Age Body Mass Index Research Articles

Early Life Factors Predictive of Weight Status in 2 Year-Olds

Abstract Objectives The extent to which early life factors predict weight status by age two is unclear. This study elucidated early life factors predictive of BMI-for-age z-score (MN24 BMI) in 2-year-olds in the ongoing STRONG Kids 2 longitudinal study. Methods At registration, 6 weeks, 3, 12, 18, and 24 months, parents (N = 126) completed online surveys (questions derived from CDC Infant Feeding Practices questionnaire, Short Form of the MOS Health survey, and Block Kids Food Frequency Questionnaire (Ages 2–7; Nutrition Quest) for diet MN21–24). Height and weight were collected at home visits. Child BMI-for age z-scores were based on WHO growth standards, and dietary patterns at MN24 were derived by principal component analysis (PCA). Mode of delivery (i.e., vaginal or caesarean), timing of introduction to solids, dietary patterns, child's BMI z-score and feeding methods (i.e., exclusive formula or breastfeeding, or both), and maternal weight were obtained. Multiple regression modelling determined the explanatory power of these factors on MN24 BMI. Results Modelling revealed a significant regression equation (P < .001), with an R2 of .359. MN12 BMI-for-age z-score (MN12 BMI) (β = .555, P < .001) explained 31.2% of the variance in MN24 BMI. Child feeding method at MN3 (β = –.218, P = .003) accounted for 4.7% of the variance in MN24 BMI. Conclusions Children with a greater MN12 BMI have a higher MN24 BMI, while those who undergo breastfeeding at MN3 have a lower MN24 BMI. Future studies will expand on these findings by examining if the predictive power of these early life factors on BMI persists in later life. Funding Sources Grants from the National Dairy Council to Sharon Donovan and Barbara H. Fiese (CoPI's), and the Gerber Foundation and NIH R01 DK107561 to Sharon Donovan.

Changes in Thyroid and Glycemic Status and Food Intake in Children with Excess Weight Who Were Submitted for a Multi-Component School Intervention for 16 Months.

We investigated if children with excess weight who submitted to two types of intervention at school for 16 months showed improvements in thyroid and glycemic function and food intake. Children (8–11 years) with a body mass index-for-age (BMI/A) of ≥1 Z score were divided into two groups: Treatment 1 (n = 73) involved motivation to adopt healthier lifestyle; Treatment 2 (n = 103) involved performing weekly nutritional education, motivational, and physical activities at school. A semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire was used. The delta BMI/A were similar after 16 months; Treatment 1 showed higher decrease in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH; median (range)): −0.45 (−3.19 to 2.17) and 0.06 (−4.57 to 1.63) mIU/L, p = 0.001), FreeT3 (−0.46 (−2.92 to 1.54) and −0.15 (−2.46 to 1.38) pmol/L, p = 0.038), and FreeT4 −1.41 (−6.18 to 3.47) and −0.90 (−4.89 to 2.96) pmol/L, p = 0.018), followed by decrease in energy intake (7304 (6806 to 7840) and 8267 (7739 to 8832) kJ, Ptreatment = 0.439, Ptime <0.001, interaction group–time p < 0.001), macronutrients and sugar. A positive correlation between FreeT3 and BMI/A, and a negative correlation with FreeT4 and insulin were found at baseline (r 0.212, p < 0.01; r −0.155, p < 0.01, respectively) and follow-up (r 0.222, p < 0.01; r −0.221, p < 0.01). The decrease in overall diet and particularly sugar intake was accompanied by a greater reduction in TSH and FreeT3 in Treatment 1, demonstrating the impact of dietary intake on thyroid function.

LINGKAR PINGGANG DAN ADIPONEKTIN PADA REMAJA OBESITAS Waist Circumference and Adiponectin in Obese Adolescents

