Loss Of Body Fat Research Articles

Dietary EPA and DHA enrichment of a high fat diet during doxorubicin-based chemotherapy attenuated neuroinflammatory gene expression in the brain of C57bl/6 ovariectomized mice

Chemotherapy agents in breast cancer are associated with chemotherapy-related cognitive impairments (CRCI). Mechanisms are not fully clear, but alterations of glucose and lipid metabolism, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration may contribute to CRCI. The aim of this study was to investigate the combined effects of a high fat (HF) diet combined with doxorubicin-based chemotherapy on glucose and lipid metabolism, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration in mice. Additionally, we examined the therapeutic potential of dietary eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) to attenuate these effects. Female C57Bl/6 mice (n = 42) were fed HF, HFn-3 (2 % kcals as EPA + DHA) or Low Fat (LF) diets for seven weeks, with and without chemotherapy. In this study, two chemotherapy injections led to weight and body fat loss associated with a decrease in insulin resistance measured by HOMA-IR. HOMA-IR was significantly greater in HF versus LF groups; but HOMA-IR in HFn-3 group did not significantly differ from either HF or LF groups. Chemotherapy resulted in higher brain concentrations of the inflammatory chemokine KC/GRO. Compared to LF diet plus chemotherapy, HF diet plus chemotherapy upregulated multiple genes involved in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration pathways. HFn-3 diet plus chemotherapy attenuated gene expression by downregulating multiple genes involved in neuroinflammation and blood brain barrier regulation, including Mapkapk2, Aqp4, and s100b, and upregulating Kcnb1 and Atxn3, genes involved in reduction of oxidative stress and anxiety, respectively. Overall, a HF diet combined with chemotherapy is associated with neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative gene expression changes in this mouse model; dietary enrichment of EPA and DHA attenuated these effects. Further studies are needed to understand how diet impacts behavioral outcomes of CRCI.

The Bone, Exercise, Alendronate, and Caloric Restriction (BEACON) trial design and methods

BackgroundAmong older adults living with obesity, intentional weight loss (WL) improves prognosis of many comorbidities. However, concomitant decline in bone mineral density (BMD) limits overall benefit of WL by increasing osteoporotic fracture risk. Identification of intervention strategies to maximize body fat loss, while minimizing harm to the musculoskeletal system, is an important area of clinical research. The main objective of the Bone, Exercise, Alendronate, and Caloric Restriction (BEACON) trial (NCT05764733) is to compare the independent and combined effects of a 12-month intervention of resistance training (RT) plus bone-loading exercises and bisphosphonate use on dietary WL-associated bone loss among 308 older (≥60 years) adults living with an indication for WL and bisphosphonate use. MethodsAll participants will receive the same group-mediated dietary intervention targeting 8–10 % WL and be randomized to one of four groups: no RT and placebo capsules (NoRT+PL); progressive RT plus bone-loading exercises and placebo capsules (RT++PL); no RT and oral bisphosphonate (70 mg weekly oral alendronate; NoRT+BIS); or progressive RT plus bone-loading exercises and oral bisphosphonate (RT++BIS). Total hip areal (a)BMD measured via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is the primary, powered study outcome. Secondary skeletal outcome measures include femoral neck and lumbar spine aBMD, high resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HRpQCT) bone assessments of the radius and tibia, and biomarkers of bone turnover. DiscussionBEACON will address an understudied, yet important, clinical research question by studying the independent and combined effects of two scalable intervention strategies aimed at optimizing skeletal integrity in older adults undergoing WL.Clinical Trials Registration: NCT05764733

Nuclear Receptor Corepressors NCOR1 and SMRT Regulate Metabolism via Intestinal Regulation of Carbohydrate Transport.

