Body Mass Index Fat Research Articles

Differences in Cardiopulmonary Fitness Between Boy and Girls With Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot.

ObjectiveMany studies have demonstrated that patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot (rTOF) have generally poorer cardiopulmonary fitness (CPF). However, little is known about how the disease results in different CPF in each sex. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether sex (and gender) differences affect CPF in children and adolescents with rTOF.MethodsThis retrospective study recruited adolescents and children (aged 10–18) with rTOF following an acute stage of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) who received cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) in the past 10 years. CPF was determined by symptom-limited CPET with a treadmill under ramped Bruce protocol. Boys and girls were categorized into groups based on body mass index (BMI) and fat mass index (FMI). The BMI was grouped by Taiwanese obesity cutoff points. The FMI was categorized by the body fat percentage. Excess adiposity was defined as (1) “overweight” and “obese” by BMI and (2) greater than the sex- and age-specific 75th percentile of whole subjects by FMI.ResultsA total of 185 participants (104 boys and 81 girls) with rTOF were recruited for the final analysis. Within the BMI category, 76 boys and 63 girls were in the normal group, whereas 28 boys and 18 girls were in the excessive adiposity group. Within the FMI category, 77 boys and 60 girls were in the normal group, whereas 27 boys and 21 girls were in the excessive adiposity group. The analysis of the body composition of rTOF subjects showed that there was no statistically significant difference between the subgroups of the two sexes, but both showed a smaller body size than normal Taiwanese children. When comparing the CPF within different BMI and FMI groups, the children in the excessive adiposity group had significantly lower values in metabolic equivalents (MET) at anaerobic threshold, peak MET, and measured peak oxygen consumption (VO2) to predicted peak VO2, regardless of sex. Moreover, boys (60.90%) presented poorer CPF than girls (74.22%, p < 0.001).ConclusionIn Taiwan, patients with rTOF had poorer CPF than healthy peers. This study found that girls with rTOF had better CPF than boys with rTOF. The effect of gender stereotypes on sports participation and self-efficacy might be one of the contributing factors; however, further investigations are warranted to determine the causal effect.

Effect of a six-week times restricted eating intervention on the body composition in early elderly men with overweight

The main aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness of time-restricted eating (TRE) in reducing body fat and lowering body mass index in early elderly men with overweight (65–74 years). An additional goal was to determine the feasibility of applying TRE for extensive use in elderly men. This study included a group of 46 healthy men (EXP = 23 persons, CON = 23 persons). The six-week intervention in the experimental group involved complete abstinence from food intake for 16 h per day, from 08:00 to 12:00 p.m. After the intervention, the body weight decreased in the EXP group (− 1.92 kg) with a 95% CI (1.14–2.70) compared to the CON group. There was also a decrease in the Visceral fat mass (− 0.64 l) with 95% CI (0.46–0.82) and in the waist circumference (− 3.11 cm) with 95% CI (1.89–4.33) in the EXP group compared to the CON group. The skeletal muscle mass did not change significantly. There was no significant change in the control group, either. The application of TRE in early elderly overweight men resulted in positive changes in body composition and visceral fat. All participants succeed in the prescribed diet plan, which shows that TRE is easy to maintain for early elderly overweight men and may become an essential obesity treatment tool in these age groups.

Markers of obesity in Danish pediatric liver transplantation recipients.

Long-time survivors of pediatric liver transplantation have an increased incidence of the metabolic syndrome. Adult recipients have an increased risk of post-transplantation obesity; however, pediatric data are limited. The study included 42 recipients of pediatric liver transplantation in Denmark, transplanted between 1990 and 2014. The study participants were examined with anthropometric measures, dual-energy X-ray scans and blood samples. From the anthropometric measures, body mass index (BMI) and BMI standard deviation score (SDS) were calculated. From the dual-energy X-ray scans, fat percent was assessed, and body fat mass index (BFMI) was calculated. The median age was 17.4 years (range 4.1-38.9) at the time of the study, and the median time since transplantation was 8.5 years (range 0.4-23.9). The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 31.0% based on BMI SDS (age below 18) and BMI (age 18 and above). When compared to the participants with normal weight, the participants with overweight and obesity had a higher BFMI (9.29 vs 5.57 kg/m2 , p< .001) and fat percent (38.35% vs 29.50%, p= .006). They had higher levels of total cholesterol (4.3 vs 3.6 mmol/L, p= .023) and low-density lipoprotein (2.5 vs 1.7, p= .015), and had had longer time since transplantation (15.6 vs 8.5 years respectively, p= .045). Long-time survivors of pediatric liver transplantation have a higher BMI or BMI SDS than the general pediatric population. The obesity is characterized by a higher BFMI, fat percent, and cholesterols levels, when compared to recipients without overweight or obesity.

