Body Map Research Articles

How does my pain look like? Characterizing dysmenorrhea-related pain using the body map

How does my pain look like? Characterizing dysmenorrhea-related pain using the body map

Analysis of Musculoskeletal Disorders Complaints among Ikat Weaving Craftsmen in Langa Bajawa, Ngada, East Nusa Tenggara in 2022

Background: Ikat weavers work manually and non-stop for a long duration of time, which increases the risk of occupational diseases such as musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). Ikat weaving craftsmen perform work manually and non-stop for a long duration of time which generates occupational diseases such as musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). This study aimed to determine the analysis of complaints of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among ikat weavers in Langa Bajawa. Subjects and Method: A cross-sectional study were conducted from August to September 2022 among ikat weaving craftsmen in Langa Bajawa region, Ngada, East Nusa Tenggara. A total of 38 subjects were included in this study. The dependent variable was complaints of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). The independent variables were age, working period, duration of work, body posture, workload, repetitive activity, stretching, and back rest. The data were collected with study questionnaires, Nordic Body Map questionnaires, Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) ques-tionnaires, and obser¬vations. The data were analyzed using Chi-square. Results: Age >35 years (OR= 1.07; 95% CI= 1.07 to 17.79; p= 0.034), working period >10 years (OR= 3.85; 95% CI= 0.98 to 15.12; p= 0.049), posture with RULA score >4 (OR= 5.66; 95% CI= 1.36 to 23.46; p= 0.013), working hours >8 hours/day (OR= 10.5; 95% CI= 2.16 to 51.42; p= 0.002), repetitive activity (OR= 11.55; 95% CI= 2.41 to 55.39; p= 0.001), rarely stretching (OR= 0.04; 95% CI= 0.00 to 0.27; p< 0.001), and not having a backrest (OR= 0.09; 95% CI= 0.02 to 0.44; p= 0.001) had a significant effect on complaints of musculoskeletal disorder in ikat weaving craftsmen. Meanwhile, the workload of a person who has a pulse of (> 125 BPM) affected the complaints of MSDs, however, it was statistically insignificant. Conclusion: Age >35 years, working period >10 years, posture with a RULA score of >4, working hours >8 hours/ day, repetitive activities, rarely stretching, not having a backrest, and the work¬load of a person with a pulse rate (> 125 BPM) affect complaints of musculoskeletal disorder in ikat weaving craftsmen. Keywords: complaints of musculoskeletal disorders, craftsmen, ikat weaving.

Posture Analysis Using the Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) & Nordic Body Map (NBM) Methods to Reduce the Risk of Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) in Automotive Company

This study aims to identify the operator's posture at work, determine the factors that influence the occurrence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) complaints, and give suggestions for improving the postures. The method used in the research is Nordic Body Map (NBM) and Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA). Material handling processes carried out by some operator's production in the line press magazine stamping could be affected body postures. If the company does not carry out an analysis of the situation, it could be impacting the risk of Musculoskeletal Disorders for the operator who is working in this area. Process manual handling was carried out 4800 cycles in a day (8 hours of work) with a bent posture, causing complaints of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). The results of Nordic Body Map (NBM) questionnaire processing results scored 75 and 81 points, and the second activity was the REBA assessment when the operator took material from the train. The REBA score was 8. The results of this study have high scores for NBMs and REBAs, requiring investigation and changing work attitudes.

