Human Body Research Articles

Temperature dependent Raman spectroscopy and sensing performance of 2D black phosphorus.

Temperature is an important parameter to be monitored in new wearable electronic devices. Layered black phosphorus (BP) has inherent good thermal stability and semiconductor properties and has a promising application as a temperature sensing layer. Here, we investigate the temperature sensing properties of BP, using in situ Raman spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction techniques. Flexible sensors are constructed, and temperature response is investigated in the range of 6-38 °C. The prospect application for monitoring the temperature of human body parts is demonstrated. The results show that the BP-based temperature sensors demonstrate good negative temperature coefficient characteristics and display high sensitivity and reproducible sensing performance. The temperature-dependent performance suggests the feasibility of BP as a sensitive layer in a wide temperature range. This work paves the way for exploring new applications of amazing layered materials, such as BP, in wearable electronic devices.

Exploring the De Novo NMN Biosynthesis as an Alternative Pathway to Enhance NMN Production.

Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) serves as a precursor for NAD+ synthesis and has been shown to have positive effects on the human body. Previous research has predominantly focused on the nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase-mediated route (NadV-mediated route) for NMN biosynthesis. In this study, we have explored the de novo NMN biosynthesis route as an alternative pathway to enhance NMN production. Initially, we systematically engineered Escherichia coli to enhance its capacity for NMN synthesis and accumulation, resulting in a remarkable over 100-fold increase in NMN yield. Subsequently, we progressively enhanced the de novo NMN biosynthesis route to further augment NMN production. We screened and identified the crucial role of MazG in catalyzing the enzymatic cleavage of NAD+ to NMN. And the de novo NMN biosynthesis route was optimized and integrated with the NadV-mediated NMN biosynthetic pathways, leading to an intracellular concentration of 844.10 ± 17.40 μM NMN. Furthermore, the introduction of two transporters enhanced the uptake of NAM and the excretion of NMN, resulting in NMN production of 1293.73 ± 61.38 μM. Finally, by engineering an E. coli strain with optimized PRPP synthetase, we achieved the highest NMN production, reaching 3067.98 ± 27.25 μM after 24 h of fermentation at the shake flask level. In addition to constructing an efficient E. coli cell factory for NMN production, our findings provide new insights into understanding the NAD+ salvage pathway and its role in energy metabolism within E. coli.

Impacts of 1.5 T MRI Static Magnetic Field on Biochemical and Enzyme Activity Parameters on Radiology Department Workers.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is an important diagnostic technique that uses powerful magnetic fields to generate detailed images of the human body. The aim of this study is to investigate to how static magnetic fields (SMF) affect the levels of trace elements and biochemical parameters in MRI staff' blood serum. This study examines the impacts of these exposures of 18 participants (9 males and 9 females) aged between 25 and 60.on the levels of trace elements in the blood serum and the biochemical parameters of the MRI staff at Azadi Teaching Hospital in Duhok and Zakho General Hospital-Bidari in Zakho City. Eighteen participants, consisting of nine males and nine females aged between 25 and 60, were selected from these hospitals. The researchers obtained blood samples and conducted analysis to determine the presence of trace elements (sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride) as well as numerous biochemical markers. The results showed that potassium and calcium levels increased with age, and older females had considerable deviations. Chloride levels exhibited a significant increase with age in both males and females. Glucose, creatinine, uric acid, and urea levels showed an increase with age, suggesting the possible damage to kidney function caused by continuous exposure to MRI. Increased levels of liver enzymes (GPT, GOT, ALP) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were noticed, particularly in older females, indicating potential liver and thyroid dysfunction. These results highlight the importance of applying strict safety protocols and conducting regular health assessments for MRI personnel to minimize the possible hazards.

Effects of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals on Bone Health.