Nuclear receptor action is mediated in part by the nuclear receptor corepressor 1 (NCOR1) and the silencing mediator of retinoic acid and thyroid hormone receptor (SMRT). NCOR1 and SMRT regulate metabolic pathways that govern body mass, insulin sensitivity, and energy expenditure, representing an understudied area in the realm of metabolic health and disease. Previously, we found that NCOR1 and SMRT are essential for maintaining metabolic homeostasis and their knockout (KO) leads to rapid weight loss and hypoglycemia, which is not survivable. Because of a potential defect in glucose absorption, we sought to determine the role of NCOR1 and SMRT specifically in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). We used a postnatal strategy to disrupt NCOR1 and SMRT throughout IECs in adult mice. These mice were characterized metabolically and underwent metabolic phenotyping, body composition analysis, and glucose tolerance testing. Jejunal IECs were isolated and profiled by bulk RNA sequencing. We found that the postnatal KO of NCOR1 and SMRT from IECs leads to rapid weight loss and hypoglycemia with a significant reduction in survival. This was accompanied by alterations in glucose metabolism and activation of fatty acid oxidation in IECs. Metabolic phenotyping confirmed a reduction in body mass driven by a loss of body fat without altered food intake. This appeared to be mediated by a reduction of key intestinal carbohydrate transporters, including SGLT1, GLUT2, and GLUT5. Intestinal NCOR1 and SMRT act in tandem to regulate glucose levels and body weight. This in part may be mediated by regulation of intestinal carbohydrate transporters.

Optimizing Bodybuilding Training Frequency for Weight Loss and Psychological Well-Being in Overweight Individuals: A 12-Week Study

Background: The increasing incidence of overweight and obesity raises a global public health challenge, with overweight individuals (BMI 25–29.9) at higher risk for chronic diseases like cardiovascular conditions and diabetes (WHO, 2024). While lifestyle changes, including dieting and exercise, are key strategies for weight management, bodybuilding is gaining attention for its potential in fat loss and improving body composition. However, the optimal frequency for bodybuilding sessions in overweight individuals remains unclear. This study explores the effects of different training frequencies on body weight, BMI, and fat loss. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 90 participants, all classified as overweight (BMI 25–29.9). Participants were recruited through online advertisements and were divided into three groups, each following a 12-week bodybuilding training regimen with varying frequencies: twice, thrice, or five times weekly. Baseline body weight and BMI were recorded before training, and changes were assessed at the end of the program. A short questionnaire evaluated the effects of the training on weight loss, body composition, and psychological outcomes. Results: This study involved 90 participants, primarily aged 25-34 (48.9%). The demographic analysis revealed that males constituted 66.7% of the sample, exhibiting a mean weight loss of 75.23 pounds (p < 0.001) after 12 weeks of bodybuilding training, effectively rejecting the hypothesis that bodybuilding training has no significant impact on weight loss. Additionally, while no significant differences in weight loss were observed based on training frequency (F(2, 87) = 0.791, p = 0.457), both weight loss and body mass index (BMI) significantly improved with training. Conclusion: Overall, regular bodybuilding training positively influenced weight loss, body composition, and psychological well-being.

Beneficial effects of extra virgin olive oil on type 2 diabetes

In contemporary society, chronic diseases become increasingly prevalent, among which is type 2 diabetes. Nowadays, daily diet is gaining growing attention and interest from the general public for its potential to prevent and improve these diseases. One of the ingredients highly recommended to be included in peoples diet is extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), since substantial evidence has shown that it is helpful in reducing body weight and the risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Consequently, this review paper is aimed at comparing EVOO with other types of oil or low-fat diets and summarizing its health benefits to type 2 diabetes by analyzing relevant parameters, including fasting blood glucose (FBG), insulin, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), body weight, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), etc. A systematic literature search was conducted using Google Scholar with the year range from 2010 to 2023. After being considered against the exclusion criteria, 8 articles were eventually included. Results showed that EVOO is associated with improving some risk factors of diabetes, leading to decreased blood glucose and greater short-term weight loss compared to low-fat diets, and resulting in more body fat loss compared to soybean oil. Thus, EVOO is now expected to be clinically used in treating type 2 diabetes in the future.

