Changes In Body Mass Index Research Articles

The Signature of Serum MicroRNA Folding Change in Rheumatoid Arthritis

BACKGROUND: A class of endogenous single-stranded short noncoding RNAs known as microRNAs (miRNAs) has become important epigenetic regulators of physiological and pathological processes in numerous disorders. They regulate the posttranscriptional expression of many genes to control basic cellular pathways and functions. Many research indicates that miRNAs play a role in the initiation and progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). OBJECTIVE: This study was comprehensively focused on the role of miRNA-146a and impaired cellular functions in RA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A case–control study was conducted on a total of 90 samples, comprising 30 control samples and 60 RA patient samples. Samples of patients were chosen from the Imam Hassan al-Mujtaba Hospital located in Kerbala Governate. RNAClean XP Kit and an RNase-Free DNase Set were used to isolate and purify total RNA. Through statistical analysis, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to determine how effectively the predicted value worked. RESULTS: Patients with RA were shown an increasing level of the folding change of miRNA-146a when compared to the control groups. A comparison of serum level of miRNA-146a fold change in different body mass index (BMI) groups was also performed. The level of folding change was shown a massive increasing that was seen with increasing BMI. It was found that miRNA-146a and folding change were highly significant risk factors in RA. CONCLUSION: MiRNAs-164a may be an appealing alternative for usage as biomarkers in clinical applications such as prognosis and disease detection.

Gastric bypass surgery in morbid obesity: Influence on thyroid function tests and insulin resistance status.

There are inconsistent results about the effect of gastric bypass surgery on thyroid function tests in morbidly obese subjects. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in thyroid function tests and insulin resistance status in euthyroid morbidly obese subjects before and three months after gastric bypass surgery (GBS). Twenty-nine subjects with morbid obesity (BMI≥40) were enrolled in this before-after study. Patients with known thyroid disorders or a history of thyroid ablative therapy, users of drugs that affect thyroid function, or fasting blood sugar and insulin were excluded. TSH, Free T4, total T3, fasting blood sugar and insulin level, and BMI were measured before and 3 months after GBS. Statistical analysis was performed with appropriate tests and p<0.05 was considered significant. Body mass index (BMI), insulin sensitivity index (HOMA-IR), and total T3 significantly decreased after bypass surgery (all with p<0.001) but no significant changes were seen in TSH (P=0.203) and FreeT4 (P=0.33). There was a significant negative correlation between changes in HOMA-IR and changes in FreeT4 (P=0.038, r= -0.38). There was no statistically significant correlation between the percentage of excess BMI loss (%EBMIL) and changes in T3 (P=0.66), Free T4 (P=0.92), TSH (P= 0.27), and HOMA-IR (P=0.17). Although significant changes can occur in BMI, insulin sensitivity index, fasting blood sugar, and T3 in short-time follow-up after bariatric surgery, significant TSH and FreeT4 changes may need longer follow-ups.

Exploring the relationship amongst body mass index (bmi)and weight change behavior in college going girls of urban area of bhopal city

Exploring the relationship amongst body mass index (bmi)and weight change behavior in college going girls of urban area of bhopal city

Anthropometric and laboratory parameter alterations following bimaxillary orthognathic surgery

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of bimaxillary orthognathic surgery on patients’ anthropometric measures and laboratory parameters. This study was conducted on patients who underwent bimaxillary orthognathic surgery. Anthropometric measurements were collected before surgery (T0) and at intervals of one week (T1), two weeks (T2), one month (T3), and three months (T4) postoperatively, and laboratory parameters at T0 and T4. Data analysis included repeated-measures ANOVA for assessing weight changes, body mass index (BMI) and fat percentage changes, the Friedman test for muscle mass changes, and independent t tests to understand gender-based differences. Significant reductions were observed in weight (mean differences ranging from 2.26 kg to 3.84 kg, 95.00% CI: 1.29 to 4.62, p < 0.01) and BMI (mean differences ranging from 0.76 to 1.32, 95.00% CI: 0.38 to 1.58, p < 0.01) postoperatively at all follow-up points. Fat percentage changes were significant between T0 – T3 (MD = 1.17, 95.00% CI: 0.26 to 2.08, p < 0.05) and T0 - T4 (MD = 1.28, 95.00% CI: 0.14 to 2.43, p < 0.05). Changes in muscle mass were significant until T3 (MD ranging from 71.00 to 107.0, p < 0.01). Also, haemoglobin levels were significantly higher at T0 than T4 (MD = 0.35, 95% CI: 0 to 0.7). These changes showed no significant gender-based differences (p > 0.05). Our study showed that orthognathic surgery prompts temporary changes in body weight, Body Mass Index, and haemoglobin levels. Future research should explore interventions to mitigate these changes and enhance postoperative recovery.