Obesity causes low-grade chronic infl ammation. Adiponectin is an anti-infl ammatory cytokine. Increased waist circumference in obesity infl uences pro-infl ammatory and anti-infl ammatory cytokine levels which increase the risk of metabolic complications. This study was a cross-sectional study conducted at the Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Clinic of Children's Hospital Dr. Soetomo, Surabaya. Subjects were chosen consecutively as many as 59 obese adolescents with inclusion criteria: obesity, aged 13-16 years, and having parents / guardians who were willing to follow the research and exclusion criteria: taking drugs, such as dyslipidemia, getting hormone therapy, suff ering from secondary obesity , suff ers from endocrine abnormalities, and has an infection or infl ammatory disease. Anthropometric examination was performed on subjects, including body weight, height, and waist circumference. Body Mass Index (BMI) is measured by weight calculation (kg) divided by height squared (meters) and plotted into the CDC 2000 curve. Obesity is established if a Body Mass Index/Age (BMI/A) &gt;P95 is obtained according to age and sex on the CDC 2000 curve. Adiponectin levels are examined using venous serum with ELISA. The relationship between waist circumference and adiponectin levels was analyzed by Pearson correlation. 59 subjects were included in this study. The mean of waist circumference and adiponectin were 100.18 ± 10.63 cm and 7,84 ± 3,81 μg / ml. Statistic test showed that there is no correlation between waist circumference and adiponectin levels in obese adolescents (p&gt;0,05). There is no correlation between waist circumference and adiponectin levels in obese adolescents. Factors that aff ect the correlation between waist circumference and adiponectin include race, diet and physical activity

Cardiopatia congênita: estado nutricional e proporcionalidade corporal ao nascimento

Introduction: Congenital heart diseases have a great impact on perinatal and infant mortality rates in Brazil. These are diseases that can lead to compromised growth and development of the child. The purpose of this study is to describe the nutritional condition and the corporal proportionality to the birth of children with congenital heart disease. Methods: A cross-sectional, retrospective study using data on the birth of children with congenital heart disease admitted to a cardiology service in the Northeast of Brazil between 2011 and 2014. The nutritional status was assessed by weight/age (W/A) indicators, length/age, weight/length, body mass index/age (BMI/A), ponderal index, cephalic perimeter. Results: A total of 117 patients were evaluated, being 60.7% male and 20.9% with cyanotic heart disease. It was found that 6.8% of the children were low birth weight. The nutritional indexes showed a 3.4% deficit in the W/A indicator, in weight/length 5.1%, for BMI/A 4.3% and length/age 7.8%. The ponderal index showed that 28.2% of the children were disproportionate at birth and 84.4% had a normal head circumference. Lower Z score values of W/A (p = 0.030) and BMI/A (p = 0.023) for cyanotic heart disease compared to other types of congenital heart diseases were observed in our study. Conclusions: Children with congenital heart disease had relatively preserved nutritional status at birth, with prevalence of nutritional disorders similar to those described in the literature.

Physical Growth Status and Feeding Methods of Chinese Infants With Cleft Lip With or Without Cleft Palate Under 1 Year of Age.

Objectives: Malnutrition is a characteristic feature of cleft lip with or without palate (CL/P). This study aims to retrospectively quantify the physical growth status, evaluate the feeding methods, and identify the possible correlation of CL/P types with growth failure.Methods: The length and weight of 508 infants with CL/P and 118 healthy infants were recorded at the date of admission. The weight-for-age (W/A), length-for-age (L/A), and body mass index-for-age (BMI) of the infants were calculated.Results: The L/A values were significantly lower in the infants with cleft lip (CL, 123 cases) and cleft lip with palate (CLP, 122 cases) than those of the control infants (p < 0.01). The W/A values of the infants with CP (263 cases) and CLP were significantly lower than those of the control infants (p < 0.05). However, the BMI index was not significantly different between any of the studied groups and the controls. In the mixed feeding group, the infants with CL and CP showed significantly lower L/A (p < 0.05) and W/A (p < 0.05), respectively.Conclusion: Physical growth issues were more common in the infants with CP and CLP. Because this was a retrospective study, the foods supplied to the patients were not strictly uniform, therefore, a prospective study with unified food supplement may be needed to confirm these findings.

Relationship between breakfast consumption, BMI status and physical fitness of Ghanaian school-aged children