Extracellular vesicles in tumor-adipose tissue crosstalk: key drivers and therapeutic targets in cancer cachexia

Cancer cachexia is a complex metabolic syndrome characterized by unintentional loss of skeletal muscle and body fat. This syndrome is frequently associated with different types of cancer and negatively affects the prognosis and outcome of these patients. It involves a dynamic interplay between tumor cells and adipose tissue, where tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a crucial role in mediating intercellular communication. Tumor cells release EVs containing bioactive molecules such as hormones (adrenomedullin, PTHrP), pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6), and miRNAs (miR-1304-3p, miR-204-5p, miR-155, miR-425-3p, miR-146b-5p, miR-92a-3p), which can trigger lipolysis and induce the browning of white adipocytes contributing to a cancer cachexia phenotype. On the other hand, adipocyte-derived EVs can reprogram the metabolism of tumor cells by transporting fatty acids and enzymes involved in fatty acid oxidation, resulting in tumor growth and progression. These vesicles also carry leptin and key miRNAs (miR-155-5p, miR-10a-3p, miR-30a-3p, miR-32a/b, miR-21), thereby supporting tumor cell proliferation, metastasis formation, and therapy resistance. Understanding the intricate network underlying EV-mediated communication between tumor cells and adipocytes can provide critical insights into the mechanisms driving cancer cachexia. This review consolidates current knowledge on the crosstalk between tumor cells and adipose tissue mediated by EVs and offers valuable insights for future research. It also addresses controversial topics in the field and possible therapeutic approaches to manage cancer cachexia and ultimately improve patient outcomes and quality of life.

A Low- (vs High-) Glycemic Diet Promotes Greater Loss of Body Fat in African American Women With Low Insulin Sensitivity

A Low- (vs High-) Glycemic Diet Promotes Greater Loss of Body Fat in African American Women With Low Insulin Sensitivity

Association between social jetlag and weight and fat reduction in dieting

Objectives: Social jetlag (SJL), the discrepancy between an individual’s inherent circadian rhythm and external social schedule, is associated with obesity. This study aimed to investigate whether SJL also influences body weight and body fat loss during dieting. Methods: This was an observational study from 2015 to 2018 with participants who had joined an exercise and nutrition program at a private personal training gym. Data from 11,829 individuals provided by the gym along with their sleep logs were analyzed. Differences in change in body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage (%body fat) were compared by the degree of SJL. Regression was conducted for the change in BMI and %body fat on SJL, adjusted for gender, age, engagement duration in the program, initial BMI, initial %body fat, chronotype, and dietary intakes. Results: The subjects comprised 3,696 men and 8,133 women with a mean age of 40.4 years. Greater SJL was associated with a lower efficacy of BMI and %body fat reduction. The change in BMI (+ 0.56 / hour: SJL) and %body fat (+ 1.40 / hour: SJL) was associated with SJL after adjusting for each variable including dietary intake. Conclusion: SJL was associated with the effect of exercise and nutrition instruction on BMI and body fat reduction, even after adjustment for covariates related to dietary intake. Maintaining consistent sleep–wake rhythms may be crucial for enhancing the efficacy of weight loss programs.

Mice Lacking Mrs2 Magnesium Transporter are Hypophagic and Thin When Maintained on a High-Fat Diet.

Genes regulating body fat are shared with high fidelity by mice and humans, indicating that mouse knockout (KO) phenotyping might identify valuable antiobesity drug targets. Male Mrs2 magnesium transporter (Mrs2) KO mice were recently reported as thin when fed a high-fat diet (HFD). They also exhibited increased energy expenditure (EE)/body weight and had beiged adipocytes that, along with isolated hepatocytes, demonstrated increased oxygen consumption, suggesting that increased EE drove the thin phenotype. Here we provide our data on these and additional assays in Mrs2 KO mice. We generated Mrs2 KO mice by homologous recombination. HFD-fed male and female Mrs2 KO mice had significantly less body fat, measured by quantitative magnetic resonance, than wild-type (WT) littermates. HFD-fed Mrs2 KO mice did not demonstrate increased EE by indirect calorimetry and could not maintain body temperature at 4 °C, consistent with their decreased brown adipose tissue stores but despite increased beige white adipose tissue. Instead, when provided a choice between HFD and low-fat diet (LFD), Mrs2 KO mice showed a significant 15% decrease in total energy intake resulting from significantly lower HFD intake that offset numerically increased LFD intake. Food restriction studies performed using WT mice suggested that this decrease in energy intake could explain the loss of body fat. Oral glucose tolerance test studies revealed significantly improved insulin sensitivity in Mrs2 KO mice. We conclude that HFD-fed Mrs2 KO mice are thin with improved insulin sensitivity, and that this favorable metabolic phenotype is driven by hypophagia. Further evaluation is warranted to determine the suitability of MRS2 as a drug target for antiobesity therapeutics.