Analysis of nutritional risk, skeletal muscle depletion, and lipid metabolism phenotype in acute radiation enteritis.

Radiation enteritis, which often occurs during radiation-induced acute intestinal symptoms (RIAIS), is the most common and important complication during radiotherapy for cervical cancer. RIAIS caused by abdominal and pelvic radiotherapy will affect nutrient intake, digestion, absorption, and metabolism, leading to malnutrition or poorer nutritional status. In patients with malignant tumors, malnutrition can adversely affect the curative effect and response of radiotherapy by reducing radiosensitivity, affecting the precision of radiotherapy placement and increasing the incidence of radiotherapy-related adverse reactions. To analyze nutritional risk, skeletal muscle depletion, and lipid metabolism phenotype in acute radiation enteritis. Fifty patients with cervical cancer received external beam radiotherapy, and 15 patients received brachytherapy after external beam radiotherapy. Body weight, body composition parameters, nutritional risk screening (NRS) 2002 score, and blood biochemical indices of patients with cervical cancer during periradiation were tested by a one-way repeated measures analysis of variance. Metabolomics analysis was used to identify characteristic lipid metabolism pathways. Clinical factors that affect linoleic acid changes were screened using the generalized evaluation equation. Among the 50 patients, 37 had RIAIS, including 34 patients with grade 1-2 RIAIS and 3 patients with grade 3 RIAIS. The NRS 2002 score of patients who underwent cervical cancer radiotherapy continued to increase during the periradiation period, and 42 patients who underwent cancer radiotherapy had nutritional deficits (NRS 2002 score ≥ 3 points) at the end of radiotherapy. Correlation analyses revealed that body weight and body mass index changes were closely associated with body fat content (R2 = 0.64/0.51). The results of the univariate analysis showed that radiotherapy time, percentage reduction of serum albumin, and percentage reduction of serum prealbumin were the key factors affecting skeletal muscle exhaustion (P < 0.05). Metabolomic analysis of fecal supernatants of cervical cancer patients during the periradiation period revealed the involvement of linoleic acid, cholic acid, arachidonic acid, and N-acetyl-L-benzene alanine in the metabolic pathway of linoleic acid. Cervical cancer radiotherapy patients faced nutritional risks, decreased serum albumin synthesis, and increased risk of skeletal muscle exhaustion. Linoleic acid was a biomarker of high nutritional risk.

Changes in Adiposity and Cognitive Function in Older Adults: The REGARDS Study.

Adiposity may have a role in the risk of dementia. Fewer studies have focused on the relationship between change in adiposity and cognitive decline. Our study aimed to explore the association between the change in adiposity and cognitive function in Black and White older adults. The participants were 12,204 older adults without cognitive impairment (62.8 ± 8.0 years) in the United States. The percent body mass index change (%BMI change) and percent waist circumference change (%WC change) were measured at 2 in-home visits (first: 2003-2007, second: 2013-2016). Cognitive status was assessed by the Six-Item Screener annually. Memory and executive function were measured by word list learning, MOCA recall and orientation, and letter and animal fluency every 2 years. Logistic regression or linear regression models were used to estimate the relationship between percent change in adiposity and cognitive function. After 12.7 ± 1.7 years, a greater decrease in %BMI change or %WC change was significantly associated with a higher risk of cognitive impairment. Compared to older adults with -5% ≤ change ≤ 5% from baseline, a significantly higher risk of cognitive impairment and greater loss in memory and executive function were found among those who experienced more than a 10% decline in %BMI change or %WC change. Older adults who experienced a 5%-10% decrease in %BMI change had a higher risk of cognitive impairment and greater loss of memory compared to those with -5% ≤ change ≤ 5%. A greater decrease in %BMI (>5%) and %WC (>10%) change was associated with greater cognitive loss observed over time.