BackgroundGood nutrition and physical activity of school-aged children are important for ensuring optimum growth and reducing obesity. This present study assessed associations between breakfast consumption, BMI-for-Age (BMI) and physical fitness in a cross-section of school-aged children attending government-owned primary schools in Kumasi, Ghana.MethodThe sample consisted of 438 pupils (boys = 213; girls = 225; mean age 11.1 ± 1.1), attending 10 randomly selected schools. Weight (kg), height (cm) and Mid Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) were measured for each participant, and BMI-for-age z-scores determined using the World Health Organisation (WHO) anthroplus software. Participants were stratified into thinness, normal weight, overweight/obese using WHO cut offs. Physical fitness was assessed using forward jump, left and right handgrips, flexibility, sit-ups and 50 metre run following standard procedures and converted to scores of 1 to 10 following Japanese standards, based on which percentiles were derived. Total fitness score for each pupil was computed by adding all scores. A questionnaire was used to assess meal intake patterns.ResultsThe mean BMI-for-age z-score for participants was − 0.24 ± 0.99. Thinness, normal weight and overweight/obesity were 2.7, 86.5, and 10.5% respectively among the pupils. Overweight was higher in girls (14.2%) compared to boys (4.2%), p = 0.003. Similarly, mean MUAC was significantly (p = 0.021) higher in the girls (22.0 ± 3.2 cm) than the boys (20.7 ± 7.3 cm). For physical fitness, the girls scored higher in forward jump (p < 0.0001), 50-m run (p = 0.002) and overall fitness score than the boys (21.0 ± 6.2 versus 19.2 ± 8.3, p = 0.012). However, a larger proportion of boys performed excellently and poorly than girls (p = 0.019). A positive correlation was observed between BMI z-score and hand grip (r = 0.21, p < 0.001), while sit up (r = − 0.11, p = 0.018) showed a negative correlation with BMI z-score. No other fitness test varied by BMI. Overweight children performed best in handgrip. Majority of children said they engaged in exercise (89.9%) and consumed breakfast (78.9%). Breakfast consumption was not associated with BMI z-score (x2 0.0359, p = 0.549) but non-breakfast consumers performed better in 50 m run compared to consumers (7.0 seconds ± 2.3 vrs 6.3 seconds ± 2.5, p = 0.022). Children who reported to exercise were physically fitter than those who did not.ConclusionUnderweight levels were low while overweight was over 10% in these children. Girls were more than 3 times affected by overweight than boys, and were also physically fitter than boys. Breakfast consumption was not related to weight or fitness.

Abstract P484: The Role of Excessive Body Weight in Hypertension Risk Among Youth

Objective: To determine the hypertension risk associated with elevated body mass index (BMI) for age in children. Study design: In a retrospective cohort of 706,903 children ages 3-18 years in an integrated health care system in Southern California between 2008 and 2017, Cox proportional hazard models with age as time scale were fitted to assess the risk of hypertension (based on 2017 Blood Pressure Guidelines by the American Academy of Pediatrics using 3 blood pressures of independent consecutive visits), by baseline BMI-for-age category (starting at their first available BMI) and BMI change over time, adjusted for sex, race, socioeconomic status and baseline year. Children were followed up until end of membership, onset of hypertension, death, or end of study period. Results: During 3,121,299 person-years, we identified 19,158 youth with incident hypertension. The adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for hypertension was 0.842 (95%CI 0.755, 0.938) for children with a baseline BMI-for-age &lt;5th percentile, 0.864 (95%CI 0.814, 0.917) for 5-39th percentile, 1.00 (reference) for 40-59th percentile, 1.216 (95%CI 1.153, 1.282) for 60-84th percentile, 1.721 (95%CI 1.629, 1.817) for 85-94th percentile, 2.418 (95%CI 2.261, 2.586) for 95-96th percentile, and 3.816 (95%CI 3.624, 4.019) for ≥97th percentile. The adjusted HR for change in BMI over time was 1.095 (95%CI 1.090, 1.100) per kg/m2. Conclusions: In this large cohort study, we found that even moderate elevations in BMI-for age percentile conferred an increased risk of hypertension in children. Results also indicate an escalation of hypertension risk as BMI increased over time. Our results suggest that normal body weight in children ranging from the 5th to the 85th percentile of BMI-for-age and modest increases in BMI over time may increase the risk for hypertension.

PREVALENCE OF INSULIN RESISTANCE AND ASSOCIATION WITH METABOLIC RISK FACTORS AND FOOD CONSUMPTION IN ADOLESCENTS - RECIFE/BRAZIL.

ABSTRACTObjective: To identify the prevalence of insulin resistance in adolescents and its associations with metabolic factors and food intake.Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted with a stratified, complex, school-based sample. The subjects were adolescents (n=1,081) who participated in the Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents in the city of Recife (Pernambuco, Brazil). We analyzed demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral, anthropometric, biochemical, and dietary variables. Insulin resistance was defined as HOMA-IR>75th percentile. A Poisson multivariate regression model with robust variance adjustment was used, and variables with p≤0.05 in the final model were considered statistically associated with insulin resistance.Results: Median age was 14 years (interquartile range: 13-16 years), and 25.3% of the sample showed insulin resistance. The variables associated with insulin resistance in the final model were age, body mass index-for-age (BMI/A), biochemical markers (triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) and saturated fat intake, with insulin resistance being more prevalent in individuals whose consumption of this type of fat was below the median of the sample distribution.Conclusions: Insulin resistance was prevalent in the adolescents analyzed and was significantly associated with metabolic variables and saturated fat intake.

