at the Addis Ababa Burn, Emergency, and Trauma (AaBET) hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. All injured patients who visited the ED between April 1, 2021, and March 30, 2022, were included in the study. Data were collected through a retrospective medical record review. Descriptive statistics were used to present the data and a multivariable binary logistic regression model was used to assess factors associated with LoS in the ED. A total of 6991 (86.8%) injured patients were studied out of 8055 patients who visited the ED. The majority of the patients were male, 5184 (74.2%), and aged between 18-44 years, 4368 (62.4%). The most common mechanism of injury was road traffic accidents, 2693 (38.5%), followed by falls, 1523 (21.8%). The most commonly reported injured body parts were the head (2179, 31.2%). Of the total injured patients, 101 (1.8%) died. The LoS in the ED was greater than 24 hours for 24.4% (95% CI: 23.3-25.5) of the injured patients, with a mean duration of 2.51 (SD = 5.18) days. Factors significantly associated with a prolonged LoS (>24 hours) in the ED included being residing in outside Addis Ababa in Oromia [AOR: 1.61, 95% CI (1.38-1.88)], Amhara [AOR: 1.56, 95% CI (1.14-2.14)] and other [AOR: 3.93, 95% CI (2.73-5.64)], male [AOR: 1.30, 95% CI (1.09-1.54)], aged 60 years or older [AOR: 1.38, 95% CI (1.03-1.85)]; sustaining injuries from road traffic accident [AOR: 2.43, 95% CI (1.19-4.94)], being triaged to orange [AOR: 3.03, 95% CI (2.40-3.83)] and red zones [AOR:3.37, 95% CI (2.65-4.28)]; having fracture injuries [AOR: 1.95, (1.34-2.83)]; and experiencing contusions and crushing injuries [AOR: 2.63 (1.57-4.42)]. Injuries are the major share of cases among ED patients at AaBET hospital. Patients were staying in the ED for longer than the recommended 24 hours by the Ethiopian health system. Intervention measures focusing on injury prevention are necessary to reduce the patient burden on the hospital and strengthen the hospital's capacity to reduce prolonged LoS.

NCMP-19. IMPACT OF SUBVENTRICULAR ZONE INVASION ON PREOPERATIVE COGNITIVE DECLINE IN DIFFUSE GLIOMA PATIENTS

Abstract PURPOSE To determine the impact of subventricular zone (SVZ) invasion on neurocognitive dysfunction in diffuse glioma patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS We collected neuropsychological assessments of treatment-naïve WHO grade 2-4 diffuse glioma patients between 2017 to 2023. The Chi-square test determined the odds ratio (OR), and multiple linear regression identified factors related to cognitive deficits using Python 3.11.4. RESULTS Of the 129 patients, 64 exhibited SVZ invasion (SVZ+) while 65 were SVZ-. Groups were matched for WHO grading. SVZ+ was associated with more defective domains than SVZ- in both lower grade (WHO grade 2,3, 3.2 ± 2.1 vs. 2.1 ± 1.9, p=0.019) and high grade (WHO grade 4, 4.9 ± 1.6 vs. 3.6 ± 2.2, p=0.019) tumors. In lower grade gliomas, SVZ+ increased risks of language (OR 7.500, p<0.001) and visual learning impairments (OR 4.375, p=0.014). In high grade gliomas, SVZ+ rendered greater language (OR 8.556, p=0.003) and auditory learning vulnerability (OR 3.850, p=0.039). In right hemispheric tumors, SVZ+ lesions conferred worse executive (OR 6.667, p=0.006) and language function (OR 9.063, p=0.017); in left hemispheric tumors, SVZ+ lesions increased language (OR 3.125, p=0.012) and auditory learning (OR 2.889, p=0.024) impairment. Frontal horn of SVZ+ was related to working memory decline, and body part of SVZ+ was related to emotional deficits. Age and WHO grade 4 were associate with more defective domains in the SVZ+ group. In the SVZ- group, parietal lobe tumor was associate with more defective domains, while high education, temporal lobe, and WHO grade 2 were associate with fewer defective domains. CONCLUSION SVZ invasion impacts pre-operative neurocognitive function regardless of lesion laterality and WHO grade. Distinct SVZ sub-regions are linked to specific cognitive impairments. These findings highlight the need for precise tumor mapping involving the SVZ to evaluate neurocognitive outcomes and consider preventive or rehabilitative interventions.

Machine Learning Applied to Reference Signal-Less Detection of Motion Artifacts in Photoplethysmographic Signals: A Review

Machine learning algorithms have brought remarkable advancements in detecting motion artifacts (MAs) from the photoplethysmogram (PPG) with no measured or synthetic reference data. However, no study has provided a synthesis of these methods, let alone an in-depth discussion to aid in deciding which one is more suitable for a specific purpose. This narrative review examines the application of machine learning techniques for the reference signal-less detection of MAs in PPG signals. We did not consider articles introducing signal filtering or decomposition algorithms without previous identification of corrupted segments. Studies on MA-detecting approaches utilizing multiple channels and additional sensors such as accelerometers were also excluded. Despite its promising results, the literature on this topic shows several limitations and inconsistencies, particularly those regarding the model development and testing process and the measures used by authors to support the method’s suitability for real-time applications. Moreover, there is a need for broader exploration and validation across different body parts and a standardized set of experiments specifically designed to test and validate MA detection approaches. It is essential to provide enough elements to enable researchers and developers to objectively assess the reliability and applicability of these methods and, therefore, obtain the most out of them.