Immunoprotecting Effects of Exercise Program against Ovarian Cancer: A Single-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial.

Simple SummaryThe impact of exercise on the immune system is pleiotropic, and our knowledge about how exercise-triggered mechanisms affect cancer risk and progression is incomplete. Although several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the protective effect of exercise against cancer, there is a lack of experimental evidence in cancer survivors, which is related to immunity. In addition, no specific mechanism has been proposed for exercise-induced suppression of cancer cells through improving innate immunity in ovarian cancer survivors. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of regular exercise training on physical fitness, including body composition and innate immunocytes, in ovarian cancer survivors.Exercise is known to help the immune function of cancer survivors after cancer cell removal, but there is little information about the effect of exercise on ovarian cancer survivors. We conducted this study to investigate the effects of exercise training on the physical fitness and innate immunity of ovarian cancer survivors (OCS). Twenty-seven OCS between forty-two and sixty-one years of age volunteered for this study. The participants were divided into a control group (COG, n = 15) and an exercise group (EXG, n = 12). The mean (SD) age was 51.07 (5.67) years, and the mean post-operation period was 45.96 (5.88) months. EXG participated in regular exercise training 6 days a week for 12 weeks. Body weight, fat mass, and body mass index of EXE were significantly decreased compared with those of COG. The muscle mass in EXE was increased compared to that of COG. Physical fitness factors showed positive changes in EXG compared to COG. We found that exercise training enhanced lymphocyte and neutrophil counts of leucocytes and total natural killer (NK) and natural killer T (NKT) cell counts of lymphocytes through improved body composition and physical fitness after 12 weeks. Moreover, we found that improved innate immune cells through the exercise program were achieved through an increase in NKG2D+NK receptors and a decrease in KIR2DL3+NK receptors in OCS.

A cutoff value for body composition on the severity of locomotive syndrome in Japanese older women: A cross-sectional study

We aimed to investigate the relationship between body compositions and locomotive syndrome in older women and derive body composition cutoff values to evaluate locomotive syndrome severity. In total, 236 women were included in this study. The percentage of body fat and skeletal muscle mass index was measured using multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis. The locomotive syndrome severity (stage 0–3) was determined using the standup test, the two-step test, and a self-administered questionnaire. The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis indicated that the cutoff value for body fat percentage was 33.1% for locomotive syndrome stage 1 in women. This finding may aid in designing exercise and nutritional interventions to prevent locomotive syndrome in older women.

Analysis of the relationship between serum alanine aminotransferase and body composition in Chinese women.

ObjectiveTo investigate the relationships between serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and body composition among postmenopausal women in China.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was conducted with 776 postmenopausal women in China from May to July 2008. Clinical information was collected using a standardized questionnaire. Measures of body composition were obtained using dual X‐ray absorptiometry. Body lean mass and fat mass indices were calculated by dividing total body lean/fat weight (kg) by body height squared (kg/m2). Blood samples were collected to assess liver and renal functions and lipid profiles. Analysis of variance, Pearson correlations, and multiple regression were used to analyze the associations between serum ALT and body composition.ResultsWe found negative relationships of serum ALT with age, menopause duration, and serum HDL‐C levels. Serum ALT was positively correlated with BMI, serum TG levels, and the lean mass index and fat mass index. In a multivariate model adjusted for age, menopause duration, serum TG, and HDL‐C levels, a 1‐unit increase in the fat mass index was associated with a 0.176 U/L increase in ALT (95% CI 0.020 to 0.050, P < 0.001).ConclusionSerum ALT was positively associated with the body fat mass index of postmenopausal women in China.

Impact of High-Intensity Interval Training on Body Composition and Depressive Symptoms in Adults under Home Confinement.