Prevalence of overweight, obesity, and associated risk factors in healthy female adolescents in Tehran, Iran.

Obesity is an important health concern worldwide and is a growing problem in Iran. Adolescent obesity has a major role in development of adulthood obesity and its complications. The present study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and associated risk factors in female adolescents living in Tehran, Iran. This cross-sectional study was carried out among 2,132 female adolescents aged 14-17 years in Tehran recruited between 2017 and 2018. Weight and height were measured and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Underweight, overweight, and obesity were considered as < 5th, ≥ 85th, and ≥ 95th percentile, respectively, of CDC BMI-for age and sex criteria. Adolescents and their mothers filled in the questionnaires on physical activity, computer use, duration of breastfeeding, total sleep time, and family socioeconomic status. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 22.0 software. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The overall prevalence rates of overweight and obesity were 24.1% and 6.5%, respectively. The prevalences of overweight and obesity were highest in the South District (28.9% and 7.7%, respectively) and were lowest in the North District (19.1% and 5.2%, respectively). There were significant differences in physical activity level (P < 0.001), total sleep time (P < 0.001), duration of breastfeeding (P < 0.01), and daily computer use (P < 0.001) among the four groups (underweight, normal, overweight, and obese). Regarding the socioeconomic status, parental education level and economic status were significantly higher in those who had normal weight compared to other weight groups (in both, P < 0.001). This study showed that overweight and obesity among female adolescents in Tehranhave become a major public health concern. Level of physical activity, computer use, sleep duration, breastfeeding duration, levels of parental education, and economic status were associated with overweight and obesity prevalence.

Effect of consuming lactogenic biscuits formulated with banana (Musa x paradisiaca) flower flour on expressed breast milk (EBM) among lactating working women

The most common reasons given for breastfeeding discontinuation among working women is insufficient or low milk supply which related to physiological and psychological factors. In this case, natural galactagogue is suggested as an alternative for lactating women to augment expressed breast milk supply, instead of using drugs as a milk booster. This study investigated the banana flower of Musa x paradisiaca for its galactogenic property on lactating working women. Formulations containing banana flower flour (BFF) and wheat flour with ratio of 50:50 were consumed by randomised lactating working women. A total of 58 mother-infant pairs were assigned to two groups which were placebo group (n=29) who consumed plain biscuits (without addition of BFF) and experimental group (n=29) who consumed prototype biscuits. Expressed breast milk (EBM), anthropometric indices of mothers and infants were recorded before and after the consumption of the biscuits. The result showed that EBM volume after consuming lactogenic biscuits among experimental group was significantly higher compared to placebo groups. The index of mother’s BMI change after the intervention was not statistically significantly different between the two groups (p&gt;0.05). However, the BMI for age index after the intervention was significantly different among the infants (p&lt;0.05), which means that lactogenic biscuit also contributes to the infants' growth status. The usage of banana flower as a galactagogue was useful to help increasing maternal milk production among lactating working women.

Impact of a community program for child malnutrition.

To evaluate the impact of a community program aimed at improving the children mal nutrition in a rural community of the State of Chiapas, Mexico, 2013. Des criptive study of the evaluation program from a secondary database of nutritional data registry of 113 children under five years of age in a rural area of Mexico. The intervention and the survey were carried out during 2013. Baseline and 4-month measurements were recorded. The World Health Organization (WHO) Anthro software was used to calculate nutritional status indicators. According to WHO guidelines, the following data were estimated: weight for age (W/A), height for age (H/A), weight for height (W/H), and Body mass index for age (BMI/A). Position and dispersion measures were calculated; Student's T-test, Kruskal-Wallis, and MacNemar test were used for paired data and linear regression. Between the beginning and the end, the median of the Z W/H went from -0.7 (p25 -1.24, p75 -0.01) to -0.62 (p25 -1.09, p75 -0.15). The prevalence of low weight decreased from 5.31% (CI 2.38-11.44) to 4.42% (CI 1.83-10.32) (Z BMI/A). The appropriate weight according to Z score W/H increased from 78.76% (CI 70.12-85.43) to 84.96% (76.98-90.51). In the subgroup with low initial weight, the mean of Z BMI/A and Z W/H increased 0.4 (p = 0.003). The change in the mean of Z W/H was 0.02 points in the subgroup that received the direct transfer program and of -0.3 in which it did not (p = 0.020). It is concluded that the community program during the four months of implementation contributed to improve some anthropometric indicators, although no apparent effects were found in indicators related to chronic malnutrition.