Longitudinal multi-omics study reveals common etiology underlying association between plasma proteome and BMI trajectories in adolescent and young adult twins

BackgroundThe influence of genetics and environment on the association of the plasma proteome with body mass index (BMI) and changes in BMI remains underexplored, and the links to other omics in these associations remain to be investigated. We characterized protein–BMI trajectory associations in adolescents and adults and how these connect to other omics layers.MethodsOur study included two cohorts of longitudinally followed twins: FinnTwin12 (N = 651) and the Netherlands Twin Register (NTR) (N = 665). Follow-up comprised 4 BMI measurements over approximately 6 (NTR: 23–27 years old) to 10 years (FinnTwin12: 12–22 years old), with omics data collected at the last BMI measurement. BMI changes were calculated in latent growth curve models. Mixed-effects models were used to quantify the associations between the abundance of 439 plasma proteins with BMI at blood sampling and changes in BMI. In FinnTwin12, the sources of genetic and environmental variation underlying the protein abundances were quantified by twin models, as were the associations of proteins with BMI and BMI changes. In NTR, we investigated the association of gene expression of genes encoding proteins identified in FinnTwin12 with BMI and changes in BMI. We linked identified proteins and their coding genes to plasma metabolites and polygenic risk scores (PRS) applying mixed-effects models and correlation networks.ResultsWe identified 66 and 14 proteins associated with BMI at blood sampling and changes in BMI, respectively. The average heritability of these proteins was 35%. Of the 66 BMI-protein associations, 43 and 12 showed genetic and environmental correlations, respectively, including 8 proteins showing both. Similarly, we observed 7 and 3 genetic and environmental correlations between changes in BMI and protein abundance, respectively. S100A8 gene expression was associated with BMI at blood sampling, and the PRG4 and CFI genes were associated with BMI changes. Proteins showed strong connections with metabolites and PRSs, but we observed no multi-omics connections among gene expression and other omics layers.ConclusionsAssociations between the proteome and BMI trajectories are characterized by shared genetic, environmental, and metabolic etiologies. We observed few gene-protein pairs associated with BMI or changes in BMI at the proteome and transcriptome levels.

ASSOCIATIONS THAT FITNESS AND BODY MASS INDEX HAVE WITH DEFICIT ACCUMULATION FRAILTY

Abstract Lower cardiorespiratory fitness and obesity may accelerate aging processes. The degree to which changes in fitness and body mass index (BMI) may alter the rate of aging may be important for promoting lifestyle changes. We assessed cross-sectional and longitudinal associations that cardiorespiratory fitness and BMI had with a deficit accumulation frailty index (FI). Fitness (based on standardized graded exercise tests) and weight (to calculate BMI) were collected at baseline and year 4 from 3,944 participants, ages 45-76 years, in the Action for Health in Diabetes (Look AHEAD) randomized controlled clinical trial. A validated 38-item FI was used as a marker of aging. Associations between baseline levels and changes in fitness and BMI with changes in FI were assessed using linear models. Both baseline and 4-year changes in fitness and BMI were independently associated with 4-year changes in frailty (all p&amp;lt; 0.001). Participants with the greatest fitness increase and BMI loss tended to have improvements (i.e., decreases) in FI: mean [95% confidence interval] changes -0.019 [-0.024,-0.013]. Those with the greatest fitness loss and increases in BMI tended to have worsening (increased) FI: 0.029 [0.024,0.034]. Associations of 4-year changes in fitness and BMI with FI changes were similar across subgroups based on age, gender, baseline BMI, diabetes duration, and cardiovascular disease history. Increased fitness across 4 years was associated with less FI accumulation independent of baseline fitness. Adults with type 2 diabetes and overweight or obesity may slow aging processes by increasing their cardiorespiratory fitness and losing weight.