First data on polybrominated diphenyl ethers and temporal trend of polychlorinated biphenyls in European brown bear as a bioindicator species

The contamination status on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the Croatian terrestrial ecosystem was investigated by analyzing two classes of contaminants in adipose tissue of male European brown bear (Ursus arctos, N = 27) collected in 2021 and 2022. In addition to seven indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), for the first time seven polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were analyzed in terrestrial species from this region. Sum of mass fractions detected in adipose tissue ranged from 0.011 to 0.463 ng g−1 lipid weight (lw) for the PBDEs, and from 0.652 to 30.17 ng g−1 lw for PCBs, with two orders of magnitude difference in the median value for these two groups of POPs (PBDEs: 0.022 ng g−1 lw; PCBs: 2.307 ng g−1 lw). PCBs dominated over PBDEs with a share of over 94 % of the total mass fractions of both groups of analyzed POPs. Results of the comparison of the PCB levels in the adipose tissue of brown bears reported here and in previous investigation from this region showed decrease in PCB-28, but increase of PCB-118 and PCB-180, while other congeners seemed to have reached a steady-state level in the environment over a ten-year period. Among the compounds analyzed in this study, BDE-47, PCB-153 and PCB-180 were the dominant congeners. Somewhat higher sum of PCBs was measured in April compared to October, although not statistically significant, indicating possible impact of winter hibernation causing concentration of lipophilic compounds due to body fat loss. Revealed POP levels in brown bears are consistent with the data on the low contamination of the Croatian terrestrial ecosystem in general.

정상 체중 비만 성인의 체지방 감량을 위한 한약 처방의 활용: 후향적 차트 리뷰

Objectives Normal weight obesity (NWO) is defined as a normal body weight according to Body Mass Index (BMI) but with a high body fat percentage. NWO is associated with metabolic abnormalities and cardiovascular risk factors, thereby emphasizing the importance of body fat loss. The objective of this study is to evaluate changes in weight and body fat with NWO who were prescribed Korean herbal medicine. Methods A retrospective chart review was conducted for subjects with NWO, within the normal weight range but with over 30% body fat percentage. These subjects were prescribed herbal medicine for a 12-week between March 2021 and May 2023. Weight (kg), body fat mass (kg), body fat percentage (%) and % Fat Free Mass (FFM) loss/weight loss (%FFML) were assessed before and after the period. Reported adverse events were evaluated for severity, causality, and system-organ classes. Results A total of 42 subjects were included (mean±SD, weight 57.38±3.45 kg, body fat percentage 33.65±2.12%). The average weight loss rate was 6.99±3.22% with a reduction of 4.08±1.95 kg, while the body fat loss rate averaged 18.00± 0.08% with a decrease of 3.54±1.73 kg. The average of %FFML was 21.89±0.16%. Most adverse events reported were mild (90.9%) in severity, and the likelihood of events being 'Unlikely' increased from 48.8% to 64.3% as the program progressed. Conclusions The administration of Korean herbal medicine can be considered an appropriate method to alleviate normal weight obesity, without causing serious adverse reactions. Further well-designed controlled trials and clinical studies with the analysis of hematological indicators are needed to validate its efficacy.

Dietary CP and digestion kinetics influence BW loss, litter weight gain, and reproduction by affecting postprandial amino acid metabolism in lactating sows