Effectiveness of modified health belief model-based intervention to reduce body mass index for age in overweight junior high school students in Thailand

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to determine the effectiveness of a modified HBM-based intervention to reduce body mass index (BMI) for age in overweight junior high school students.Design/methodology/approachA cluster-randomized controlled trial was conducted in the first and second years of a junior high school in the center of Thailand. In total, 24 classrooms were randomly assigned to a modified health belief model intervention arm (HBMIA), and 24 classrooms were randomly assigned to a traditional school health education arm (control). In total, 479 students who were overweight (BMI forage = median +1 SD, aged 12–15 years) participated in the study. The HBMIA used the health belief model (HBM) as a motivator for behavioral strategies that included modifying diet and participating in physical activity. BMI, health knowledge and behavior for preventing obesity were recorded at baseline and at six months. A multilevel regression model was performed to calculate mean difference between HBMIA and control group.FindingsThe students who participated in the HBMIA showed a decrease in BMI of 1.76 kg/m2, while those who participated in the control showed an increase in BMI of 1.13 kg/m2, with a mean difference of –2.88 kg/m2(95% CI =–3.01 to –2.75), an improvement in health knowledge (mean difference 27.28; 95% CI =26.15–28.41) and an improvement in health behavior (mean difference 23.54; 95% CI =22.60–24.48).Originality/valueA modified HBM-based intervention to reduce BMI for age is effective in overweight junior high school students.

Pola makan dan indikator lemak tubuh pada remaja

Background : Previous studies has focused on intakes of individual nutrients and/or foods or food groups to specific effect on health, but there were still not clear about the effect of dieting pattern and food choice to overweight/obesity indicators like BMI-for Age, fat percentage, waist circumference and waist to height ratio and which food group has the most effect to obesity indicators.Objective: This study examined the association of meal pattern to BMI-for Age, fat percentage, waist circumference and waist to height ratio.Methods: This cross sectional study involved 738 individuals aged 15-18 years old adolescents in public school in Kota Yogyakarta. Height and waist circumference were measured by microtoise and metline. Weight and fat percentage were measured by hand-to-foot BIA. BMI-for–age were determined by WHO Antroplus. Dieting pattern was determined by self-reported questionnaire food frequency questionaire which consisted of 91-food item. Data were analyzed by t-test, and linier regression and multiple regression.Results: Overweight and obese were present in 13.41% and 5.43% subjects. In linear regression analysis, legumes, one dish meal, snacks, and sweetened beverages were negatively associated to BMI for age, waist circumference, waist to height ratio and fat pecentage (p&lt;0.05). While in food items analysis, legumes, snacks and sweetened beverages were associated with the increase of waist circumference and fat percentage, while milk and soft drink as protective factor to the increase of fat percentage (-1.70 (-2.40;-1.00); -1.68 (-2.78;-0.58)).Conclusion: In a conclusion, increase in BMI for age and waist circumference are more affected by the intake of high frequency of macronutrients, while increase in fat percentage were associated with sweetened beverages consumption.

Optimisation of children z-score calculation based on new statistical techniques.

BackgroundExpressing anthropometric parameters (height, weight, BMI) as z-score is a key principle in the clinical assessment of children and adolescents. The Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) growth charts and the CDC-LMS method for z-score calculation are widely used to assess growth and nutritional status, though they can be imprecise in some percentiles.ObjectiveTo improve the accuracy of z-score calculation by revising the statistical method using the original data used to develop current z-score calculators.DesignA Gaussian Process Regressions (GPR) was designed and internally validated. Z-scores for weight-for-age (WFA), height-for-age (HFA) and BMI-for-age (BMIFA) were compared with WHO and CDC-LMS methods in 1) standard z-score cut-off points, 2) simulated population of 3000 children and 3) real observations 212 children aged 2 to 18 yo.ResultsGPR yielded more accurate calculation of z-scores for standard cut-off points (p<<0.001) with respect to CDC-LMS and WHO approaches. WFA, HFA and BMIFA z-score calculations based on the 3 different methods using simulated and real patients, showed a large variation irrespective of gender and age. Z-scores around 0 +/- 1 showed larger variation than the values above and below +/- 2.ConclusionThe revised z-score calculation method was more accurate than CDC-LMS and WHO methods for standard cut-off points. On simulated and real data, GPR based calculation provides more accurate z-score determinations, and thus, a better classification of patients below and above cut-off points. Statisticians and clinicians should consider the potential benefits of updating their calculation method for an accurate z-score determination.