Cardiometabolic health across menopausal years is linked to white matter hyperintensities up to a decade later.

The menopause transition is associated with several cardiometabolic risk factors. Poor cardiometabolic health is further linked to microvascular brain lesions, which can be detected as white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) using T2-FLAIR magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Females show higher risk for WMHs post-menopause, but it remains unclear whether changes in cardiometabolic risk factors underlie menopause-related increase in brain pathology. In this study, we assessed whether cross-sectional measures of cardiometabolic health, including body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), blood lipids, blood pressure, and long-term blood glucose (HbA1c), as well as longitudinal changes in BMI and WHR, differed according to menopausal status at baseline in 9,882 UK Biobank females (age range 40-70 years, n premenopausal = 3,529, n postmenopausal = 6,353). Furthermore, we examined whether these cardiometabolic factors were associated with WMH outcomes at the follow-up assessment, on average 8.78 years after baseline. Postmenopausal females showed higher levels of baseline blood lipids (HDL = 0.14, p < 0.001, LDL = 0.20, p < 0.001, triglycerides = 0.12, p < 0.001) and HbA1c ( = 0.24, p < 0.001) compared to premenopausal women, beyond the effects of age. Over time, BMI increased more in the premenopausal compared to the postmenopausal group ( = -0.08, p < 0.001), while WHR increased to a similar extent in both groups ( = -0.03, p = 0.102). The change in WHR was however driven by increased waist circumference only in the premenopausal group. While the group level changes in BMI and WHR were in general small, these findings point to distinct anthropometric changes in pre- and postmenopausal females over time. Higher baseline measures of BMI, WHR, triglycerides, blood pressure, and HbA1c, as well as longitudinal increases in BMI and WHR, were associated with larger WMH volumes ( range = 0.03-0.13, p ≤ 0.002). HDL showed a significant inverse relationship with WMH volume ( = -0.27, p < 0.001). Our findings emphasise the importance of monitoring cardiometabolic risk factors in females from midlife through the menopause transition and into the postmenopausal phase, to ensure improved cerebrovascular outcomes in later years.

EFFECT OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON A BODY MASS INDEX OF OLDER AMERICANS: A REPEATED CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Abstract Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in greater social and physical isolation, potentially leading to changes in eating, physical activity, and health behaviors, which may increase BMI. This study explored whether body mass index (BMI) among middle-aged and older Americans has been affected by the pandemic. Methods This study uses data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System to assess the effects of COVID-19 on BMI changes among middle-aged (50-64 years) and older (65 years and above) Americans. Changes in BMI over time are measured for 2019 and 2021. Data from 2013, 2015, and 2017 are used to note the trend of BMI, and sex and racial differences in BMI trajectories are explored. Results Initial results show that the BMI of older adults increases over time but does so at a decreasing rate (2013 to 2105 BMI difference = 0.19, 0.16 from 2015 to 2017, 0.13 from 2017 to 2019, and 0.09 from 2019 to 2021). On the other hand, among middle-aged adults, BMI significantly increased over time and accelerated during COVID-19. The difference in BMI was 0.20 from 2013 to 2015, 0.16 from 2015 to 2017, 0.22 from 2017 to 2019, and 0.28 from 2019 to 2021. BMI increases consistently over the period for middle-aged men and older adult women, whereas BMI growth accelerates for middle-aged women and decelerates for older adult men. Similarly, racial differences are noted in the BMI changes of middle-aged and older adults. Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the accumulation of body mass among middle-aged Americans.

