Body Fat Mass Values Research Articles

Establishment and Evaluation of a Noninvasive Metabolism-Related Fatty Liver Screening and Dynamic Monitoring Model: Cross-Sectional Study.

Metabolically associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) insidiously affects people's health, and many models have been proposed for the evaluation of liver fibrosis. However, there is still a lack of noninvasive and sensitive models to screen MAFLD in high-risk populations. The purpose of this study was to explore a new method for early screening of the public and establish a home-based tool for regular self-assessment and monitoring of MAFLD. In this cross-sectional study, there were 1758 eligible participants in the training set and 200 eligible participants in the testing set. Routine blood, blood biochemistry, and FibroScan tests were performed, and body composition was analyzed using a body composition instrument. Additionally, we recorded multiple factors including disease-related risk factors, the Forns index score, the hepatic steatosis index (HSI), the triglyceride glucose index, total body water (TBW), body fat mass (BFM), visceral fat area, waist-height ratio (WHtR), and basal metabolic rate. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to explore the potential anthropometric indicators that have a predictive ability to screen for MAFLD. A new model, named the MAFLD Screening Index (MFSI), was established using binary logistic regression analysis, and BFM, WHtR, and TBW were included. A simple rating table, named the MAFLD Rating Table (MRT), was also established using these indicators. The performance of the HSI (area under the curve [AUC]=0.873, specificity=76.8%, sensitivity=81.4%), WHtR (AUC=0.866, specificity=79.8%, sensitivity=80.8%), and BFM (AUC=0.842, specificity=76.9%, sensitivity=76.2%) in discriminating between the MAFLD group and non-fatty liver group was evaluated (P<.001). The AUC of the combined model including WHtR, HSI, and BFM values was 0.900 (specificity=81.8%, sensitivity=85.6%; P<.001). The MFSI was established based on better performance at screening MAFLD patients in the training set (AUC=0.896, specificity=83.8%, sensitivity=82.1%) and was confirmed in the testing set (AUC=0.917, specificity=89.8%, sensitivity=84.4%; P<.001). The novel MFSI model was built using WHtR, BFM, and TBW to screen for early MAFLD. These body parameters can be easily obtained using a body fat scale at home, and the mobile device software can record specific values and perform calculations. MFSI had better performance than other models for early MAFLD screening. The new model showed strong power and stability and shows promise in the area of MAFLD detection and self-assessment. The MRT was a practical tool to assess disease alterations in real time.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANAEROBIC POWER, REACTION TIME AND BODY COMPOSITION PARAMETERS OF YOUNG SOCCER PLAYERS

The anaerobic activities is frequently used in soccer including high intensity actions. The aim of this study was to examine relationships between anaerobic power, reaction times and body composition parameters of young soccer players. The twenty-seven amateur young soccer players (Age: 13.81±0.48 years, height: 166.74±6.16 cm, weight: 55.17±5.40 kg) were involved in study voluntarily. The Wingate anaerobic power test parameters (minimum power, mean power, peak power, fatigue index), dominant and non-dominant hand visual and auditory reaction times and body composition parameters (lean body mass, body fat mass and body fat percent) were examined. The statistical relationships among explored variables were determined by correlation analyze technique. The relationship between parameters was examined by Pearson’s correlation coefficient. According to the results, it was found that lean body mass, anaerobic capacity and mean power parameters had a statistical positive correlations (p&lt;0.05). Also, it was found that body fat percent and body fat mass values had a negative correlation with minimum power values (p&lt;0.05). There was no significant correlation between visual and auditory reaction time values with body composition and anaerobic power parameters. Consequently, it could be said that the relationship between lean body mass and body fat percent with some anaerobic power parameters could be arisen from similar mechanisms affecting related parameters. Also, it can be concluded that the reaction time parameter is not closely related to the body composition and anaerobic power parameters, as it is closer related to neural mechanisms than physical mechanisms.