Pizza and Hamburger Consumption to Overweight among Adolescents in Jambi City

Junk food is unhealthy and poor in nutrient quality, and may result in weight gain, obesity and coronary heart disease, if consumed regularly. The prevalence of adolescents in the overweight category is 5-10% higher in urban areas. Adolescents undergo lifestyle changes, including in food consumption behavior. This study aimed to determine the relationship between junk food consumption patterns and weight gain in adolescents. This study was conducted based on a cross-sectional design. A total of 137 high school students in Jambi City were involved in this study. Patterns of junk food consumption were assessed using food frequency questionnaires that examined the eating habits of study subjects. The variables were sex, maternal education, parents’ occupation, and family’s socio-economic level. Analysis was conducted using the chi-square test and multiple logistic regression. Nutritional status was measured using body mass index-for-age (BMI/A) with WHO Antro software. The results of this study indicated a 23.4% prevalence of overweight adolescents. After controlling for maternal education, father’s occupation, instant noodle eating habits, and tea, coffee and cookies consumption, our final model showed that consumption of pizza and hamburgers among adolescents was the dominant determinant for weight gain (OR=3.55). Consumption of pizza and hamburger was related to weight gain among adolescents in Jambi City.

Nursing Students’ Knowledge Toward Genetic Topics: A Cross-Sectional Study in Central Java, Indonesia

This cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity among secondary school children in the city of Mashhad, Iran and its association with dietary patterns. A total of 1189 secondary school children (579 males and 610 females) aged 12- 14 years old were selected through a stratified multistage random sampling. All adolescents were measured for weight and height. Household socio-demographic information were self-reported by parents. Adolescents were classified as overweight or obese based on BMI-for age Z-score. Dietary patterns were assessed using a validated Iranian food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) included 121 food items. The principal component factor analysis (PCA) was applied to derive dietary patterns, and Logistic Regression (LR) was applied to examine the association between dietary pattern and adolescents BMI. The overall prevalence of overweight and obesity among the study population was 17.2% and 11.9%, respectively. The PCA analysis revealed the presence of two dietary patterns that were labeled as ‘Healthy dietary pattern’ (HP), and ‘Unhealthy dietary pattern’ (UP). LR analysis showed that HP was significantly associated with BMI (OR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.124-1.47). Similarly, UP was significantly associated with BMI (OR: 0.861, 95% CI: .725-.968). In Iran, nutritional transition has taken place in the context of urbanization and has changed lifestyle, and dietary patterns. Policies must be formulated and circulated in the society to reach every family in the form of healthy dietary pattern.

Dietary Patterns as a Predictive Factor for Overweight and Obesity Among Secondary School Children in Mashhad, Iran

This cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity among secondary school children in the city of Mashhad, Iran and its association with dietary patterns. A total of 1189 secondary school children (579 males and 610 females) aged 12- 14 years old were selected through a stratified multistage random sampling. All adolescents were measured for weight and height. Household socio-demographic information were self-reported by parents. Adolescents were classified as overweight or obese based on BMI-for age Z-score. Dietary patterns were assessed using a validated Iranian food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) included 121 food items. The principal component factor analysis (PCA) was applied to derive dietary patterns, and Logistic Regression (LR) was applied to examine the association between dietary pattern and adolescents BMI. The overall prevalence of overweight and obesity among the study population was 17.2% and 11.9%, respectively. The PCA analysis revealed the presence of two dietary patterns that were labeled as ‘Healthy dietary pattern’ (HP), and ‘Unhealthy dietary pattern’ (UP). LR analysis showed that HP was significantly associated with BMI (OR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.124-1.47). Similarly, UP was significantly associated with BMI (OR: 0.861, 95% CI: .725-.968). In Iran, nutritional transition has taken place in the context of urbanization and has changed lifestyle, and dietary patterns. Policies must be formulated and circulated in the society to reach every family in the form of healthy dietary pattern