The home confinement derived from the COVID-19 pandemic has led to drastic changes in people’s habits. This situation has influenced their eating, rest, physical activity and socialization patterns, triggering changes in their mental stability. It was demonstrated that physical activity is beneficial for people’s physical and mental health. By its moderate volume and requiring little space or material, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) could prove to be a valid alternative in a situation of confinement. The aim of the present study was to observe the impact of an 8-week HIIT protocol on the body composition and the depressive symptoms of adults in strict home confinement. A total of 21 healthy adults, both male and female, (35.4 ± 5.6 years old; 70.50 ± 12.1 kg; 171 ± 10 cm) were divided into an experimental group (EG, n = 11) who carried out an 8-week Tabata protocol, based upon calisthenic exercises with their own weight in their homes, and a control group (CG, n = 10) who did not carry out any systematic physical activity over the same period. Following the intervention, the EG experienced a significant reduction in percentage (t = 3.86, d = 0.57, p < 0.05) and in kg (t = 4.62, d = 0.29, p < 0.05) of body fat mass (BFM) and body fat mass index (BFMI) (t = 4.61, d = 0.31, p < 0.05), as well as a reduction in depressive symptoms (t = 6.48, d = 1.3, p < 0.05). These results indicate that HIIT is a potential public health tool that could possibly be prescribed to the population in case of future situations of home confinement.

The Influence of FTO, FABP2, LEP, LEPR, and MC4R Genes on Obesity Parameters in Physically Active Caucasian Men.

Obesity is a complex multifactorial abnormality that has a well-confirmed genetic basis. However, the problem still lies in identifying the polymorphisms linked to body mass and composition. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze associations between FTO (rs9939609), FABP2 (rs1799883), and LEP (rs2167270), LEPR (rs1137101), and MC4R (rs17782313) polymorphisms and obesity-related parameters. Unrelated Caucasian males (n = 165) were recruited. All participants had similar physical activity levels. The participants were divided into two groups depending on their body mass index (BMI) and fat mass index (FMI). All samples were genotyped using real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR). When tested individually, only one statistically significant result was found. The FTO A/T polymorphism was significantly associated with FMI (p = 0.01). The chance of having increased FMI was >2-fold higher for the FTO A allele carriers (p < 0.01). Gene–gene interaction analyses showed the additional influence of all investigated genes on BMI and FMI. In summary, it was demonstrated that harboring the FTO A allele might be a risk factor for elevated fat mass. Additionally, this study confirmed that all five polymorphisms are involved in the development of common obesity in the studied population and the genetic risk of obesity is linked to the accumulation of numerous variants.

MO937: Relationship Between Nutritional Status and Zonulin Level in Patients With End-Stage Renal Disease on Dialysis

Abstract BACKGROUND AND AIMS Protein energy wasting (PEW) is currently considered as one of the most important and independent predictors of an unfavourable prognosis in patients receiving haemodialysis treatment. The insufficient intake of nutrients and energy can be related to the ̏leaky gut̎ syndrome. Zonulin secretion has been shown to be dependent and is followed by an increase in gut permeability secondary to the disassembly of the protein ZO-1 from the tight junctional complex. Thus, the serum zonulin level may be considered as a biomarker of impaired intestinal barrier function. Тhe aim of our study was to evaluate the relationship between PEW and intestinal permeability, estimated by the level of serum zonulin, in patients receiving hemodialysis treatment. METHOD This was a case-control study involving 148 participants (123 haemodialysis patients and 25 control subjects). Patients diagnosed with infectious illness, unstable blood pressure, clinically active gastrointestinal disease, past history of abdominal operation and taking antibacterial, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory and laxatives drugs were excluded. The presence of PEW was carried out by the International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism (ISRNM) diagnostic criteria, which requires that patients meet at least one criterion in three of the four proposed categories: altered biochemical laboratory tests, loss of body mass, loss of muscle mass and decreased protein or energy intake. Bioimpedance measurements were obtained with an InBody720 equipment (Biospace, Korea). Plasma concentration of zonulin was assessed by ELISA using commercially available kit (BlueGene Biotech, Shanghai, China). RESULTS This study included 123 (75 men and 48 women) clinically stable patients undergoing haemodialysis in our centre. The average age was 59 years (49–67 years), and the mean duration of dialysis treatment was 36 (24–53) months. Given the absence of generally accepted reference values for serum zonulin levels, haemodialysis patients parameters were compared with the data of 25 healthy volunteers (13 men and 12 women) with an average age of 49 years (41.5–55). Zonulin level was significantly higher in the haemodialysis patients as compared with the healthy control 236.1 (190.3–310.9) ng/mL versus 190.6 (156.3–231.4) ng/mL, P &amp;lt; 0.01. Of the total population, 27 patients (22%) met the diagnostic criteria of PEW. The subgroup analysis between those with PEW and without PEW showed a statistically significant difference in serum zonulin concentration: 311.1 (282.6–406) versus 223.7 (182.8–271) ng/mL, respectively, P &amp;lt; 0.0001. Among subjects with PEW, there was a significant correlation between zonulin level and serum albumin (r = –0.404; P = 0.018), body mass index (r = –0.281; P = 0.021), body fat mass index (r = –0.55; P = 0.019), skeletal muscle mass index (r = –0.395; P = 0.007), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (r = 0.199; P = 0.04) and C-reactive protein (r = 0.642; P &amp;lt; 0.001). In the meantime, there was no significant interaction between zonulin and age, duration of dialysis treatment, Kt/V, shoulder muscle circumference, triceps skinfold, haemoglobin, total cholesterol, transferrin and lymphocyte levels (all P-values &amp;gt; 0.05). CONCLUSION Our study shows that PEW in haemodialysis patients could be associated with the increased intestinal permeability. Thus, different strategies that attenuate intestinal barrier disruption may be a potential therapeutic tool for the prevention and treatment of PEW. Limitation of the present study was the limited sample of participants, which probably influenced the significance of statistical tests. Further clinical studies are needed in a larger population as well as their prospective follow-up to enhance the understanding of this topic.