FRAILTY IN MIDLIFE AS A PREDICTOR OF CHANGES IN BODY COMPOSITION FROM MIDLIFE INTO OLD AGE

Abstract Few studies have investigated the association between frailty and subsequent body composition. We performed separate linear mixed model analyses in 996 adults (mean age at baseline[SD]: 61.5[2.9]) in a Finnish longitudinal birth cohort study to explore the relationships between changes in frailty status assessed by the Rockwood 41-item-frailty-index (FI) and changes in body mass index (BMI), lean mass index (LMI), fat mass index (FMI), and FMI to LMI-ratio values during 17 years of follow-up. With advancing age, LMI and BMI decreased, whereas FMI and FMI to LMI -ratio increased. Those who were frail (FI≥ 0.25) already at baseline, followed by those who became frail during the follow-up, experienced faster decreases in LMI and faster increases in FMI and FMI to LMI -ratio values relative to those who were ‘never frail’. Contrastingly, those in the highest third of absolute annual increase in FMI and FMI to LMI-ratio became frailer faster over time relative to those in the lowest third. We found evidence of an adverse health outcome of frailty where lean indices declined faster and fat indices and fat to lean -ratios increased faster from midlife into old age. The changes resembled those that occurred with aging, but at a faster pace. The relationship between body composition and frailty is likely bidirectional, where high or increasing levels of fat are associated with the risk of becoming frailer earlier, but where a longer duration of frailty may increase the risk of faster age-related changes to body composition.

Thyroid markers and body composition predict LDL-cholesterol change in lean healthy women on a ketogenic diet: experimental support for the lipid energy model.

There is a large heterogeneity in LDL-cholesterol change among individuals adopting ketogenic diets. Interestingly, lean metabolically healthy individuals seem to be particularly susceptible, with an inverse association between body mass index and LDL-cholesterol change. The lipid energy model proposes that, in lean healthy individuals, carbohydrate restriction upregulates systemic lipid trafficking to meet energy demands. To test if anthropometric and energy metabolism markers predict LDL-cholesterol change during carbohydrate restriction. Ten lean, healthy, premenopausal women who habitually consumed a ketogenic diet for ≥6 months were engaged in a three-phase crossover study consisting of continued nutritional ketosis, suppression of ketosis with carbohydrate reintroduction, and return to nutritional ketosis. Each phase lasted 21 days. The predictive performance of all available relevant variables was evaluated with the linear mixed-effects models. All body composition metrics, free T3 and total T4, were significantly associated with LDL-cholesterol change. In an interaction model with BMI and free T3, both markers were significant independent and interacting predictors of LDL-cholesterol change. Neither saturated fat, HOMA-IR, leptin, adiponectin, TSH, nor rT3 was associated with LDL-cholesterol changes. Among lean, healthy women undergoing carbohydrate restriction, body composition and energy metabolism markers are major drivers of LDL-cholesterol change, not saturated fat, consistent with the lipid energy model.

Food Insecurity Predicts Magnitude of Early BMI Change in a Pediatric Weight Management Intervention.

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of food insecurity among children with overweight/obesity presenting for weight management treatment and examine whether food insecurity predicts early change in body mass index (BMI), expressed as a percentage of the 95th percentile (%BMIp95). Children (N = 69; ages 3-18 years) presenting to a hospital-based pediatric weight management intervention and 1 parent/guardian per child (N = 69) were included. At the first appointment, parents/guardians completed the US Household Food Security Survey Module: Six-item Short Form and a demographics questionnaire. Height and weight of the children were measured at the first and third appointments to calculate %BMIp95. Among participating families, 29.0% reported experiencing food insecurity. Controlling for the ratio of income to poverty, 11.4% of the variance in %BMIp95 change from the first to third appointments was accounted for by food insecurity, ▵F (1, 66) = 8.46, p = 0.01. Children with greater food insecurity demonstrated a smaller magnitude of %BMIp95 decrease, representing a small-to-medium effect size within the context of the regression model (f2 = 0.13). A high proportion of families with children receiving weight management treatment reported experiencing food insecurity in comparison with US households with children. There may be unique characteristics of food insecurity, as opposed to household income alone, that explain the smaller magnitude of BMI decrease observed early in treatment. Future research should explore complex associations among food insecurity, income, BMI, and race over time.