Dry Needling and Pain Drawings: An Exploratory Study

Background: Emerging evidence shows that altered cortical brain maps play a key role in the initiation and maintenance of a human pain experience and therapeutic treatments may positively influence these maps and reduce pain and disability. Objective: To determine if dry needling for spinal pain can positively alter body pain diagrams and if those changes correlate to a reduction in self-reported pain ratings. Design: Case series with pre- and immediate post-intervention measurements. Methods: A convenience sample of adult patients attending physical therapy with back or neck pain meeting inclusion criteria for dry needling was recruited for the study. Prior to dry needling, patients completed a demographics questionnaire, filled in a body pain diagram (color where you hurt) and a self-reported pain rating (numeric pain rating scale). Patients then received a standard dry needling session for the affected area and immediately following dry needling completed a body pain diagram, self-reported pain rating and satisfaction with the treatment using the global rating of change scale. Results: Forty-three patients (76.74% female) participated in the study with 19 patients presenting with low back pain and 24 with neck pain. Following dry needling, mean pain rating for the whole cohort was reduced (p<0.001), with larger effect for low back pain (p < 0.001) than neck pain (p = 0.031). Overall, the whole patient sample’s body pain diagram decreased in size by 50.16% following DN (95%CI = 10.8, 22.6; t(42)=5.67, p < 0.001). When broken down between neck and low back pain, low back maps shrunk by 61.84% (95%CI= 16.1 - 38.6), t(18)=5.1, p < 0.001), whereas neck maps decreased by 33% (95%CI= 4.3 - 12.2, t(23)=4.4, p < .001). Positive correlations were found between the size of the body pain drawings and pain intensity (rs = 0.461 (p = 0.002) as well as reduction of pain after dry needling and reduction in body map drawings (rs = 0.305 (p = 0.047). Conclusion: Dry needling can reduce body map drawings, which correlates to the intensity of pain. A potential underlying mechanism of dry needling may be its effect on neuroplasticity. Additional research is needed to further explore these emerging results.

Global Surface Water Density Masks to Refine Sentinel 3 Data Acquisitions

The Copernicus Sentinel-3 mission is part of the first generation of Copernicus satellites and was set out to deliver operationally high quality measurements over ocean, land, and atmosphere. The European Space Agency (ESA) is now studying concepts for the Next Generation Sentinel-3 Topography (S3NG-T) mission that would launch in the 2032+ time period. In order to meet the primary objectives of the S3NG-T mission requirement document a complex analysis of river and lake targets is required to size the satellite mass memory and downlink system. We have adopted a different approach that derives a non-conservative mask of water density that defines a more useful user friendly approach to specifying where river and lake targets are located. Within this work, the design and construction of our water density maps as well as application examples are discussed. The results prove an easy-to-apply methodology to create global surface water density maps using high-resolution water body maps. The work further illustrates different use cases to optimize data sizing considering constraints such as global coverage, river width, and total data volume.

Identification of Musculoskeletal Disorder among Eco-Brick Workers in Indonesia

Introduction: Plastic waste is considered one of the common vital waste problems in developing countries such as Indonesia. One proposed alternative way to reduce plastic waste is by reusing and recycling it into bricks. Eco-bricks are a form of recycled plastic waste that can be used as an alternative building construction material. Unfortunately, manufacturing workers do not ergonomically perform this work during their working hours. Therefore, it causes inappropriate body postures and leads to musculoskeletal disorders easily. This study intends to identify the posture of workers in the manufacture of eco-bricks in Indonesia Methods: A cross-sectional study was done with purposively selected 32 eco-bricks workers from 10 waste bank communities in Central Java and Yogyakarta. Sampling was done by snowball method. This research was conducted by interviewing and collecting data on body complaints using a Nordic Body Map (NBM) questionnaire. Results: All respondents (100%) experienced musculoskeletal disorder complaints while producing eco-bricks. Based on the results gained from the Nordic Body Map Questionnaire, the common complaints perceived by eco-bricks workers are upper neck, lower neck, back, waist, buttock, and bottom. In addition, workers also perceived complaints on the right side of the body, particularly the right shoulder, right upper arm, right elbow, right lower arm, right wrist, and right hand Conclusion: Working postures that are not well-organized in terms of ergonomics during the production process of eco-bricks will provoke complaints on the limbs caused by the continuous load on the muscles on the right side of the body.

Risk of Musculoskeletal Disorder in the Working Posture of Online Motorcycle Drivers (Case Study: Drivers at Malang District)

Variations in the dimensions of each type of motorcycle and variations in the anthropometry of the rider's body often cause complaints of discomfort in the body which can eventually lead to musculoskeletal disorders. The purpose of this study is to determine the value of the driver's body point complaints using Nordic body maps, determine the improvement of body posture in terms of the risk level of the driver's musculoskeletal disorders using the integration of rapid upper limb assessment and rapid whole body assessment. The research methodology uses a sample of 30 respondents, with 3 types of motorcycles. Stages of data analysis using Nordic body maps, RULA, REBA and Body Mass Index. The results of the study stated that there were 7 points of complaints of musculoskeletal disorders with the role of repetitive static activities. The working posture condition of the integration of RULA and REBA is stated that there is an improvement in body posture in the dimensions of RULA and REBA with the achievement of the need for the role of changing the dimensions of the motorcycle seat and handlebar as a development to suppress the occurrence of musculoskeletal disorders.