To avoid a high body protein mobilization in modern lean sows during lactation, an adequate dietary amino acid (AA) supply and an efficient AA utilization are crucial. This study evaluated the effects of dietary CP and in vitro protein digestion kinetics on changes in sow body condition, litter weight gain, milk composition, blood metabolites, protein utilization efficiency and subsequent reproductive performance. We hypothesized that a slower digestion of dietary protein would improve AA availability and utilization. In total, 110 multiparous sows were fed one of four lactation diets in a 2 × 2 factorial design, with two CP concentrations: 140 g/kg vs 180 g/kg, and two protein digestion kinetics, expressed as a percentage of slow protein (in vitro degradation between 30 and 240 min): 8 vs 16% of total protein. Feeding sows the high CP diets reduced sow weight loss (Δ = 7.6 kg, P < 0.01), estimated body fat loss (Δ = 2.6 kg, P = 0.02), and estimated body protein loss (Δ = 1.0 kg, P = 0.08), but only at a high percentage of slow protein. A higher percentage of slow protein increased litter weight gain throughout lactation (Δ = 2.6 kg, P = 0.04) regardless of CP concentrations, whereas a higher CP only increased litter weight gain during week 3 of lactation (Δ = 1.2 kg, P = 0.01). On Day 15 postfarrowing, serial blood samples were taken from a subsample of sows fed with the high CP diets. In these sows, a high percentage of slow protein resulted in higher plasma AA concentrations at 150 and 180 min after feeding (Δ = 0.89, P = 0.02, Δ = 0.78, P = 0.03, mmol/L, respectively) and lower increases in urea at 90 and 120 min after feeding (Δ = 0.67, P = 0.04, Δ = 0.70, P = 0.03, mmol/L, respectively). The higher dietary CP concentration increased total nitrogen loss to the environment (Δ = 604 g, P < 0.01) with a reduction of protein efficiency (Δ = 14.8%, P < 0.01). In the next farrowing, a higher percentage of slow protein increased subsequent liveborn litter size (Δ = 0.7, P < 0.05). In conclusion, feeding sows with a high dietary CP concentration alleviated maternal weight loss during lactation when the dietary protein digestion rate was slower, but lowered protein efficiency. A slower protein digestion improved litter weight gain, possibly by reducing AA oxidation and improving plasma AA availability, thus, improving protein efficiency.

Short-term effects of obesity surgery versus low-energy diet on body composition and tissue-specific glucose uptake: a randomised clinical study using whole-body integrated 18F-FDG-PET/MRI

Aims/hypothesisObesity surgery (OS) and diet-induced weight loss rapidly improve insulin resistance. We aim to investigate the impact of either Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) or sleeve gastrectomy (SG) surgery compared with a diet low in energy (low-calorie diet; LCD) on body composition, glucose control and insulin sensitivity, assessed both at the global and tissue-specific level in individuals with obesity but not diabetes.MethodsIn this parallel group randomised controlled trial, patients on a waiting list for OS were randomised (no blinding, sealed envelopes) to either undergo surgery directly or undergo an LCD before surgery. At baseline and 4 weeks after surgery (n=15, 11 RYGB and 4 SG) or 4 weeks after the start of LCD (n=9), investigations were carried out, including an OGTT and hyperinsulinaemic–euglycaemic clamps during which concomitant simultaneous whole-body [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (PET)/MRI was performed. The primary outcome was HOMA-IR change.ResultsOne month after bariatric surgery and initiation of LCD, both treatments induced similar reductions in body weight (mean ± SD: −7.7±1.4 kg and −7.4±2.2 kg, respectively), adipose tissue volume (7%) and liver fat content (2% units). HOMA-IR, a main endpoint, was significantly reduced following OS (−26.3% [95% CI −49.5, −3.0], p=0.009) and non-significantly following LCD (−20.9% [95% CI −58.2, 16.5). For both groups, there were similar reductions in triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol. Fasting plasma glucose and insulin were also significantly reduced only following OS. There was an increase in glucose AUC in response to an OGTT in the OS group (by 20%) but not in the LCD group. During hyperinsulinaemia, only the OS group showed a significantly increased PET-derived glucose uptake rate in skeletal muscle but a reduced uptake in the heart and abdominal adipose tissue. Both liver and brain glucose uptake rates were unchanged after surgery or LCD. Whole-body glucose disposal and endogenous glucose production were not significantly affected.Conclusions/interpretationThe short-term metabolic effects seen 4 weeks after OS are not explained by loss of body fat alone. Thus OS, but not LCD, led to reductions in fasting plasma glucose and insulin resistance as well as to distinct changes in insulin-stimulated glucose fluxes to different tissues. Such effects may contribute to the prevention or reversal of type 2 diabetes following OS. Moreover, the full effects on whole-body insulin resistance and plasma glucose require a longer time than 4 weeks.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT02988011FundingThis work was supported by AstraZeneca R&D, the Swedish Diabetes Foundation, the European Union’s Horizon Europe Research project PAS GRAS, the European Commission via the Marie Sklodowska Curie Innovative Training Network TREATMENT, EXODIAB, the Family Ernfors Foundation, the P.O. Zetterling Foundation, Novo Nordisk Foundation, the Agnes and Mac Rudberg Foundation and the Uppsala University Hospital ALF grantsGraphical