Differences between Treadmill and Cycle Ergometer Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Results in Triathletes and Their Association with Body Composition and Body Mass Index.

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is the method of choice to assess aerobic fitness. Previous research was ambiguous as to whether treadmill (TE) and cycle ergometry (CE) results are transferrable or different between testing modalities in triathletes. The aim of this paper was to investigate the differences in HR and VO2 at maximum exertion between TE and CE, at anaerobic threshold (AT) and respiratory compensation point (RCP) and evaluate their association with body fat (BF), fat-free mass (FFM) and body mass index (BMI). In total, 143 adult (n = 18 female), Caucasian triathletes had both Tr and CE CPET performed. The male group was divided into <40 years (n = 80) and >40 years (n = 45). Females were aged between 18 and 46 years. Body composition was measured with bioelectrical impedance before tests. Differences were evaluated using paired t-tests, and associations were evaluated in males using multiple linear regression (MLR). Significant differences were found in VO2 and HR at maximum exertion, at AT and at RCP between CE and TE testing, in both males and females. VO2AT was 38.8 (±4.6) mL/kg/min in TE vs. 32.8 (±5.4) in CE in males and 36.0 (±3.6) vs. 32.1 (±3.8) in females (p < 0.001). HRAT was 149 (±10) bpm in TE vs. 136 (±11) in CE in males and 156 (±7) vs. 146 (±11) in females (p < 0.001). VO2max was 52 (±6) mL/kg/min vs. 49 (±7) in CE in males and 45.3 (±4.9) in Tr vs. 43.9 (±5.2) in females (p < 0.001). HRmax was 183 (±10) bpm in TE vs. 177 (±10) in CE in males and 183 (±9) vs. 179 (±10) in females (p < 0.001). MLR showed that BMI, BF and FFM are significantly associated with differences in HR and VO2 at maximum, AT and RCP in males aged >40. Both tests should be used independently to achieve optimal fitness assessments and further training planning.

Comparative study of nutritional status, body composition and eating practices in two high schools students

Blackground: The prevalence of Overweight and Obesity is a public health problem that affects the adolescent population. Healthy eating practices are optimized with motivation, resources and knowledge and thus favor growth, physical and mental development. Unhealthy eating practices can induce different types of nutritional disorders. Objective: Determine the relationship between eating practices, body mass index, and body fat composition in students from two public and private high schools. Methodology: 500 students participated, the instruments used CVUJU-R and CAR, assesses eating practices, sociodemographic variables and by anthropometry: mass index and body fat composition, for statistical analysis Student’s t, ANOVA, Pearson p&lt;.05 was used. Results. It was observed that they consume a variety of foods 1 to 3 times a week (47.6% to 67%), more than half do not practice a healthy diet related to motivation, knowledge and resources. They present a body mass index with: overweight (30.2%) and obesity (12%) when buying the body fat composition was higher: overweight (32%) and obesity due to adiposity (47%) in private high school women. The higher proportion in body fat composition and lower in body mass index stand out in the mean score. Contrasting the relationships: educational establishment, sex, age, percentage of body fat and body mass index was significant p=&lt;. 05. Discussion. Studies report unhealthy eating behaviors in overweight and obese populations as well as an increase in fat mass composition. Conclusions. The conditions show, dietary risk and standards to evaluate body mass composition. Strengthen nursing interventions to promote healthy eating behaviors in adolescents.