Association between occupational noise and obesity: a retrospective cohort study in China.

To determine the relationship between occupational noise, and obesity and body mass index (BMI) changes. Baseline data were collected from participants (n = 1264) who were followed for 6years in a retrospective study. The noise exposure level (LAeq,8h) was determined by equivalent continuous weighted sound pressure levels using the fixed-point surveillance method for noise monitoring. The cumulative noise exposure (CNE) level was determined using the equal energy formula, which is based on exposure history and level. The incidence of obesity at low (RR = 2.364, 95% CI 1.123-4.739]), medium (RR = 3.921, 95% CI 1.946-7.347]), high (RR = 5.242, 95% CI 2.642-9.208]), and severe noise levels (RR = 9.322, 95% CI 5.341-14.428]) was higher risk than the LAeq,8h control level. The risk of obesity among participants exposed to low (RR = 2.957, 95% CI 1.441-6.068]) and high cumulative noise levels (RR = 7.226, 95% CI 3.623-14.415]) was greater than the CNE control level. For every 1dB(A) increase in LAeq,8h, the BMI increased by 0.063kg/m2 (95% CI 0.055-0.071], SE = 0.004). For every 1dB(A) increase in the CNE, the BMI increased by 0.102kg/m2 (95% CI 0.090-0.113], SE = 0.006). Occupational noise is related to the incidence of obesity. The occupational noise level and occupational noise cumulative level were shown to be positively correlated with an increase in BMI.

Association between gut microbiota at 3.5 years of age and body mass index at 5 years: results from two French nationwide birth cohorts.

The relationship between gut microbiota and changes in body mass index (BMI) or pediatric overweight in early life remains unclear, and information regarding the preterm population is scarce. This study aimed to investigate how the gut microbiota at 3.5 years of age is associated with (1) later BMI at 5 years, and (2) BMI z-score variations between 2 and 5 years in children from two French nationwide birth cohorts. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed to profile the gut microbiota at 3.5 years of age in preterm children (n = 143, EPIPAGE 2 cohort) and late preterm/full-term children (n = 369, ELFE cohort). The predicted abundances of metabolic functions were computed using PICRUSt2. Anthropometric measurements were collected at 2 and 5 years of age during medical examinations or retrieved from children's health records. Statistical analyses included multivariable linear and logistic regressions, random forest variable selection, and MiRKAT. The Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio at 3.5 years was positively associated with the BMI z-score at 5 years. Several genera were positively ([Eubacterium] hallii group, Fusicatenibacter, and [Eubacterium] ventriosum group) or negatively (Eggerthella, Colidextribacter, and Ruminococcaceae CAG-352) associated with the BMI z-scores at 5 years. Some genera were also associated with variations in the BMI z-scores between 2 and 5 years of age. Predicted metabolic functions, including steroid hormone biosynthesis, biotin metabolism, glycosaminoglycan degradation, and amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, were associated with lower BMI z-scores at 5 years. The unsaturated fatty acids biosynthesis pathway was associated with higher BMI z-scores. These findings indicate that the gut microbiota at 3.5 years is associated with later BMI during childhood, independent of preterm or term birth, suggesting that changes in the gut microbiota that may predispose to adult obesity begin in early childhood.

Comparative effects of acupuncture and metformin on insulin sensitivity in overweight/obese and lean women with polycystic ovary syndrome and insulin resistance: a post hoc analysis of a randomized trial.