The Effect of Replacing Sitting With Standing on Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of replacing sitting with standing on cardiovascular risk factors tested in clinical trials.MethodsWe searched databases from inception up to August 28, 2019, for studies examining the effect of replacing sitting with standing on fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, and lipid levels; blood pressure; body fat mass; weight; and waist circumference in healthy adults. Differences in mean ± SD values were used for pooling the data and calculating the mean differences and CIs.ResultsThe search found 3507 abstracts. Nine clinical trials (8 randomized and 1 nonrandomized) with 877 (64.4% [n=565] women) participants met all inclusion criteria. The mean ± SD age was 45.34±5.41 years; mean follow-up was 3.81 months, and mean difference in standing time between the intervention and control groups was 1.33 hours per day. The follow-up fasting blood glucose and body fat mass values were slightly but significantly lower than baseline records in the intervention groups compared with control groups (−2.53; 95% CI, −4.27 to −0.79 mg/dL; and −0.75; 95% CI, −0.91 to −0.59 kg). The analysis for fasting insulin levels, lipid levels, blood pressure, weight, and waist circumference revealed no significant differences.ConclusionReplacing sitting with standing can result in very small but statistically significant decreases in fasting blood glucose levels and body fat mass with no significant effect on lipid levels, blood pressure, weight, and waist circumference. Replacing sitting with standing can be used as an adjunctive intervention to decrease the burden of cardiovascular risk factors but cannot be used as an alternative to physical activity to decrease sedentary time.

Sarcopenia is an actual problem in chronic kidney disease of the 5d stage

BACKGROUND. The lack of data on the epidemiology of presarcopenia/sarcopenia leads to an underestimation of the role of this condition in the structure of morbidity and mortality of haemodialysis patients in theRussian Federation. THE AIM: to study the epidemiological aspects of presarcopenia /sarcopenia in patients with chronic kidney disease stage 5d. PATIENTS AND METHODS. This study comprised 317 patients receiving programmed bicarbonate haemodialysis for 8.2 ± 5.1 years, among them 171 women and 146 men, the average age was 57.1 ± 11.3 years. The assessment of the presence of sarcopenia was performed using the method recommended by the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. RESULTS. The prevalence of presarcopenia was 0.7 % and sarcopenia 29.6 %. The incidence of skeletal muscle mass deficiency according to muscle mass index (IMM) was 30.3 %, 48.7 % showed a decrease in muscle strength according to dynamometry, and low performance of skeletal muscles according to 6 minute walk test was determined in 42.8 %. Sarcopenia patients were significantly characterized by lower body mass index, as well as higher body fat mass values. The duration of haemodialysis (χ2 = 22.376, p = 0.0001) and the patient's age (χ2 = 10.545 p = 0.014) were an independent risk factors for the development of sarcopenia. CONCLUSION. Sarcopenia is recorded more frequently in hemodialysis patients than presarcopenia. Its prevalence increases among patients of older age groups and with a hemodialysis duration of more than 5 years. The age and experience of dialysis make their independent contribution to the development of this syndrome.

Effect of serum vitamin D levels on weight loss in obese patients doing aerobic exercises: A retrospective study

Objective: This study evaluates the effect of serum vitamin D (Vit D) levels on weight loss in obese patients during an aerobic exercise program.&#x0D; Material and Methods: The study included 88 participants with body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2. A serum level of 25(OH)D3 &gt;30 ng/ml was accepted as normal, 20–29 ng/ml as insufficient and &lt;20 ng/ml as deficient. The obese patients were classified into three groups based on a serum level of 25(OH)D3. All participants enrolled on an eight-week aerobic exercise program. The BMI, body fat percentage (BF%) and body fat mass (BFM) of the participants were measured before and after aerobic exercise.&#x0D; Results: No statistically significant differences were identified between the groups in the first and last measured BMI, BF% and BFM values (p&gt;0.05). The differences between the first and last measured weights, BMI, BF% and BFM were statistically significant within the groups (p&lt;0.05).&#x0D; Conclusion: Aerobic exercise can lead to weight loss in obese patients, although the level of serum Vit D has no effect on weight loss in obese patients engaged in aerobic exercise.