The State of Health Supplements Consumption in Malaysia

The demand for health supplements (HS) has skyrocketed in Malaysia and around the world in recent years. The demand for supplements keeps rising as more people show an interest in maintaining their health. Vitamins, minerals, nutritional supplements, and herbal supplements (botanicals) are popular health items. These medications are available over the counter and often come in pills, powder, or liquid form. The endemic effect of COVID-19 anticipates that people will look outside of vaccines for HSs to support their body’s immune system. The study investigates the Malaysian public’s awareness, consumption, and perception or belief about HSs, especially the antecedents to the reason for consuming HS. Purposive sampling and snowball methods were used to solicit data from the Malaysian public by employing a self-administered questionnaire in this cross-sectional online survey. Note that 478 responses were received, but 418 were usable (yielding an 87.45% response rate). The key findings demonstrated a statistically significant chi-square where there are positive associations between the antecedents of Malaysians consuming HS, including country of origin, the Internet, liquid form of HS, and loss of body fat, with a strong magnitude of association. The findings in this study provide a valuable indicator for scientists, researchers, producers, sellers, and marketers to identify the marketability of their invented HS products.

Common questions and misconceptions about caffeine supplementation: what does the scientific evidence really show?

Caffeine is a popular ergogenic aid that has a plethora of evidence highlighting its positive effects. A Google Scholar search using the keywords "caffeine" and "exercise" yields over 200,000 results, emphasizing the extensive research on this topic. However, despite the vast amount of available data, it is intriguing that uncertainties persist regarding the effectiveness and safety of caffeine. These include but are not limited to: 1. Does caffeine dehydrate you at rest? 2. Does caffeine dehydrate you during exercise? 3. Does caffeine promote the loss of body fat? 4. Does habitual caffeine consumption influence the performance response to acute caffeine supplementation? 5. Does caffeine affect upper vs. lower body performance/strength differently? 6. Is there a relationship between caffeine and depression? 7. Can too much caffeine kill you? 8. Are there sex differences regarding caffeine's effects? 9. Does caffeine work for everyone? 10. Does caffeine cause heart problems? 11. Does caffeine promote the loss of bone mineral? 12. Should pregnant women avoid caffeine? 13. Is caffeine addictive? 14. Does waiting 1.5-2.0 hours after waking to consume caffeine help you avoid the afternoon "crash?" To answer these questions, we performed an evidence-based scientific evaluation of the literature regarding caffeine supplementation.

Chrononutrition in the Prevention and Management of Metabolic Disorders: A Literature Review.

The concept of time-restricted eating (TRE) or time-restricted feeding (TRF) promotes daily periods of feeding and fasting to determine whole-body physiology. Chronic misalignment of circadian rhythms or chrono-disruption is related to an increased risk of diverse metabolic disorders. The progression of non-communicable diseases seems to be affected by the timing of meals. As a result, intermittent fasting is a promising approach for their management. The aim of the present literature review is to examine and scrutinize the TRE protocols in the fields of prevention and management of metabolic disorders. This is a thorough literature review of the reported associations among circadian rhythm, metabolic disorders, diabetes mellitus, obesity, TRE, TRF, dietary habits, circadian disruption, cardiovascular diseases, atherosclerosis, and non-alcoholic fatty liver to find the already existing clinical studies from the last decade (2014-2024) in the most precise scientific online databases, using relevant specific keywords. Several inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to scrutinize only longitudinal, cross-sectional, descriptive, and prospective clinical human studies. The currently available clinical findings remain scarce and suggest that chrononutrition behaviors such as TRE or TRF may promote several metabolic benefits, mainly in body weight control and fat loss. Improvements in glucose levels and lipid profiles are currently quite controversial since some clinical studies show little or no effect. As far as liver diseases are concerned, the efficacy of intermittent fasting seems to be stronger in the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease due to body weight decline and fat loss. Even if there has been a gradual increase in clinical studies in the last few years, providing promising perspectives, currently, there is no conclusive evidence for the role of chrononutrition in metabolic disorders. Future studies should be well-designed with longer duration and larger sample sizes. Moreover, it is important to examine the best timing of the eating window and its feasibility.