This comprehensive review critically examines the detrimental impacts of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) on bone health, with a specific focus on substances such as bisphenol A (BPA), per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), phthalates, and dioxins. These EDCs, by interfering with the endocrine system's normal functioning, pose a significant risk to bone metabolism, potentially leading to a heightened susceptibility to bone-related disorders and diseases. Notably, BPA has been shown to inhibit the differentiation of osteoblasts and promote the apoptosis of osteoblasts, which results in altered bone turnover status. PFASs, known for their environmental persistence and ability to bioaccumulate in the human body, have been linked to an increased osteoporosis risk. Similarly, phthalates, which are widely used in the production of plastics, have been associated with adverse bone health outcomes, showing an inverse relationship between phthalate exposure and bone mineral density. Dioxins present a more complex picture, with research findings suggesting both potential benefits and adverse effects on bone structure and density, depending on factors such as the timing and level of exposure. This review underscores the urgent need for further research to better understand the specific pathways through which EDCs affect bone health and to develop targeted strategies for mitigating their potentially harmful impacts.

Technologies for retrospective radiation dosimetry.

Radiation dosimetry is an important task for assessing the biological damages created in human being due to ionising radiation exposure. Ionising radiation being invisible and beyond the perception of human natural sensors, the dosimetry equipments/systems are the utmost requirement for its measurement. Retrospective measurement of radiation doses is a challenging task as conventional radiation dosemeters are not available at the exposure site. The material/s in close proximity of exposed individual or individuals' biological samples may be used as retrospective radiation sensor for dosimetry purpose. Environment materials such as sand, bricks, ceramics, sand stones, quartz, feldspar, glasses and electronic chips have been utilised using TL (Thermoluminescence) techniques for retrospective gamma dose (min 10cGy) measurement. Electron Spin Resonance techniques have been employed to human biological samples such as tooth enamel, bones, nails, hair, etc. and reported for dosimetry for ~20cGymin dose measurement. Some commercial glasses have been found sensitive enough to measure the minimum gamma doses of the order of 100cGy using TL techniques. For internal retrospective dosimetry, the radioactivity contamination assessment in food items, water, other edible product and ambient air are the prerequisites. The radioactivity concentration vis-à-vis their consumption rate may help in controlling the internal contamination and estimation of dose absorption in human body. Defence Laboratory, Jodhpur has been working extensively on the dosimetry techniques for external dose measurement using environmental material and developed portable contamination monitoring systems for food and water radioactivity measurement in the range of 50Bq kg-1 to 1000kBq kg-1 in 60s measurement time. The recent research and development in the methodologies, equipments and systems undertaken towards capacity building and self-reliance in retrospective radiation dosimetry is reported in this paper.

Clinical management controversy caused by a rare case of silver clip detachment and displacement after tubal sliver clip sterilization

Introduction and importance: The treatment of rare long-term complications such as ectopic silver clips after tubal silver clip sterilization, still follows the principle of removing metal foreign body(MFB) in the abdominal cavity: first choice removal, which seems to be a habitual treatment method by clinical gynecologists. However, this measure has recently been greatly questioned. Case presentation: A 54-year-old postmenopausal woman who had undergone tubal sterilization with a sliver clip 32 years ago, presented to emergency department(ED) with severe left upper abdominal colic, paroxysmal, accompanied by vomiting and radiating pain. Her vital signs were stable and emergency routine urine test showed microscopic hematuria. Preliminary consideration was given to ureteral stones and abdominal pain was relieved after treatment. Abdominal CT confirmed the previous consideration, but unexpectedly found that the left tubal sterilization metal clip disappeared and was ectopic in the perihepatic space. Clinical discussion: This traditional conception of removing metal foreign body(MFB) in the abdominal cavity is often accepted by many surgeons. Based on the management measures of this case and the systematic review of literature, we found that the detached ectopic silver clip did not cause serious long-term complications, possibly due to its good tissue receptivity and other characteristics. Conclusion: Although an ectopic silver clip is a MFB in the abdominal cavity, it has been increasingly shown that removing the silver clip is not necessary because of the good receptivity of silver to human tissue and uncertainty of long-term side effects on human body.