Differences in nutritional status between rural and urban Yucatec Maya children: The importance of early life conditions

Early‐life conditions shape childhood growth and are affected by urbanization and the nutritional transition. To investigate how early‐life conditions (across the “first” and “second” 1000 days) are associated with rural and urban children's nutritional status, we analyzed anthropometric data from Maya children in Yucatan, Mexico. We collected weight, height and triceps skinfold measures, then computed body mass and fat mass indices (BMI/FMI), in a cross‐sectional sample of 6‐year‐olds (urban n = 72, rural n = 66). Demographic, socioeconomic and early‐life variables (birthweight/mode, rural/urban residence, household crowding) were collected by maternal interview. We statistically analyzed rural‐urban differences in demographic, socioeconomic, early‐life, and anthropometric variables, then created linear mixed models to evaluate associations between early‐life variables and child anthropometric outcomes. Two‐way interactions were tested between early‐life variables and child sex, and between early‐life variables and rural‐urban residence. Results showed that rural children were shorter‐statured, with lower overweight/obesity and cesarean delivery rates, compared to urban children. Household crowding was a negative predictor of anthropometric outcomes; the strongest effect was in boys and in urban children. Birthweight positively predicted anthropometric outcomes, especially weight/BMI. Birth mode was positively (not statistically) associated with any anthropometric outcome. Cesarean delivery was more common in boys than in girls, and predicted increased height in urban boys. In conclusion, urbanization and household crowding were the most powerful predictors of Maya 6‐year‐old anthropometry. The negative effects of crowding may disproportionately affect Maya boys versus girls and urban versus rural children. Early‐life conditions shape Maya children's nutritional status both in the “first” and “second” 1000 days.

Central obesity in low BMI as a risk factor for COVID-19 severity in South Indians.

South Asians are known to have excess adiposity at a lower body mass index, with truncal fat accumulation. Whether this confers higher risk to develop severe COVID-19 is not known. This study evaluated body mass index, body fat mass and waist circumference as risk factors for COVID-19 severity and its progression, in South Asian adults. Details of COVID-19 patients (19-90 years) were obtained prospectively, along with weight, height, waist circumference and body fat mass assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Binomial logistic and Poisson regression were performed to test associations between waist circumference, body fat mass and body mass index to evaluate the adjusted OR or relative risk for disease severity at admission and length of stay. After adjusting for age, sex, height and co-morbidities, body mass index >23 kg/m2 (adjusted OR 2.758, 95% CI 1.025, 7.427), waist circumference (adjusted OR 1.047, 95% CI 1.002, 1.093) and body fat mass (adjusted OR 1.111, 95% CI 1.013, 1.219) were associated with a significant risk for disease severity at admission, while only waist circumference (adjusted relative risk 1.004, 95% CI 1.001, 1.008), and body fat mass (adjusted relative risk 1.011, 95% CI 1.003, 1.018), were associated with a significantly longer length of stay. Body mass index, at a lower cut-off of >23 kg/m2, is a significant risk factor for COVID-19 disease severity in the group of patients studied. The waist circumference and body fat mass are also good indicators for both severity at admission and length of stay.

The Impact of Basic Police Training and Scale Diet on Body Composition and Aerobic Performance of Nepal Police Officers Trainees.

Executing their daily duties, police officers are expected to perform complex, physically demanding activities, often at maximal levels of exertion. Given these criteria, training must be rigorous enough to ensure that when trainees graduate, they are competent in their response to crisis and flexible enough to sustain this for the span of their career. The present study aimed to determine the impact of scale diet and physical training (SDPT) on body composition and aerobic performance among Nepal police officer trainees. We conducted a cross-sectional analytic study among 570 Nepal Police recruits from Nepal Police Academy of Butwal and Kathmandu. Null hypothesis was created followed by an alternative hypothesis. Alpha (1 - ?) for the above-mentioned study design were set. Parametric statistical analysis was done with criteria set for acceptance or rejection of the null hypothesis. We collected the data from the field as per Nepal police basic exercise and diet protocol to determine the effect of physical training and scale diet on body composition and aerobic performance. We enrolled all the recruits from March to May, 2019 who met the eligibility criteria in the study. We used Microsoft Excel 2013 for data entry and R program (version: 4.0.3) for statistical analysis. Results:There was a significant rise in aerobic performance (4.51 ± 3.39 ml/kg/min) and remarkable reduction in body fat (-4.49 ± 2.33 %) and Body Mass Index (-0.433 ± 1.00 kg/m2) after SDPT among participants with normal BMI at the time of recruitment. Body fat was significantly reduced (-4.36 ± 2.3%) and aerobic performance was significantly increased (6.93±4.70 ml/kg/min) among overweight participants at the time of recruitment. The methodology adopted in the physical training of Nepal Police was effective in reducing body mass index and fat, improving the physical capacity. . Key words: Scale Diet; Physical Training, Body Fat; Aerobic Performance; VO2max, Body Mass Index.