ANALISIS POSTUR KERJA PETUGAS PELAYANAN TEKNIK PT. PLN ULP KENDAL DENGAN METODE NORDIC BODY MAP DAN RAPID ENTIRE BODY ASSESSMENT

Work posture or work attitude is all forms of movement that a person does while working. A good work posture is called ergonomics, which is the science of applying and adjusting work positions so as to minimize the occurrence of injuries while working. Every aspect requires a good working position, including the technical service technicians of PT. PLN ULP Kendal. This research is a qualitative field research in the form of analysis on technical service technicians of PT. PLN ULP Kendal. Data were obtained by using questionnaires and field observations. The researcher distributed questionnaires to the technicians and then observed the technicians' work positions using the field observation method. Furthermore, the results of the questionnaire were calculated using the Nordic Body Map table formula and stated that most technicians felt pain in the waist with 7 officers feeling sick. Then the results of the observations were analyzed using the REBA method and resulted in a REBA score of 3 and entered the Action Level 1 category which means the Risk Level is "Low".

Proposed Design of Assistant Tools to Reduce the Risk of Disorders (MSDS) Operator of Weaving Work Station CV XYZ

The weaving operator of CV XYZ has an unergonomic work posture with a bent back and unbalanced legs at work. This non-ergonomic condition was identified by using the Nordic Body Map questionnaire to find out complaints on 28 body parts of three operators. From the identification of weaving operators using a nordic body map, it is known that there are complaints on the back, waist, and hips of the body. Identification using the Rapid Entire Body Assessment method shows that the final result of the assessment is 11, which means that there is a need for improvement now on the operator's work posture. The results of the QEC method show an exposure score of 97.12% for operator 3 and the action that must be taken is research and changes now. To reduce the risk of high work posture, a proposal for improving the working posture of the weaving machine set up operator was formulated by designing a manual scissor lift tool. In the process of designing tools, Indonesian anthropometric data is needed. The stages of designing tools are identifying operator needs, conceptualizing tools using a need metric matrix, selecting tools concepts with combination tables and scoring concepts and describing the design of tools using AutoCAD and CATIA software. From the results of the selection of several alternative concepts, a tool in the form of a manual scissor lift was chosen which has a combination of elements, namely a square working platform design, using 2 hydraulics and raw materials made of steel. Meanwhile, the manual scissor lift specification has a maximum height of 85 cm, a footing length of 70 cm and a footing width of 46 cm. It is known that before the proposed improvement, the final result of the REBA score was 11 and after the improvement the final result of the REBA score was 4 which indicates that the operator's work posture has improved after using the assistive device, especially in the arms, legs and back of the operator

Work Facility Design of the Ergonomic Tempeh Plastic Wraps Punching Tool Reduces Musculoskeletal Complaints and Working Time (A Case Study at MSME HM Tempe Murni, Ngoto, Yogyakarta)

Abstract. Tempe Murni small unit is a tempeh processing business located in Ngoto, Bangunharjo, Sewon, Bantul, Yogyakarta. There was a work process which caused muscle fatigue on the process of making holes on the tempeh wraps using manual tool because it had not met the ergonomic standard. The work posture of the workers in doing the work was sitting on the floor, the left leg was folded inward and the right leg was stretched forward a little bit, thus, it might cause musculoskeletal complaints. Therefore, it required an ergonomic tempeh plastic wrap punching tool which could reduce the musculoskeletal complaints and the working time of the workers.The research object was the workers in the process of making holes on the tempeh plastic wraps. This research used ergonomic and anthropometric approaches to determine the dimensions of the workers’ bodies. The Nordic Body Map (NBM) and the Visual Analogue Scale were used to determine the musculoskeletal complaints of workers.The results showed that the ergonomic design of the punching tool could reduce musculoskeletal complaints of pain sensation on the upper neck from the initial Visual Analog Scala (VAS) score of 65 into mild pain category with the scale score of 25. The initial back pain complaint with a moderate category with the scale score of 70 was reduced into mild pain category with the scale score of 16. The initial moderate pain on waist with the scale score of 70 was reduced into mild pain with the scale score of 18. The initial moderate pain on buttocks with the scale score of 70 was reduced into mild pain with the scale score of 26. The initial moderate pain on the lower part of the buttocks with a scale score of 69 was reduced into mild pain with a scale score of 29. The working time was reduced from 1.03 hours/unit into 0.52 hour/unit.