High Reliability Care: At the Intersection of Policy and Practice

This cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity among secondary school children in the city of Mashhad, Iran and its association with dietary patterns. A total of 1189 secondary school children (579 males and 610 females) aged 12- 14 years old were selected through a stratified multistage random sampling. All adolescents were measured for weight and height. Household socio-demographic information were self-reported by parents. Adolescents were classified as overweight or obese based on BMI-for age Z-score. Dietary patterns were assessed using a validated Iranian food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) included 121 food items. The principal component factor analysis (PCA) was applied to derive dietary patterns, and Logistic Regression (LR) was applied to examine the association between dietary pattern and adolescents BMI. The overall prevalence of overweight and obesity among the study population was 17.2% and 11.9%, respectively. The PCA analysis revealed the presence of two dietary patterns that were labeled as ‘Healthy dietary pattern’ (HP), and ‘Unhealthy dietary pattern’ (UP). LR analysis showed that HP was significantly associated with BMI (OR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.124-1.47). Similarly, UP was significantly associated with BMI (OR: 0.861, 95% CI: .725-.968). In Iran, nutritional transition has taken place in the context of urbanization and has changed lifestyle, and dietary patterns. Policies must be formulated and circulated in the society to reach every family in the form of healthy dietary pattern.

Effects of prenatal oxidative stress levels on fetal programming: Results from the NELA birth cohort

Introduction The Developmental Origins of Health and Diseases (DOHaD) hypothesis states that both the pre- and postnatal environments shape health and disease later in life. Prenatal oxidative stress can have long term health consequences in the offspring through developmental programming, including an increased risk of adiposity; however studies in humans are limited. We aim to investigate the effects of prenatal oxidative stress levels on birth size measures used as proxies of fetal adiposity development. Methods Data come from the Nutrition and Early Life Asthma (NELA) study, a population-based birth cohort set up in 2015 in Spain. Maternal fasting blood samples were drawn at 24 weeks of gestation and newborn cord blood samples were collected at birth to analyze for oxidative stress markers, including protein carbonyl (protein oxidation), hydroperoxides (lipid oxidation), and 8-hydroxy-2’ -deoxyguanosine (DNA oxidation). Maternal and newborn antioxidant status was assessed by glutathione peroxidase, catalase, the trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), and the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP). In addition, vitamin A and E levels were assessed as a measured of exogenous antioxidant markers. In multivariable regression models we assessed the association between maternal and newborn biomarkers with birth size measures including weight and length-derived anthropometric indicators: weight-for-age z score, weight-for-length z score, and BMI-for age z score as proxies of body composition; skinfold thickness as a proxy for subcutaneous adiposity; and length z score, which is considered as a proxy for lean mass. Results Maternal and newborn FRAP, TEAC and protein carbonyl levels were positively correlated (correlation coefficients range 0.45–0.63, P-values Conclusions Fetal antioxidant capacity and exogenous antioxidant levels (i.e. vitamin A) may influence body composition at birth. These results could help to unravel the link between prenatal oxidative stress with fetal programming and long term health consequences for the offspring. In addition, the results will shed new light on prenatal factors that may perturb maternal and fetal oxidative stress status providing new insights of the biological pathways central to fetal programming.

Maternal smoking during pregnancy and early development of overweight and growth deficit in children: an analysis of survival

Abstract Objectives: to evaluate the association between smoking during pregnancy and nutritional status. Methods: cohort study with a sample of 460 children in the baseline. The children were assessed four times, being measured for weight and length to be converted in indexes length forage (L/A) and body mass index forage (BMI/A) in Z-score. The time until occurrence of growth deficit and overweight was calculated in days and compared to maternal smoking during pregnancy. To assess the association between smoking during pregnancy and the outcomes, a Hazard Ratio by Cox regression was obtained, adjusting by confounding variables selected from Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAG). Results: the time until occurrence of growth deficit and overweight was lower in children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy. Smoking during pregnancy was a risk factor for length deficit (HR = 2.84; CI95% = 1.42 to 5.70) and for overweight (HR = 1.96; CI95% = 1, 09 to 3.53), even after the adjustment. Conclusions: maternal smoking was a changeable factor associated with anthropometric outcomes, which demonstrates the need for actions to combat smoking during pregnancy in order to prevent early nutritional deviations.