This study explored the efficacy of acupuncture and metformin in enhancing insulin sensitivity among women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and insulin resistance (IR), distinguishing between overweight/obese and lean groups. A post-hoc analysis of a randomized trial (NCT02491333) was undertaken. Participants were women aged 18-40 with PCOS and IR. They were randomized to receive true acupuncture with a placebo, metformin with sham acupuncture, or sham acupuncture with a placebo for 4 months, with follow-up visits over 3 months. Our study, involving 339 women, assessed the differential impact of acupuncture and metformin on insulin sensitivity in overweight/obese [body mass index (BMI) ≥ 24] versus lean women (BMI < 24). Primary outcomes measured changes in the Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) at 4 and 7 months. Secondary outcomes assessed changes in glucose area under the curve (glucoseAUC) during the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and BMI changes at 4 months. Overweight/obese participants were generally older with higher measurements in various health metrics, but lower levels in specific hormonal metrics compared to lean women (p < 0.05). Among overweight/obese women, metformin outperformed acupuncture in reducing HOMA-IR levels (p = 0.004) and showed a significant drop from the baseline after 4 months (p < 0.05). In contrast, acupuncture's effect on HOMA-IR did not significantly differ from sham acupuncture at 4 and 7 months. For lean women, metformin and acupuncture showed comparable improvements in HOMA-IR, with notable declines at 4 and 7 months (p < 0.05). Acupuncture proved more beneficial for lean women than their overweight/obese counterparts after 4 months (p = 0.021). In overweight/obese women with PCOS and IR, acupuncture was less effective than metformin in enhancing insulin sensitivity. However, in lean women, acupuncture's efficacy was comparable to metformin. Further studies are required to validate these observations.

Diet quality is associated with adipose tissue and muscle mass: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study.

Aging is associated with changes in body composition, and preventing loss of muscle mass and accumulation of excess adipose tissue in middle-aged adults may reduce age-related conditions at older ages. Dietary intake is one lifestyle factor shown to improve or maintain body composition. However, few studies have examined the Healthy Eating Index2015 (HEI2015), a measure of diet quality, and the association with body composition in adult men and women. Participant data (n=3017) from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study were used to examine the associations of the HEI2015 with body composition measures at Year 25 (Y25), including (1) 25year-change in weight, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference and (2) a computed tomography (CT) scan at Y25 measured muscle mass, muscle quality (better quality=less lipid within the muscle), and adipose tissue depots visceral adipose tissue (VAT), subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), and adipose within skeletal muscle (intermuscular adipose tissue; IMAT). Dietary intake was assessed by a diet history three times over 20years, at years 0, 7, and 20. HEI2015, averaged over three exams, was created and categorized into quintiles. Multiple regression analysis evaluated the associations of body composition stratified across quintiles of HEI2015 adjusted for demographic characteristics, energy intake, lifestyle factors, and baseline anthropometric measures as appropriate. Race-sex interaction was tested (Pinteraction >0.30). Over 25years of follow-up, averaged HEI2015 was significantly and inversely associated with weight gain (Quintile 1 (Q1) 37.3lb vs. 32.9 in Q5; Ptrend =0.01), change in BMI (Q1 5.8kg/m2 vs. 5.0 in Q5; Ptrend =0.005), and change in waist circumference (Q1 17.5cm vs. 15.2cm in Q5; Ptrend <0.001). By Y25, HEI2015 was inversely associated with VAT Q1 136.8cm3 vs. 116.6 in Q5; Ptrend <0.001) and IMAT volumes (Q1 9.52 vs. 8.12cm3 in Q5; Ptrend <0.001). Although total muscle volume declined (Ptrend =0.03), lean muscle mass volume was similar across quintiles (Ptrend =0.55). The IMAT/total muscle mass ratio declined across HEI2015 quintiles (Ptrend <0.001). Finally, higher HEI2015 was associated with better muscle quality at Y25 (higher value=less lipid within the muscle; Q1 41.1 vs. 42.2 HU in Q5; Ptrend =0.002). HEI2015 was nonlinearly, but inversely, associated with SAT (nonlinear P=0.011). Improving diet quality in young to middle-aged adults is a recommended strategy to promote better measures of body composition. Our study findings suggest that healthier food choices may influence body composition.