Overview of Musculoskeletal Disorders in Undergraduate Students

Background: Musculoskeletal disorders are defined as complaints or disorders that cause discomfort to the musculoskeletal system. During lecture activities, students are mostly in a static posture. Static and repetitive muscle loading when sitting for a long period can cause muscle fatigue due to the accumulation of lactic acid. Besides, it produces discomfort or pain in the musculoskeletal system. The purpose of the research is to describe an overview of musculoskeletal disorders in undergraduate students of the Bachelor and Professional Program of Physical Therapy Faculty of Medicine Udayana University during the lecture.
 Methods: The method of this research is descriptive-analytic with a cross-sectional, which has been carried out from October to November 2021. This research used a total sampling technique. The participants were undergraduate students of the Bachelor and Professional of Physical Therapy Program, College of Medicine, Universitas Udayana, with a total of 196 participants who met the established criteria. Researchers measured musculoskeletal disorders using a Nordic Body Map (NBM) questionnaire. Analysis of research data using univariate analysis, namely age, gender, body mass index, study period, duration of the study, and musculoskeletal disorders.
 Results: The results showed that musculoskeletal disorders were mostly complained of by students, namely the waist 61.7%, then the back 59%, followed by complaints in the lower neck 53.6% and upper neck 47.4% while the lowest complaints occurred in the left leg with a percentage of 5.6%.
 Conclusion: A total of 177 (90.3%) students had musculoskeletal disorders during lectures and 19 (9.7%) did not experience musculoskeletal disorders during lectures, and 94.4% had a low risk of musculoskeletal disorders. The risk of low musculoskeletal disorders can be interpreted as not requiring improvement.

Analysis of Work Posture and Manual Handling on the Material Transport Activities of Indonesian Traditional Market Worker

This research is about the observation of workers transporting sacks in a traditional market. The worker complained about pain in many body parts like the shoulders, waist, and arms, which are presented in the results of the Nordic Body Map questionnaire. This problem can be solved by massaging the body section to reduce musculoskeletal disorders. Because it is often get massaged, it makes the completion time of sack transport become longer. Work posture must be improved because too much pain piles up over long periods and can impact condition health and decrease productivity. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the working posture while doing manual handling. Evaluate work posture using Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) and Manual Handling Assessment Chart (MAC Tool). As a result, work posture and manual handling have a higher level of risk of injury, so we need to investigate and implement change. The level of risk must be reduced to at least medium risk. Using auxiliaries can improve work posture, reduce health risks, reduce load sacks, and increase work productivity. The recommended outcome is adding a skid box to improve the value of REBA and manual material handling by providing a hand trolley cart.

Analysis of Workload, Fatigue, and Musculoskeletal Complaints among Associate Nurses at Bangli General Hospital

Introduction: Nurses experienced high physical workloads, which may increase the risk of fatigue and musculoskeletal complaints. Nurse’s workplaces, especially hospitals, have not gained serious concern and attention for this issue.
 Methods: This study was an analytic observational study with a cross sectional design aimed to analyze the workloads, fatigue, and musculoskeletal complaints among associate nurses at Bangli General Hospital, Bali. A total of 46 respondents filled out the research questionnaire given.
 Results: Based on the NASA-TLX calculations, the associate nurses’ workloads are found to be in the moderate level with the largest indicators on the PD (Physical Demand) and Performance (OP) Scale. By using the Nordic Body Map Questionnaire, most of the respondents had a low risk regarding musculoskeletal complaints and the most of musculoskeletal complaints were felt in the right and left calves, waist and back. The results of the analysis on the 30 items of self-rating test questionnaire found that most nurses experienced fatigue in a low category (57.45%) and only a small percentage of nurses experienced high fatigue category (8.51%).
 Conclusion: Workloads, fatigue, and musculoskeletal complaints need further investigations to get better understanding of the cause in order to get better solutions.