Dietary pyrroloquinoline quinone hinders aging progression in male mice and D-galactose-induced cells.

Background: Understanding and promoting healthy aging has become a necessity in the modern world, where life expectancy is rising. The prospective benefits of the antioxidant pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) in healthy aging are promising. However, its role in aging remains unclear. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effect of PQQ on preventing the progression of aging and to explore its underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods: Naturally aged C57BL/6J male mice were fed a normal diet with or without PQQ (20mg/kg/day) for 10 weeks. Body composition was measured by bioimpedance at weeks 0 and 8. The integument conditions were evaluated at weeks 0, 4, and 8. Muscle strength and function were examined at week 8. At the ninth week, computed tomography images of the mice were captured, and blood and tissue samples were collected. The levels of inflammatory cytokines in the gastrocnemius muscle were measured, and the muscle fiber cross-sectional area in the soleus muscle was examined. Additionally, a D-galactose (D-gal)-induced cell aging model was used to study the effects of PQQ intervention on cell proliferation, senescence, differentiation, ROS levels, and mitochondrial function in myoblasts (C2C12). Cell proliferation and monolayer permeability of D-gal-induced intestinal epithelial cells (IEC6) were also examined. Results: Aged mice suffered from malnutrition; however, PQQ supplementation ameliorated this effect, possibly by improving metabolic dysfunction and small intestinal performance. PQQ prevented rapid loss of body fat and body fluid accumulation, attenuated muscle atrophy and weakening, reduced chronic inflammation in skeletal muscles, and improved skin and coating conditions in aged mice. Furthermore, PQQ intervention in D-gal-treated C2C12 cells improved mitochondrial function, reduced cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and senescence, and enhanced cell differentiation, consequently preventing age-related muscle atrophy. In addition, PQQ increased cell proliferation in D-gal-treated IEC6 cells and consequently improved intestinal barrier function. Conclusion: PQQ could hinder the aging process and particularly attenuate muscle atrophy, and muscle weakness by improving mitochondrial function, leading to reduced age-related oxidative stress and inflammation in muscles. PQQ may also ameliorate malnutrition caused by intestinal barrier dysfunction by enhancing IEC proliferation. This study provides evidence for the role of PQQ in aging and suggests that PQQ may be a potential nutritional supplementation that can be included in healthy aging strategies.

Effect of Exercise Conditioning on Countering the Effects of Obesity and Insulin Resistance in Horses-A Review.

Obesity is an important health concern in horses, along with humans and companion animals. Adipose tissue is an inflammatory organ that alters the insulin-signaling cascade, ultimately causing insulin dysregulation and impaired glucose metabolism. These disruptions can increase the risk of metabolic disease and laminitis in horses and may also impact energy metabolism during exercise. A single bout of exercise, along with chronic exercise conditioning, increases insulin sensitivity and glucose disposal via both contraction- and insulin-mediated glucose uptake pathways. Regular exercise also increases calorie expenditure, which can facilitate weight (as body fat) loss. This paper explores the metabolic pathways affected by adiposity, as well as discusses the impact of exercise on insulin metabolism in horses.