Male Body Odor Affects Emotional State, LH, and Cortisol Secretion in Women of Different Age Groups

Male Body Odor Affects Emotional State, LH, and Cortisol Secretion in Women of Different Age Groups

Effectiveness and satisfaction with virtual and donor dissections: A randomized controlled trial

In recent years, human anatomy education has faced challenges with traditional donor dissection, leading to the emergence of virtual dissection as an alternative. This study aims to investigate the academic performance and satisfaction of medical students by comparing the virtual and donor dissections. An open-labeled crossover randomized controlled trial was conducted with 154 first-year medical students in Human Anatomy and Neuroanatomy laboratories, which were divided into three classes. Students were randomly assigned to either the virtual (virtual dissection followed by donor dissection) or donor (donor dissection followed by virtual dissection) groups in each class. A curriculum, incorporating head-mounted displays (HMDs), a life-sized touchscreen, and tablets, was developed. Data was evaluated through quizzes and surveys. In the Human Anatomy laboratory, each class of the donor group conducted heart extraction, dissection and observation. In observation class, the virtual group had a significantly higher mean quiz score than the donor group (p < 0.05). Compared to the donor, satisfaction was significantly higher for the HMD (understanding of concept and immersion), life-size touchscreen (esthetics, understanding of the concept, and spatial ability), and tablet (esthetics, understanding of the concept, spatial ability, and continuous use intention). In the Neuroanatomy laboratory, the virtual group showed significantly higher mean quiz scores than the donor group (p < 0.05), and tablet showed a significantly higher satisfaction than donor in terms of esthetics, understanding of the concept, and spatial ability. These results suggest that virtual dissection has the potential to supplement or replace donor dissection in anatomy education. This study is innovative in that it successfully delivered scenario-based virtual content and validated the efficacy in academic performance and satisfaction when using virtual devices compared to donor.Trial registration: This research has been registered in the Clinical Research Information Service (CRIS, https://cris.nih.go.kr/cris/search/detailSearch.do?search_lang=E&focus=reset_12&search_page=L&pageSize=10&page=undefined&seq=26002&status=5&seq_group=26002) with registration number "KCT0009075" and registration date "27/12/2023".

Tradition and Innovation in Yoghurt from a Functional Perspective—A Review

Yoghurt is one of the most consumed and studied dairy products, with proven functional effects on the human body. This review discusses the functional properties of traditional yoghurt products in comparison with different other yoghurts enriched with natural bioactive compounds like bee products, aromatic plants, fruit, vegetables, extracts, edible flowers, mushrooms, and high protein ingredients. The food industry aims to enhance the nutritional profile of final products, recognising the potential value they bring. Yoghurt, acknowledged as a functional food, has garnered significant attention globally in terms of production and consumption. Incorporating flavours through essences, fruit, fruit extracts, and honey is considered a preferable alternative to artificial flavours for innovating new dairy products. While the review underscores the positive properties of natural additives, it also addresses the possible changes in physicochemical properties and storage stability when yoghurt is enriched beyond the basic elements. A compelling synthesis of the data reveals the remarkable finding that the majority of functional yoghurts incorporate bee products. In recent years, the dairy industry has seen a rise in combining probiotics and functional foods, especially with the development of probiotic functional yoghurts.

Socio-Demographic Patterning of Urinary Mono-ethyl Phthalate Levels among Children and Adults in the U.S. (1999-2018)