ANALISIS PENERAPAN KONSEP ERGONOMI UNTUK MENDESAIN MESIN POTONG KULIT KERANG MUTIARA

The application of the concept of ergonomics is carried out on seashell craft work facilities because the work facilities used are not in accordance with the principles and norms of ergonomics feasibility. The research objective is the redesign of cutting machines and work chairs based on various kinds of information related to human factors which include designing tools and work facilities that are more effective, safe, comfortable, healthy, and efficient (ENASE). Some of the ergonomic parameters that are used as references include aspects of anthropometry, human physical performance, effectiveness-efficiency, work productivity, and the subjectivity of complaints of body pain as a result of inappropriate positions and workloads. In this study, 1 unit of circular model of shell cutting machine was designed and 1 unit of chair / seat. With anthropometric measurements of employees and through ergonomic calculations using the 5th percentile, the dimensions of the work table (cutting table) were obtained, the size of the table height was 87, 9 cm long table 110 cm and table width 64.3 cm. Then the dimensions of the chair are also obtained as follows: seat base height 32.7 cm Chair base length 70.6 cm Chair base width 32.1 cm chair back height 56.8 cm cm, seat back width 44.5 cm After applying the principles of ergonomics, based on the results of the Nordic Body Map questionnaire, it was found that the application of ergonomic principles to work tools for clam shell workers resulted in a 128% decrease in musculoskeletal complaints. In addition to this, it also resulted in a decrease in fatigue levels of 103%. . This shows that the application of ergonomic principles has a positive impact on employees

Urban surface water bodies mapping using the automatic k-means based approach and sentinel-2 imagery

Rivers, lakes, and open water bodies play crucial roles in environmental development, especially in urban ecosystems. Accurate urban surface water body maps in high resolution are an important prerequisite for better and faster decision making for urban ecosystem monitoring, mitigating the effects of urban heat islands and urban climate change adaptation. Research presents new automatic algorithm for urban surface bodies mapping (AUWM). Algorithm was tested on Sentinel-2 data and can be applied globally for automatic mapping water bodies in 10-m spatial resolution. AUWM was developed based on modified normalized difference water index, pansharpening techniques (MNDWIPS), and k-means clustering algorithm. Research was provided on three study sites. The optimal number of classes for k-means in AUWM is four. Accuracy assessment results show that AUWM is a highly accurate method for water bodies mapping, confirmed by all statistical parameters; accuracy, kappa, precision, and F1 value are 0.997, 0.830, 0.998, and 0.998, respectively.

Multi-modal wound classification using wound image and location by deep neural network

Wound classification is an essential step of wound diagnosis. An efficient classifier can assist wound specialists in classifying wound types with less financial and time costs and help them decide on an optimal treatment procedure. This study developed a deep neural network-based multi-modal classifier using wound images and their corresponding locations to categorize them into multiple classes, including diabetic, pressure, surgical, and venous ulcers. A body map was also developed to prepare the location data, which can help wound specialists tag wound locations more efficiently. Three datasets containing images and their corresponding location information were designed with the help of wound specialists. The multi-modal network was developed by concatenating the image-based and location-based classifier outputs with other modifications. The maximum accuracy on mixed-class classifications (containing background and normal skin) varies from 82.48 to 100% in different experiments. The maximum accuracy on wound-class classifications (containing only diabetic, pressure, surgical, and venous) varies from 72.95 to 97.12% in various experiments. The proposed multi-modal network also showed a significant improvement in results from the previous works of literature.

Artificial Intelligence in Dermatology Image Analysis: Current Developments and Future Trends.

Thanks to the rapid development of computer-based systems and deep-learning-based algorithms, artificial intelligence (AI) has long been integrated into the healthcare field. AI is also particularly helpful in image recognition, surgical assistance and basic research. Due to the unique nature of dermatology, AI-aided dermatological diagnosis based on image recognition has become a modern focus and future trend. Key scientific concepts of review: The use of 3D imaging systems allows clinicians to screen and label skin pigmented lesions and distributed disorders, which can provide an objective assessment and image documentation of lesion sites. Dermatoscopes combined with intelligent software help the dermatologist to easily correlate each close-up image with the corresponding marked lesion in the 3D body map. In addition, AI in the field of prosthetics can assist in the rehabilitation of patients and help to restore limb function after amputation in patients with skin tumors. For the benefit of patients, dermatologists have an obligation to explore the opportunities, risks and limitations of AI applications. This study focuses on the application of emerging AI in dermatology to aid clinical diagnosis and treatment, analyzes the current state of the field and summarizes its future trends and prospects so as to help dermatologists realize the impact of new technological innovations on traditional practices so that they can embrace and use AI-based medical approaches more quickly.