O-09 A rare cause of acute pancreatitis: Werner Syndrome

Abstract Introduction Lipodystrophies are rare disorders characterized by loss of body fat resulting in leptin deficiency. Patients are predisposed to metabolic complications such as severe insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia, and hepatic steatosis. Werner syndrome (WS) is among the progeroid syndromes in the classification of lipodystrophy. Due to its extremely rare occurrence, it can often be overlooked by the clinician. Clinical Case A 19 years old male patient hospitalized for non-biliary acute pancreatitis was consulted for hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia. He had no history of any disease or medication use. His sister was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus at age 29. She was using linagliptin and gliclazide for 3 years. She had short stature (147 cm) and low body weight (40 kg) and had scleroderma-like skin findings. The patient also had short stature (157 cm) and low body weight (41 kg). He had scleroderma-like skin findings and generalized loss of subcutaneous adipose tissue. The laboratory results were; glucose, 261 mg/dl; creatinine, 0.46 mg/dl; ALT, 24 U/l; lipase, 161 U/l; HbA1c, 9.6%; triglyceride, 799 mg/dl; HDL, 9.6 mg/dl; LDL, 75 mg/dl; c-peptide, 4.3 ng/dl. The thyroid function test results (TSH: 29.7 µIU/ml, fT4: 6.81 pmol/L, Anti-TPO: negative) were consistent with primary hypothyroidism. Hepatosteatosis was observed in abdominal ultrasonography. We initiated intensive insulin, metformin as well as fenofibrate and levothyroxine treatment. The patient needed high insulin doses (60 IU/day). Measured serum leptin levels were found to be low (2.11 ng/ml) in suspicion of lipodystrophy. Genetic analysis of the patient and his sister showed homozygous mutation in the WRN gene (c.1105C&amp;gt;T p.Arg369Ter, Homozygous) which was compatible with WS. The patient was started on leptin analog therapy in a clinical trial. Conclusion WS is an exceptionally rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by premature aging and multisystemic complications. The clinical features encompass scleroderma-like skin changes, short stature, low body weight, alopecia, cataracts, osteoporosis, and a propensity for atherosclerotic complications and malignancies. Impaired glucose tolerance is reported in 15%–20% of WS subjects, diabetes mellitus in 55%–70%, and dyslipidemia in 60%–85%. The presence of hypertriglyceridemia, diabetes mellıtus and generalized lack of subcutaneous adipose tissue led us to suspect from lipodystrophy. Although acute pancreatitis due to hypertriglyceridemia can be seen in lipodystrophy (15-20%), first presentation of WS presenting with acute pancreatitis is very rare in the literature. The most common mutation in non-Japanese patients in WRN gene is c.1105 C&amp;gt;T (18.6%). Metreleptin, an analog of human leptin, is shown to ameliorate the metabolic derangements. WS remains a diagnostic challenge due to its rarity, atypical presentation, and should be kept in mind in patients with severe dyslipidemia and insulin resistance.

Optimal protein concentration in diets for sows during the transition period.

The aim of the present study was to determine the optimal concentration of dietary protein required in transition diets for multiparous sows that enhance the farrowing process, colostrum production, and subsequent lactation performance. Forty-eight multiparous sows were allotted to one of six dietary treatments according to body weight (290 ± 3kg) and parity (3.8 ± 0.2) from day 108 of gestation until 24hafter the onset of farrowing. The diets were isoenergetic and contained increasing concentrations of dietary protein (expressed as standardized ileal digestible [SID] Lys) and were supplied at a daily feed supply of 3.8kg. On day 108 of gestation and days 2, 7, 14, 21, and 28 of lactation, body weight, and back fat thickness were recorded, and blood was sampled on day 108 of gestation, at the onset of farrowing, and days 3, 10, 17, and 24 of lactation from the sows for analysis of plasma metabolites. On day 115 of gestation, urine, and feces were collected for nitrogen (N) balance. The number of liveborn and stillborn piglets and time of birth were recorded and blood from every fourth piglet was sampled at birth for blood gas analysis. Piglets were weighed individually from birth until weaning, to estimate the colostrum and milk yield of the sows. Colostrum and milk samples were collected, and their compositions were determined. On days 3 and 28 of lactation, sows were injected with deuterium oxide to estimate body composition. The N utilization was maximized when the concentration of SID Lys in the transition diet was 6.06g/kg (P < 0.01). When urinary concentrations of urea were expressed relative to creatinine, the relative concentration of urea remained low until a dietary concentration of 6.08g SID Lys/kg, above which the relative concentration of urea increased (P < 0.01). Stillbirth rate increased linearly with increasing SID Lys concentration in the transition diet (P < 0.001), thus the concentration of SID Lys should be kept as low as possible without impairing sow performance excessively. A carry-over effect on milk yield was observed, showing that a dietary SID Lys concentration of 5.79g/kg during transition optimized milk production at an average yield of 13.5kg/d (P = 0.04). Increasing loss of body fat in lactation was observed with increasing SID Lys concentration in the transition diet (P = 0.03). In conclusion, the transition diet of multiparous sows should contain 5.79g SID Lys/kg when fed 3.8kg/d (13.0 MJ ME/kg), for a total SID Lys intake of 22g/d.