Changes in predicted lean body mass, appendicular skeletal muscle mass, and body fat mass and cardiovascular disease.

BackgroundLittle is known about the association of changes in two body components, muscle and fat mass, with the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among young adults. We investigated the association of changes in predicted lean body mass index (LBMI), appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI), and body fat mass index (BFMI) with the development of CVD among young adults.MethodsThis nationwide, population‐based cohort study included 3 727 738 young adults [2 406 046 (64.5%) men and 1 321 692 (35.5%) women] aged 20–39 years without a previous history of CVD who underwent two health screening examinations during 2009–2010 and 2011–2012. Using validated and robust prediction equations, we calculated the changes in predicted LBMI, ASMI, and BFMI from the first to the second examinations.ResultsThe mean (SD) age was 32.2 (4.9) years, and 2 406 046 (64.5%) of the participants were men. A total of 23 344 CVD events were detected during 22 257 632 person‐years of follow‐up. Each 1 kg/m2 increase in predicted LBMI and ASMI change was associated with a reduced risk of CVD among men [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR): 0.86, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.82–0.91; aHR: 0.76, 95% CI 0.69–0.82, respectively] and women (aHR: 0.77, 95% CI 0.63–0.95; aHR: 0.75, 95% CI 0.59–0.96). Each 1 kg/m2 increase in predicted BFMI change was associated with an increased risk of CVD among men (aHR: 1.16, 95% CI 1.10–1.22) and women (aHR: 1.32, 95% CI 1.06–1.65). In both sexes, decreases in predicted LBMI and ASMI were associated with greater CVD risk, and decreased predicted BFMI was associated with a reduced CVD risk. Those who maintained their BMI between −1 and +1 kg/m2 also had a decreased risk of CVD per 1 kg/m2 increase in predicted LBMI and ASMI change among men (aHR: 0.86, 95% CI 0.80–0.92; aHR: 0.85, 95% CI 0.76–0.95) and women (aHR: 0.62, 95% CI 0.47–0.83; aHR: 0.59, 95% CI 0.44–0.80) and had a greater risk of CVD per 1 kg/m2 increase in predicted BFMI change among men (aHR: 1.17, 95% CI 1.10–1.25) and women (aHR: 1.64, 95% CI 1.20–2.23). Regardless of changes in weight, such as from normal to obese or vice versa, these results were consistent.ConclusionsAmong young adults, increased predicted muscle mass or decreased predicted fat mass were associated with a reduced risk of development of CVD. Decreased predicted muscle mass or increased predicted fat mass were associated with an elevated risk of development of CVD.

Anthropometry, body composition, and athletic performance in specific field tests in Paralympic athletes with different disabilities

PurposeThe structural appearance of each disabled athlete or the shape of their body, as determined by their individual genotype and influenced by the environment, considerably affects their technical and physical performance. This study sought to examine the morphological characteristics of elite track and field athletes with different disabilities, including their possible effects on physical and physiological performance. MethodsA total of 66 male elite athletes with cerebral palsy (n = 12), upper arm amputation (n = 12), short stature (n = 20), or intellectual disability (n = 22) were included. For each athlete, height, weight, sitting height, arm span and four skin folds were assessed; ape index, body mass index, body fat percentage, fat mass, fat mass index and fat-free mass values were calculated; and vertical jump, drop jump, countermovement jump, squat jump, repeated sprint ability and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 tests were performed. ResultsSignificant differences were noticed between short stature and the other groups concerning morphological characteristics, however, the best motor performance was observed in amputees and, to a lesser degree, in short stature. In the top performing athletes, physical performance was significantly correlated with body mass index and fat mass index for amputees, and with arm span, ape index, body fat percentage and fat mass index for short stature. Regression analysis revealed that regardless of disability type, physical and physiological performance (except maximum heart rate) were significantly influenced primarily by adipose tissue-specific variables. A significant effect of height, weight, fat free mass, arm span, sitting height, and ape index on drop jump performance with left leg, maximal oxygen consumption, and maximum heart rate was also noticed. The type of disability affects performance in the squat jump and vertical jump tests, and to a lesser extent in the countermovement jump test.