Using Body Maps to Understand Elementary Teacher Candidates’ Embodied Understanding of Care Related to Intersectional Marginalization during the COVID-19 Pandemic

ABSTRACT Teacher educators need to thoroughly understand of teacher candidates’ (TCs) experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic, in order to support TCs’ development and practice of care in the post-pandemic era. Here, I examine how TCs identified body discourses, and examine how those TCs understood and enacted critically oriented caring practices during the pandemic in online asynchronous courses in the Southeastern U.S. I used body mapping as a pedagogical tool for TCs to identify, critically reflect on, and respond to body discourses that emerged during the COVID-19 pandemic in their process of understanding and enacting caring practices. I find that TCs conceptualized their care toward students, families, and colleagues in three overlapping yet distinct ways: (a) care as a motherly presence; (b) care as relational work; and (c) care as the promotion of critical consciousness. This study contributes to current teacher education scholarship by showing that a deeper understanding of TC’s embodied experiences is critical for supporting TCs’ understanding and practice of care. In addition, this work highlights how body mapping activities can be used in practice, in order to scaffold teachers’ critically oriented care work.

Association Between Sitting Position and Lower Extremity Musculoskeletal Disorders in Medical Students During Study from Home

During the COVID-19 pandemic, learning at educational institutions continued, even though it is carried out online. Limited learning facilities affect the sitting position of students, increasing the potential for musculoskeletal disorders, especially in the lower extremities. This study aimed to examine the relationship between sitting position and musculoskeletal disorders in some parts of the lower extremities. It was quantitative, analytical observational, with a cross-sectional design study. Respondents are students at one of the medical faculty in West Java and includes 158 people. Data collection was carried out in 2020. The sitting position category was determined based on observation of the results of taking photographs while studying, and musculoskeletal complaints in 12 areas of the lower extremities were determined based on filling out the Nordic Body Map (NBM) questionnaire. The data was analysed by Chi Square using SPPS 20 software. Results showed that most of the respondents sit in a certain position using a special chair and desk for studying. The knee of the respondent is mostly in a flexed position. Most respondents felt lower extremity musculoskeletal complaints in the buttocks and lower buttocks. There is an association between sitting position and musculoskeletal complaints in the knees, calves, and ankles. The ergonomic sitting position helps reduce musculoskeletal complaints in various parts of the body, including the lower extremities.
 Keywords: lower extremity, medical students, musculoskeletal disorders, sitting position

Biopsychosocial Attributes of Single-region and Multi-region Body Pain During Early Adolescence: Analysis of the ABCD Cohort.

Multi-region pain during adolescence is associated with a higher symptom burden and lower quality of life. The purpose of this study was to describe and compare the biopsychosocial attributes of single-region and multi-region pain among healthy young adolescents. We analyzed data from 10,320 children aged 10.6 to 14 years who self-reported pain in the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study. Pain was coded as single-region or multi-region based on body map data. One in 5 young adolescents indicated recent multi-region pain. Sequential regression supported improved model fit when psychological and sociocultural factors were added to a biological model of pain; however, these models improved the classification of multi-region but not single-region pain. A significant interaction effect of sex and puberty remained constant across models with increased odds of pain at each advancing pubertal stage for both sexes compared with prepuberty, but no difference between girls and boys at late puberty (adjusted odds ratio [OR]=2.45 [1.72, 3.49] and adjusted OR=1.63 [1.20, 2.23], respectively). Psychological factors improved the classification of multi-region pain with significant effects of anxiety, somatic symptoms, and somnolence. Finally, compared with White and non-Hispanic children, Black and Hispanic children were less likely to report pain (adjusted OR=0.70 [0.61, 0.80]; adjusted OR=0.88 [0.78, 0.99], respectively) but had significantly higher pain interference when pain was present (adjusted OR=1.49 [1.29, 1.73] and adjusted OR=1.20 [1.06, 1.35], respectively). Pain is a biopsychosocial phenomenon, but psychological and sociocultural features may be more relevant for multi-region compared with single-region pain during early adolescence.