Examination the Effects of Aerobic and Resistance Exercise on Body Compositions of Sedentary Male Individuals

The present study was conducted to determine the effects of 8-week aerobic and resistance training on body composition values of sedentary male individuals. A total of 30 healthy sedentary male subjects volunteered to participate in the study and were divided into two groups randomly: aerobic training group (n = 15, age = 34.0 ± 5.22 years), and resistance training group (n = 15, age = 34.2 ± 6.12). Body heights of the participants were measured and their body compositions body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), basal metabolic rate (BMR), body fat percentage (BFP), body fat mass (BFM), lean body mass (LBM) were measured with bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) device, and then evaluated. Their resting heart rates were determined, and maximum heart rates were calculated with the Karvonen formula. The Brzycki Equation was used to predict one-repetition maximum strength. There were statistically significant decreases in BW, BMI, BFP and BFM values of the aerobic training group (p&lt;0.05). There was no significant difference between pre- and post-test values of BMR and LBM (p&gt;0.05). BW and BMI values of the resistance training group did not show a significant difference in pre-test and post-test (p&gt;0.05). Significant decreases were found in BFP and BFM values (p&lt;0.05). The increase in BMR and LBM values were found to be statistically significant (p&lt;0.05). There were significant differences between BW, BMI, BMR, BFM and LBM values in the comparison of pre- and post-test values of the aerobic and resistance training groups (p&lt;0.05). However, there was no statistically significant difference in BFP (p&gt;0.05). In conclusion, it was found out that regular aerobic and resistance training caused positive effects on body composition of sedentary male individuals.

Body Mass composition among Underweight Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients-A Cross-sectional Comparative Study.

Background:Over the past decades, various epidemiological data have shown that the pattern and profile of diabetes mellitus in India are different. The present study was carried out with an aim to study body mass composition in underweight type 2 diabetics and to compare with the normal population.Materials and Methods:The cross-sectional comparative study was conducted between January 2015 and December 2016 and included 60 participants who were selected using the convenient sampling technique. Newly diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and BMI less than 18.5 kg/m2 were considered for the study. Chi square test and Independent student t test were used for finding the statistically significant difference in proportions and between means, respectively; Pearson correlation coefficient was estimated for finding the linear association between two continuous variables.Results:No statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups in terms of age, waist-hip ratio, and BMI. Higher amount of fat mass and percentage were observed among the patients with diabetes as compared to that of the control group (P value < 0.05). However, there was no statistically significant difference between the underweight and the control group patients (P value > 0.05). A significant positive correlation was observed between HbA1c values and body fat mass values (P value < 0.05).Conclusion:Underweight type 2 diabetic patients were found to have high body fat mass as compared to healthy controls and the HbA1C values of the study participants were found to be positively correlated with fat mass.

Validity of using multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis to measure skeletal muscle mass in preschool children.

[Purposes] Although it is recommended to develop a habit of physical activities, there is no easy way to measure skeletal muscle mass in preschool children, which cause the difficulty of evaluation. The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of body composition including the skeletal muscle mass assessment using multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis by comparing body fat mass obtained by using multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis method and body mass index formulas. [Subjects and Methods] Ninety-four children were surveyed for age, height, weight, grip strength, maximum occlusal force, thickness of muscle and fat mass (masseter and lower limb), body fat mass, skeletal muscle mass, and calf circumference. We assessed additional parameters, which were thought to be related to skeletal muscle mass, to ensure validity. [Results] A strong correlation was found in body fat mass values obtained using the multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis method and those obtained using the body mass index formulas. Additionally, strong correlation coefficients were found between the skeletal muscle mass/height obtained using the multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis method and grip strength and calf circumference. [Conclusion] Our results indicate that skeletal muscle mass can be reliably measured using the multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis method in preschool children.

The effect of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on plasma orexin A, plasma fatty acids, and anthropometric measurements in patients with narcolepsy