Body composition in preschool children with short stature: a case-control study

BackgroundShort stature is defined as height below 2 standard deviations of the population with the same age, gender. This study is aimed to assess the characteristics of body composition in preschool children with short stature.MethodsAnthropometric measurements and body composition were assessed in 68 preschool children aged 3 to 6 years old with short stature and 68 normal controls matched on age and gender. Height, weight and body composition (total body water, protein, minerals, body fat mass, fat-free mass, soft lean mass, skeletal muscle mass, and bone mineral contents) in the two groups were measured and compared.ResultsThe total body water, protein, minerals, body fat mass, fat-free mass, soft lean mass, skeletal muscle mass, and bone mineral contents were lower in preschool children with short stature than controls (P < 0.05). Body mass index and fat mass index did not differ between groups. Fat-free mass index was significantly lower in short stature group than controls (t = 2.17, P = 0.03). Linear regression analysis showed that there was a positive correlation between height and fat-free mass index [β, 1.99 (0.59, 3.39), P = 0.01], a negative correlation between height and body fat percentage [β, − 0.20 (− 0.38, − 0.01), P = 0.04]. The proportions of fat-free mass in the upper limbs were significantly lower (Right,t = − 2.78,Left t = − 2.76, P < 0.05, respectively) in short stature, although body fat distribution was not.ConclusionsThe fat-free mass such as protein and bone minerals is lower in preschool children with short stature, suggesting the monitoring of fat-free mass for early identification and intervention.

Abstract P1-04-10: Breast cancer survivors exhibit an accumulation of CD4+ central memory T cells, a fall in CD8+ naïve T cells and higher activation of CD4+/CD8+ memory T cells in blood, which is positively correlated with age and fat mass index

Abstract Introduction: T cells are important for tumour control and surveillance, but it is not well known how breast cancer treatment impacts their characteristics in blood. Methods: Healthy women (n=38, age 45 ± 11 y), breast cancer survivors (n=27, age 56 ± 6 y) and breast cancer patients (n=5, age 44 ± 9 y) took part. Survivors comprised women who had received any form of treatment for breast cancer within 1-2 years and were considered free from disease by their oncologist. Patients were recently diagnosed women scheduled to undergo neoadjuvant chemotherapy within 2 weeks. Using flow cytometry, CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets, including Naïve (NA), Central memory (CM) and Effector cells (EM and EMRA) were identified using CD27/CD45RA. Activation was measured by HLA-DR expression. Age, Cytomegalovirus (CMV) serostatus, cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition were assessed. Statistical analyses were conducted between healthy women and survivors. Data for patients enabled a qualitative interpretation of immune profiles at the time of diagnosis. Results: Lymphocyte, monocyte and neutrophil counts were not different between groups. However, compared to healthy women, CD4+ CM T cells were +Δ21% higher among survivors (cells/l: 417 ± 110 vs 346 ± 161, p=0.028) and CD8+ NA T cells were −Δ25% lower (cells/l: 106 ± 46 vs 142 ± 83, p=0.034). The proportion of activated (HLA-DR+) CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets was +Δ31% higher among survivors compared to healthy women: CD4+ CM (+Δ25%: 35 ± 16 % vs 28 ± 6 %), CD4+ EM (+Δ32%: 54 ± 17 % vs 41 ± 9 %) and CD4+ EMRA (+Δ43%: 53 ± 21 % vs 37 ± 11 %), total CD8+ (+Δ30%: 43 ± 18 % vs 33 ± 9 %), CD8+ EM (+Δ30%: 57 ± 18 % vs 44 ± 13 %) and CD8+ EMRA T cells (+Δ25%: 55 ± 21 % vs 44 ± 12 %) (p&amp;lt;0.046). Compared to healthy women, survivors were older (56 ± 6 y vs 45 ± 11 y), had lower cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max mL•kg-1•min-1: 29.0 ± 5.1 vs 36.2 ± 8.5), had lower lean mass (42.3 ± 5.1 kg vs 48.4 ± 15.8 kg), had higher body fat (36.2 ± 5.4 % vs 32.7 ± 6.4 %) and higher fat mass index (FMI kg/m2: 9.5 ± 2.3 vs 8.1 ± 2.7) (all p&amp;lt;0.034). Among all participants, age positively correlated with activation levels of CD4+ EMRA and CD8+ EMRA T cells and FMI positively correlated with the proportion of activated CD4+ EMRA and CD8+ EM and EMRA T cells (Pearson r&amp;gt;0.277 p&amp;lt;0.036). CMV serostatus was not different between groups and did not influence results. Compared to healthy women and survivors, patients were younger (44 ± 9 y), had lower cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max 27.3 ± 2.2 mL•kg-1•min-1), higher body fat (40 ± 5.8%) and higher FMI (11.2 ± 3.8 kg/m2). Lean mass (44.3 ± 4.4 kg) was higher than survivors but lower than healthy women. Patterns exhibited by survivors (compared to healthy women) tended to be present among patients (e.g. an accumulation of memory T cells and a decline in NA T cells). T cell activation was closer to the levels exhibited by healthy women. Conclusion: Breast cancer survivors exhibited signs of immunosenescence, including a decline in naïve T cells and accumulations of memory T cells, which exhibited higher activation levels. Among all participants, T cell activation was positively correlated with age and fat mass index, potentially contributing to systemic inflammation and a decline in immune competency. Citation Format: Ainhoa Arana Echarri, Lauren Struszczak, Mark Beresford, John P Campbell, Robert H Jones, Rachel Butler, Dylan Thompson, James E Turner. Breast cancer survivors exhibit an accumulation of CD4+ central memory T cells, a fall in CD8+ naïve T cells and higher activation of CD4+/CD8+ memory T cells in blood, which is positively correlated with age and fat mass index [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-04-10.