Abstract Background: Phthalates are chemicals used to make plastics flexible and durable. They are found in clothes, varnishes, toys, pharmaceuticals, containers, and personal care products. Phthalates make their way into human bodies through ingestion, inhalation, and dermal absorption, and the breakdown of them within bodies can be measured as phthalate metabolites in urine. They pervade all aspects of the environment and our bodies, contributing to negative health outcomes. Education, SES, and gender influence where people live (their built environment), time-use patterns, occupation, treatment at healthcare facilities, and purchasing patterns; all affect phthalate exposures, and therefore phthalate metabolites in urine are also likely to vary by socio-demographic characteristics. Objectives: To study how levels of mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP) in urine samples of children and adults in the U.S. vary among key socio-demographic groups. We expect that disadvantaged groups will have the highest levels of phthalates. Methods: Using quantitative methods, we analyze levels of urinary MEP as a biomarker indicating exposure to phthalates. Within the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (1999-2018) participants, we compare MEP levels across the following socio-demographic groups: age, gender, education, race/ethnicity, family income to poverty level, citizenship status. We use multivariate regression models to adjust results for differences in other factors that potentially influence MEP levels. Results: Historically disadvantaged groups – women, Non-Hispanic Blacks, Mexican Americans, Other Hispanics, and those with lower educational attainment – have higher predicted phthalate levels, even when holding all covariates that could be related to differences in phthalate levels by socio-demographic factors constant. Discussion: Our results suggest differences in socio-demographic factors could be leading to unequal exposures to phthalates and MEP excretions in their urine. This research contributes to understanding health experiences outside of clinical definitions, drawing attention to structural vulnerabilities and the way that environmental toxicants are embodied in individuals and populations.

The Cytotoxic Effects of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Induced by Uranium

Bone is a major tissue for uranium deposition in human body. Considering mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) play a vital role in bone formation and injury recovery, studying the mechanism of MSCs responding to uranium poisoning can benefit the understanding of bone damage and repair after uranium exposure. Cellular structural alterations were analyzed via transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Changes in cellular behaviors were assessed through cellular viability, apoptosis, and the production of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). In addition, the influence of gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) on uranium toxicity was assessed. The disruption of MSCs was elevated with the increase in uranyl nitrate concentration, as shown by TEM micrograph. This was verified by the results of cellular viability and DSB production. Interestingly, the results of apoptosis assay indicated significant apoptosis occurred, which was accompanied with an obvious disruption of cellular membranes. Furthermore, closely contacted cell confluence groups exhibited resistant to uranium poisoning in contrast to sparse growth groups, which can be eliminated with the pretreatment of a GJIC inhibitor in the close connection group. To verify the association between GJIC and cytotoxic effects of uranyl nitrate, GJIC function was evaluated by wound healing and cellular migration. The results showed an inhibition of the healing ratio and migration ability induced by the exposure of uranyl nitrate. The low transfer efficiency of the dye coupling experiment and depressed expression of gap functional protein connexins confirmed the impairment of GJIC function. These results suggest that uranium toxicity is involved with GJIC dysfunction.

Big challenge in health impact of heavy metal: A case study

Herbal medicines are potential sources of therapeutic aids for human beings. WHO estimates that 80% of the world’s population depends on herbal products as their primary form of health care. Herbal plants are widely used nowadays because they have few side effects, are readily available, and are cost-effective. Herbal plants are easily contaminated by absorbing heavy metals from soil, air and water. The primary health concerns of heavy metals are Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead and Mercury. Heavy metal causes countless health-related issues, such as kidney and liver damage, skin cancer, etc. So, the estimation of heavy metals is fundamental. Modern techniques estimate heavy metals in herbal plants such as AAS, ICP-MS, ICP-AES and ICP-OES. This review article mainly contains general information about heavy metals, the health impact of heavy metals on the human body, case studies regarding heavy metal toxicity on human health and analytical techniques used to estimate heavy metals.

Temporal residual neural radiance fields for monocular video dynamic human body reconstruction

Temporal residual neural radiance fields for monocular video dynamic human body reconstruction

Computational analysis of electromagnetic field exposure in passengers near high- current contact wire environments.