To determine the effect of omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid supplementation on plasma orexin A, plasma fatty acids, and anthropometric measurements in patients with narcolepsy. Materials and methods: The study was performed on 17 males with narcolepsy and 14 healthy males between the ages of 21-55. An n-3 fatty acid supplement of 1.4 g/day was administered to the groups for 2 months. The anthropometric measurements of the individuals were taken at the onset and the end of trial, and orexin, fatty acids, and other biochemical parameters in the plasma were analyzed. Results: While there was no statistically significant change in anthropometric measurements or the other body composition values of the patient group (P > 0.05), there was a statistically significant increase in the body weight, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, and body fat mass values (kg, %) of the control group (P < 0.05). There was no difference in the levels of plasma orexin A of the patients within or between groups in the pre- and poststudy measurements (P > 0.05). The poststudy plasma serotonin levels of the patients were lower and plasma insulin levels were higher than in the initial study (P < 0.05). There was a correlation between the plasma orexin A levels and plasma n-3 fatty acids in individuals in the control group at the onset of the study (P < 0.05). Depending on the increase of the fatty acids after the n-3 supplementation, a correlation between plasma orexin A levels and some fatty acids was observed (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The data demonstrated that supplementation of n-3 fatty acid did not enhance the plasma orexin A level but did affect some other biochemical parameters.

The effect of physical activity on bone mineral density

The purpose of this study was to find out the physical activity levels of females studying at university and to examine the relation between their physical activity levels and bone mineral densities. 63 female students who study at Nigde University participated in the study. 32 of them have low physical activity levels while 31 of them have high physical activity levels. In the study, a short form of International Physical Activity Questionnaire was used to determine the physical activity levels of the individuals. T-test in independent groups was used to find out the difference between the groups. The relation between bone mineral densities, body composition and physical activity levels was determined by Pearson correlation test. According to the data obtained in the study, a significant difference was found between the fatless body mass, physical activity levels, BMD, t-scores and z-scores of the participants while no significant difference was found in BMI, body fat rate and body fat mass values. In terms of physical activity levels, it was found out that there is a relation between those with high physical activity levels and BMD, t-scores, z-scores, and also a relation between those with low physical activity levels and fatless body mass. The results of the study have revealed that females with high physical activity levels also have high bone mineral densities, showing a direct proportion between physical activity level and bone mineral density. Key words: Physical activity, bone mineral densities, body fat mass, body fat rate.

Central and peripheral insulin resistance in a large animal model of obesity

Actions of insulin in the periphery and within the brain are critical for normal tissue glucose metabolism and the overall regulation of energy balance, yet insulin resistance is a common feature of obesity. Here we examine how both peripheral and central insulin sensitivity are simultaneously altered in an obese large animal model of similar size to humans. This model has been used previously to demonstrate that apparent central leptin resistance in obesity may be attributable to decreased efficiency of blood-brain leptin transfer rather than decreased intra-hypothalamic sensitivity (1,2) . Young adult sheep surgically prepared with intracerebroventricular (icv) cannulae were fed complete diet for 40 weeks either ad libitum to gain maximum body weight and become obese (OB) or at a control level to achieve normal adult body weight and adiposity (C; n 9 per group). At 16, 28 and 40 weeks, dual X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans were carried out to measure total body fat; jugular blood and ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were collected after overnight fast for insulin radioimmunoassay to assess endogenous blood-brain insulin transfer, and intravenous insulin tolerance (IT) and glucose tolerance (GT) tests were performed to assess peripheral insulin sensitivity; and one week later the acute voluntary food intake (VFI) response to icv-administered insulin was measured to assess intrahypothalamic insulin sensitivity. From initial 51 (SE 0.6) kg body weight and 22 (SE 1.4) % body fat, OB sheep increased to 89 (SE 4.4) kg and 46 (SE 2.6) %, respectively, while C sheep increased only to 63 (SE 1.0) kg and 29 (SE 2.0) % at 40 weeks. Fasting plasma insulin was initially similar between the groups (9 (SE 3.3) IU/ml) but was higher in OB than C sheep from 16 weeks (17 (SE 3.0) v. 9( SE 1.0) IU/ml) to 40 weeks (22 (SE 4.6) v. 9( SE 1.9) IU/ml) (P < 0.001). CSF and plasma insulin concentrations were linearly correlated across both groups throughout the experiment (slope 0.13, r = 0.60, P < 0.001). Fasting plasma glucose concentration was not different between the groups at 16, 28 or 40 weeks (range 560‐620 mg/L), but the glucose ‘area under the curve’ during peripheral IT and GT tests was higher in OB than C sheep at each time point (all P < 0.001) and correlated positively with DEXA total body fat mass values across both groups (IT, r = 0.47, P < 0.001; GT, r = 0.48; P < 0.001). Appetite inhibition, measured by the decrease in VFI during 3 h following icv insulin compared with control icv saline injection, in C sheep was 35 (SE 8.4), 47 (SE 4.8) and 43 (SE 8.6) %, and in OB sheep was 39 (SE 7.9), 22 (SE 11.5) and 33 (SE 10.6) % at 16, 28 and 40 weeks, respectively. Overall there was a significant negative correlation between appetite inhibition by icv insulin and DEXA total body fat mass (r = - 0.29, P < 0.05).