Changes in fat mass and lean body mass and outcomes in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Previous studies have found that fat mass and lean body mass may act differently on the prognosis in patients type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the change of fat mass and lean body mass on prognosis in T2DM patients has not yet been investigated. We performed a Post hoc analysis of data from the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) study. Cox proportional hazards models were used to study the relationship between tertiles of the change trend in lean body mass index (LBMI, kg/m2/year) or fat mass index (FMI, kg/m2/year) and major cardiovascular adverse events (MACEs) and all cause mortality. Nine thousand, one hundred seventy-six T2DM patients with a mean follow-up of 9.52 ± 1.89years were included in our study. The mean change in FMI per year was 0.10 ± 0.48kg/m2. The mean change in LBMI per year was 0.05 ± 0.38kg/m2. Normal weight patients had highest FMI/LBMI change; severely obese patients had lowest FMI/LBMI change. A U-shaped relationship was found between the change in FMI/LBMI and all cause mortality. A flat U-shaped relationship was also noted between the change in FMI or LBMI and MACEs. Compared with the second tertile, the first and third tertiles of the change in FMI (HR: 1.18, 95% CI 1.03-1.36; HR: 1.34, 95% CI 1.16-1.54, respectively)/LBMI (HR: 1.24, 95% CI 1.08-1.43; HR: 1.30, 95% CI 1.12-1.50, respectively) had higher all cause mortality; the third tertile of the change in FMI/LBMI showed a marginal increase of MACEs (HR: 1.15, 95% CI 1.01-1.32; HR: 1.17, 95% CI 1.02-1.33, respectively); sensitivity analysis and subgroup analysis showed these associations were not robust. Both lower and larger change in FMI or LBMI are associated with increased all cause mortality compared with the median change among patients with T2DM. Further study is needed to determine whether increased FMI or LBMI increases the risk of MACEs.Trial registration: clinicaltrials.gov., No. NCT00000620.

Differences in Physical Fitness and Body Composition Between Active and Sedentary Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Previous research analyzing the differences in physical fitness and body composition between active and sedentary adolescents aged 12-16 has not provided conclusive results. For this reason, a systematic review with meta-analysis was conducted to provide an overview of the results obtained to date. The objectives of this systematic review and meta-analysis were to investigate the differences in the physical fitness and body composition of adolescents who engaged in daily physical activity and those who were inactive. A search in PubMed, EBSCO, and Web of Sciences databases was performed. A total of 13,884 articles were reviewed and 11 were included in the meta-analysis. In the physical fitness performance, significantly higher values in cardiorespiratory fitness, hamstring and lower back flexibility, sit-ups and upper limb resistance were found in active compared to the inactive participants. In body composition, the inactive group showed significantly higher values in variables related to body fat, mainly in body fat percentage, fat mass and fat mass index compared to the active group. The results revealed that maintaining an active lifestyle through physical activity is a determining factor in improving the physical fitness and body composition of adolescents aged 12-16 years. The study design of the systematic review was previously registered in PROSPERO with code CRD42021241975. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=241975 .