The electromagnetic environment of a railway station is composed of electrical, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields, which are generated by various sources such as traction current, voltage, pantograph-catenary arc, locomotive braking, wheel-rail rolling arc, and communication systems. However, there is public growing concern among the public about the potential negative human health effects of this electromagnetic environment. To analyze the distribution of electromagnetic fields in human tissues, electromagnetic simulation software is used to create a model that includes six track contact wires and four waiting passengers on three platforms. This model is used to analyze the magnetic field environment created by high currents in the contact wires of a multi-track high-speed railway station. By varying the loads on different contact wires, the distribution of electric field and magnetic flux density within human tissues of waiting passengers on different platforms is studied using this model. When the track is unoccupied, the calculation results show that the maximum values of the electric field and magnetic flux density of the passenger's human body tissue at the blind way on the platform and 1m of the blind way are 17.6mVm-1 and 52.7 μT, respectively. These values increase by 9.28mVm-1 and 16.4 μT compared to when the track is occupied. When more contact wires are loaded with currents, the electric field mode and magnetic flux density mode of human tissues increase at the same position on the platform. Specifically, when the contact wires of six tracks are loaded with current at the same time, the maximum values of the electric field mode and magnetic flux density mode of the waiting passengers' human tissues at the blind way on different platforms are 29.6mVm-1 and 88.1 μT, respectively. These maximum values are lower than the public electromagnetic exposure limits that are designated by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection guidelines. The research results demonstrate that the magnetic field environment generated by the current in the contact wires of a railway station with six tracks does not pose a health risk to human tissues of passengers waiting at the blind way and 1m of the blind way on the platform. These findings can provide valuable data reference for the formulation of relevant standards for the design of electrified rail transit, as well as the suppression of electromagnetic interference and protection of human bioelectromagnetism.

Experimental Tests on External and Terminal Ballistics of Different Types of Projectiles Fired From .38 SPL Caliber Cartridges and Study of Permanent Cavitation in Anatomical Modeling With 10% Ballistic Gelatin.

The present study investigated the main morphological differences between the permanent cavities formed by 4 different types of projectiles fired from .38 SPL caliber cartridges in blocks of 10% ballistic gelatin with standardized formulation (Federal Bureau of Investigation Protocol), all fired from the same distance and from the same firearm, associated with its performances in external and terminal ballistics. The velocity or the mass presented by a firearm projectile will not always be solely responsible for the final configuration of the permanent cavity, in which the projectile design, for example, is an equally important element. Each type of projectile tested in the present work generated a different kind of permanent cavity, but they also varied in velocity (m/s) and energy (J). The use of 10% ballistic gelatin in scientific research that seeks to investigate the external and terminal ballistics of projectiles can contribute to the practice of professionals working either in forensic pathology or applied ballistics scenarios, as they can experimentally simulate the events that can occur in the tissues of victims inflicted by gunshot wounds, which also allows important applications in the medical, commercial, civil, and military sectors that deal with products and technologies related to the human body.

Myths and methodologies: Assessing glycaemic control and associated regulatory mechanisms in human physiology research.

Accurate measurements of glycaemic control and the underpinning regulatory mechanisms are vital in human physiology research. Glycaemic control is the maintenance of blood glucose concentrations within optimal levels and is governed by physiological variables including insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance and β-cell function. These can be measured with a plethora of methods, all with their own benefits and limitations. Deciding on the best method to use is challenging and depends on the specific research question(s). This review therefore discusses the theory and procedure, validity and reliability and any special considerations of a range common methods used to measure glycaemic control, insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance and β-cell function. Methods reviewed include glycosylated haemoglobin, continuous glucose monitors, the oral glucose tolerance test, mixed meal tolerance test, hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamp, hyperglycaemic clamp, intravenous glucose tolerance testand indices derived from both fasting concentrations and the oral glucose tolerance test. This review aims to help direct understanding, assessment and decisions regarding which method to use based on specific physiology-related research questions.

Biological Importance of Microelements in the Human Body

The human body essentially needs chemical elements for various biochemical processes and metabolic reactions. Microelements are also essential in the human body to perform essential functions in the human body. Research objectives: to study the biological significance of microelements in the human body that are part of the structure of biologically active substances: enzymes, hormones and vitamins. A literature review was carried out on the importance of microelements in the human body, examples of diseases that occur with a deficiency and excess of microelements in the body are given. A lack of microelements leads to serious diseases of the body as they are involved in the metabolism of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, protein synthesis in the body, heat exchange, hematopoiesis, bone formation, reproduction, and immune reactions. When consuming refined foods, the lack of microelements and vitamins can be eliminated by taking multivitamin-mineral complexes.