高齢慢性期患者における近赤外分光法による体脂肪推定の妥当性について―皮下脂肪厚法との比較―

The aim of this study was to examine the validity of body fat measurement by near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in long-term care elderly patients. The subjects were 59 elderly patients (23 men, 36 women, age 82.0+/-6.6 years) and 38 healthy young persons (19 men, 19 women, age 28.1+/-6.1 years). Percentage of body fat (%BF), body fat mass (BFM), and lean body mass (LBM) were estimated by NIRS and skinfold thickness (SF). Body fat was compared by genders and between the elderly patients and the healthy young subjects. The relationship between NIRS and SF of the elderly patients was compared with that of the healthy young subjects. Means of body fat variables of the elderly patients by NIRS were: %BF 18.6%, BFM 8.8 kg, LBM 37.7 kg for men; and %BF 26.0%, BFM 10.7 kg LBM, 29.6 kg; for women. The %BF and BFM values estimated by NIRS were significantly greater than the respective values measured by SF; LBM estimated by NIRS was significantly less than that by SF. These results show that body fat measured by SF may be undervalued. The correlation between NIRS and SF was significant (r > or =0.49, p < or =0.05), and the regression lines for the elderly patients and the healthy young were not significantly different. Body fat of elderly patients by NIRS may be similar to that of healthy young by SF. The results suggest that NIRS yields higher values than SF in measurement of body fat in long-term care elderly patients.

Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of abdominal adipose tissues in women

To examine the expression of selected transcription factors involved in adipogenesis and genes related to lipid metabolism in abdominal subcutaneous and omental fat tissue. We obtained subcutaneous and omental adipose tissue samples from 40 women undergoing abdominal hysterectomies (age: 47+/-5 years; BMI 27.9+/-5.3 kg/m(2)). We measured isolated adipocyte size and metabolism, and detailed measures of body fat accumulation and body fat distribution were obtained (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and computed tomography, respectively). Adipocyte size of both subcutaneous and omental fat were increased with higher body fat mass values, with similar regression slopes in each compartment. In contrast, with higher body fat mass values, fat accumulation was progressively higher in the subcutaneous than in the visceral fat compartment, suggesting hyperplasia in the subcutaneous fat compartment. Messenger RNA levels of CEBPalpha, PPARgamma2, SREBP1c and genes related to lipid metabolism (LPL, FABP4, DGAT1, DGAT2, PLIN and HSL) were significantly higher in subcutaneous than in omental fat tissue (P< or =0.001 for all). Only subcutaneous expression of these genes tracked with obesity levels as reflected by significant positive associations between subcutaneous fat CEBPalpha, SREBP1c and DGAT2 expression and total body fat mass (r=0.37, r=0.41, r=0.57, respectively, P< or =0,05), fat percentage (r=0.40, r=0.39, r=058, respectively, P< or =0,05) and subcutaneous adipose tissue area (r=0.36, r=0.38, r=0.58, respectively, P< or =0,05). Omental adipose tissue expression levels of these genes were not significantly related to adiposity measures. These results show that in obese women, hyperplasia is predominant in the subcutaneous fat depot, whereas fat cell hypertrophy is observed both in the omental and subcutaneous compartments.