A scoping review of physical activity-based interventions for obesity management in children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Overweight and obesity have emerged as global health issues among children and adolescents. Restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic have aggravated the threat of paediatric obesity due to the prevalent reduction in physical activity (PA) in children and adolescents. However, this has also created an opportunity for healthcare professionals to explore new strategies to address this persistent problem. A systematically conducted scoping review was performed on 15 online databases to summarise and analyse the design, efficacy, and feasibility of PA-based weight management interventions for children and adolescents during the pandemic. Finally, we reviewed 23 eligible studies that were published between 2021 and 2023. The included interventions were presented to 1938 children and adolescents and 355 parents using a virtual or virtually blended face-to-face approach during the pandemic. The intervention design included a basic PA programme with three optional components (nutritional education, sociopsychological counselling, and medication consultations). Implementation generally resulted in favourable changes in body mass index (BMI) and/or body size or composition (primary outcomes), as well as health behaviours, physical health or fitness, and individual well-being (secondary outcomes). A longer duration of exposure to the intervention, female sex, and older age were associated with a higher efficacy of the included interventions. Moreover, the interventions showed high feasibility, with medium-high participant attendance, high acceptance/satisfaction in both children and adolescents and their parents and teachers, and strong participant engagement. This may be related to the high accessibility of health information, timely social support, and enhanced self-efficacy. In conclusion, both the virtual and blended delivery of well-planned weight management interventions during the pandemic show promise for the treatment and control of paediatric obesity. The lessons learned from the pandemic may help improve the design of future interventions and inform the proper integration of new technologies that have emerged in the post-pandemic world.

Trajectory of body mass index and obesity in children with Crohn's disease compared to healthy children.

There is increasing recognition that children with Crohn's Disease (CD) can develop obesity. Using the RISK Study, an inception cohort of pediatric CD participants, and Bone Mineral Density in Childhood Study (BMDCS), a longitudinal cohort of healthy children, multivariable linear mixed effects, generalized linear mixed effects, and logistic regression models were used to evaluate factors associated with change in body mass index z-score (BMIZ), obesity, and excessive weight gain, respectively. 1029 CD participants (625 exposed to antitumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) therapy) and 1880 healthy children were included. Change in BMIZ was higher in CD exposed to anti-TNF as compared to CD unexposed to anti-TNF and the healthy reference group. Sex, age, baseline BMIZ, C-reactive protein, anti-TNF, and steroids were associated with changes in BMIZ in CD. CD exposed (odds ratio [OR] 4.81, confidence interval [CI] 4.00-5.78) and unexposed (OR 3.14, CI 2.62-3.76) had a greater likelihood of becoming obese versus the healthy reference group. While the prevalence of obesity was higher at baseline in the healthy reference group (21.3%) versus CD participants (8.5% exposed vs. 11.1% unexposed), rates of obesity were similar by the end of follow-up (21.4% healthy vs. 20.3% exposed vs. 22.5% unexposed). Anti-TNF therapy was an independent risk factor for the development of obesity and excessive weight gain in CD participants. Patients with CD have dynamic changes in BMIZ over time, and while for most, this is restorative, for some, this can lead to obesity and excessive weight gain. It is important to understand the factors that may lead to these changes, including anti-TNF therapy. Counseling of patients and early lifestyle intervention may be necessary.

An open trial for adults in a residential program for binge eating spectrum disorders

ABSTRACT The current study assessed treatment outcome for 99 adult admissions to a residential program specifically designed for binge eating spectrum disorders (BESD). Participants completed self-report measures at admission, discharge, and 12-month follow-up and were asked to complete blood draws at admission and follow-up. Primary outcomes were eating behaviors; secondary outcomes included comorbid symptoms and physiological variables. Eating behaviors improved significantly from admission to follow-up, as did most comorbid symptoms and quality of life, despite no change in body mass index. Some variables displayed a curvilinear relationship, with some worsening of symptoms from discharge to follow-up, although scores at follow-up remained well below admission values. Participation in the treatment program was associated with reduced problematic eating and comorbid symptoms and increased quality of life up to one year after discharge. Findings from this study may encourage the development of similar residential treatment programs for BESD for those who have not responded to outpatient care or mixed milieu settings, and may prompt randomized studies testing similar treatments versus usual care.