Analisis Bahan Ajar Anatomi Fisiologi Tubuh Manusia (Karya Daniel Suranta Ginting, Et Al)

In the world of education, teaching materials have a crucial role in the teaching and learning process. Teaching materials include all types of materials used by teachers or instructors to support learning activities in the classroom. Thus, teaching materials are prepared to achieve the desired goals, namely mastering the necessary competencies or subcompetencies along with all their aspects. The purpose of this study is to analyze the identity, content and advantages and disadvantages of a teaching material. The method used in this study is the research method of the pustka study. The results of this study are teaching materials on Physiological Anatomy of the Human Body" by Daniel Suranta Ginting, et al, presenting material about the working system of human body organs and explaining the basics of physiological anatomy and metabolic processes of the human body. This book summarizes eleven discussion materials about the organ system of the human body from the musculelenal, endocrine, lymphatic, urinary, reproductive, respiratory, digestive, and metabolic systems of the human body. This teaching material is written by eleven writers from various professional backgrounds and is compiled in collaboration and cooperation from various authors.

Efektifitas Penggunaan Media Audiovisual pada Pembelajaran Anatomi Tubuh Manusia di Tingkat Sekolah

This research examines the effectiveness of using audiovisual media in teaching human anatomy at school level. The literature review was carried out by analyzing various trusted sources, such as scientific journals, books and online articles. The research results showed that the application of audiovisual media was proven to increase students' understanding and learning achievement in human anatomy subjects. The most effective audiovisual media are animated videos, 3D anatomical images, and interactive simulations. Appropriate use of audiovisual media helps students understand the structure and function of the human body better. Conclusion: Audiovisual media is an effective learning strategy to improve students' understanding and learning achievement in human anatomy subjects. Teachers need to use appropriate and varied audiovisual media in learning human anatomy to achieve optimal learning outcomes

Experimental implementation of skeleton tracking for collision avoidance in collaborative robotics

AbstractCollaborative robotic manipulators can stop in case of a collision, according to the ISO/TS 15066 and ISO 10218-1 standards. However, in a human-robot collaboration scenario where the robot and the human share the workspace, a better solution with concerns to production and operator safety would be to perceive in advance the presence of an obstacle and be able to avoid it, thereby completing the task without halting the robot. In this paper, an obstacle avoidance algorithm is tested using a sensor system for real-time human detection; the operator represents a potential dynamic obstacle that can interfere with the robot motion. The sensor system consists of three RGB-D cameras. A custom software framework has been developed in Python exploiting machine learning tools for human skeleton detection. The coordinates of the human body joints relative to the manipulator base are used as input to the obstacle avoidance algorithm. The use of multiple sensors makes it possible to limit the occlusion problem; in addition, the choice of non-wearable sensors goes in the direction of better operator comfort. A series of experimental tests were performed to verify the accuracy of skeleton detection and the ability of the system to avoid obstacles in real time. The human motion caption system, in particular, was validated through a comparison with a commercial system based on wearable IMU sensors widely used and validated in motion capture. There is an NRMSE of $$3.23\%$$ 3.23 % for the RGB-D camera-based skeleton detection system, against an NRMSE of $$12.23\%$$ 12.23 % for the IMU wearable sensor system. Test results confirm that the system is able to avoid collisions with the human body under various conditions, static or dynamic, ensuring a minimum safety distance to any part of the manipulator. In 44 tests in which the operator moves around the robot with possible collisions (at a speed typical of manufacturing operations), the minimum operator-robot distance averaged $$208\,\textrm{mm}$$ 208 mm , being $$200\,\textrm{mm}$$ 200 mm the limit safety distance set by algorithm.