Body mass index, body fat percentage, and the effect of body fat mass on SWL success

In the present study, we investigated the effects of the Body Mass Index (BMI), the Body Fat Percentage (BFP), and the Body Fat Mass (BFM) on success of SWL, prospectively. The BMI, BFP, BFM values of patients, who were treated by SWL due to upper urinary system stone disease (pelvis renalis, upper ureter, kidney lower and upper calices) between January and December 2005 in our hospital's urolithiasis center, were measured. Patients with stones smaller than 5 mm or larger than 20 mm and patients who had a stone localized somewhere other than in the upper urinary system, were not included in the study. Patients evaluated to be clinically successful according to the SWL were put in group 1, and the other patients who were not successful were included in group 2. About 158 (97 male, 61 female) patients aged between 16 and 92 (mean 36.69 (+/-13.22) years), put on SWL therapy due to presence of upper urinary system stone disease, were included in the study. While the mean BMI was 23.97 +/- 0.4 in group 1 and 25.98 +/- 0.5 (P = 0.02) in group 2, BFP was 23.85 +/- 0.8 in group 1 and 29.19 +/- 1.1 (P = 0.001) in group 2, and BFM was determined to be 16.74 +/- 0.7 and 21.19 +/- 1.01 (P = 0.001) in group 2. Regarding all the parameters (BMI, BFP, BFM), the statistical analyses carried out between the groups showed significant differences. BFP and BFM parameters are also important factors along with the BMI in providing a successful SWL treatment. All the parameters should be considered regarding the success of the treatment and the patients should be informed.

Investigation of the Serotonin Transporter Regulatory Region Polymorphism in Bulimia Nervosa: Relationships to Harm Avoidance, Nutritional Parameters, and Psychiatric Comorbidity

Genes involved in 5HT transmission have been supposed to contribute to the biologic vulnerability for bulimia nervosa (BN). Because a long (L) and a short (S) variant of the promoter region of the 5HT transporter gene have been identified, we tested whether the 5HTT gene-linked polymorphic region (5HTTLPR) could represent a susceptibility factor for BN and/or could be related to nutritional parameters, harm avoidance personality dimension, and psychiatric comorbidity. A total of 219 white women (125 bulimics and 94 healthy control subjects) underwent a blood sample collection for 5HTTLPR genotyping and a clinical evaluation assessing comorbidity for axis I and II psychiatric disorders, harm avoidance personality dimension, and body composition (only patients). The distribution of the 5HTTLPR genotypes did not significantly differ between patients and control subjects, although the L allele was significantly more frequent in the former. Bulimic individuals carrying at least one copy of the S allele had significantly lower mean body mass index and body fat mass values and significantly higher mean harm avoidance score than patients with the LL genotype. No significant association was found between the 5HTTLPR genotype and comorbid axis I and II psychiatric disorders. These findings support the view that polymorphic variants of the 5HTT promoter region do not play a part in predisposing to BN, whereas they seem to predispose bulimic individuals to nutritional impairment and increased harm avoidance.

Comparison of measurements of body composition by total body potassium, bioimpedance analysis, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in hypopituitary adults before and during growth hormone treatment

We compared fat-free mass (FFM) and percentage body fat mass (BFM) values derived from total body potassium (TBK), bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and dualenergy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in hypopituitary adults before and after 6 mo treatment with growth hormone. Before growth hormone treatment, FFM values from the three methods correlated strongly. FFM values from TBK were lower than FFM values derived from BIA and DXA (mean +/- SD: 53.7 +/- 14.3 compared with 49.1 +/- 9.2 kg, P < 0.0001; DXA compared with TBK: 54.7 +/- 16.4 and 49.2 +/- 9.7 kg, P < 0.0002). BFM values from TBK were significantly higher than the BIA-derived (P < 0.002) but not different from the DXA-derived values. There was no difference in FFM and BFM values derived from DXA and BIA methods. The differences between BIA and TBK methods and between DXA and TBK methods were observed in the obese but not in the nonobese subjects. The increase in FFM derived from BIA with growth hormone was greater than that derived from TBK ([median(range)]; BIA: +5.2(-0.1, +13.8) compared with TBK: +0.9(-4.8, +8.6) kg, P < 0.001, but the changes with placebo were not different. The changes in FFM and BFM derived from DXA was growth hormone and placebo were not significantly different from those derived by using TBK or BIA. We conclude that FFM and BFM values derived from TBK, BIA, and DXA correlate highly and that TBK-derived values for FFM are lower than those derived from BIA and DXA in obese patients.