Loss Of Body Fat Research Articles

IMPACTOS DO EXERCÍCIO AERÓBICO SOBRE A OBESIDADE JUVENIL E SEU METABOLISMO LIPÍDICO

ABSTRACT Introduction: The obesity rate of Chinese adolescents has reached an alarming level, where about 11% of Chinese children are overweight, making them more prone to diseases such as hypertension, abnormal physiological metabolism, and high joint wear of the lower limbs. This public health problem can be alleviated with healthy habits, including aerobic exercise. Objective: Study the effect of aerobic exercise on obesity and lipid metabolism in adolescents. Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, 40 young volunteers were equally allocated into experimental and control groups. The control group received no intervention, while the experimental group was trained according to a professionally designed aerobic exercise protocol for 28 days. Training data were recorded before, during, and after the exercises. The information was processed, compared, and analyzed. Results: The control group failed to reduce body fat effectively; an aerobic exercise in the experimental group showed better effects in reducing body weight, body fat, waist-to-hip ratio, and weight loss; compared to the control group. Immediately after the intervention, the HDL level of the experimental group showed an upward trend, while the TC, TG, and LDL indices showed a downward trend. Conclusion: Aerobic exercise can effectively increase muscle mass and basal calorie and fat intake, reducing youth obesity. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigating treatment outcomes.

Abstract 15465: Associations Between Adherence to the Physical Activity Goal and Body Fat Changes in a MHealth Weight Loss Trial

Introduction: To date, few studies have examined the effectiveness of using wearable devices for promoting physical activity (PA) and improving body composition. Hypothesis: Adherence to the study-defined PA goal would be associated with greater body fat loss at 12 months than 6 months among adults with overweight or obesity during a weight loss intervention. Methods: SMARTER was a 12-mo, 2 arm weight loss trial with random assignment to (1) self-monitoring (SM, n=251) of diet, PA and weight, (2) self-monitoring plus ≤3 tailored feedback messages/day (SM+FB, n=251). The primary outcome was percentage of body fat % change assessed using Tanita scales and a body fat analyzer at 6 and 12 months relative to baseline. Adherence to the study-defined PA goal was assessed using weekly Fitbit moderate- and vigorous-intensity PA equivalents relative to ≥300 min/week PA goal and multiplied by 100%. Linear mixed modeling was used to estimate the effect of the percentage of adherence to the PA goal on the percentage of body fat % change at 6 and 12 months. Results: Participants (N=502) were mainly female (79.5%), White (82.5%), mean (± SD) age of 45.0 ± 14.4 years and BMI of 33.7 ± 4.0 kg/m2. Changes in the percentage of body fat % were similar at 6 and 12 months (time: F=3.48, P=.06) or by treatment assignment (treatment x time: F=1.33, P=.25). Overall, percentages of adherence to the PA goal were associated with greater percentages of body fat % loss (b [95% CI] -0.06 [-0.09, 0.03], F=18.61, P<.0001), which did not vary over time (PA adherence x time: F=2.88, P = .09). Finally, percentages of adherence to the PA goal moderated treatment effects (PA adherence x treatment: 0.05 [0.01,0.09], F = 4.69, P = .03), which did not vary over time (PA adherence x treatment x time: F = 0.29, P = .59). Conclusions: PA adherence was associated body fat loss, which did not vary at 6 and 12 months in adults with overweight or obesity. Future studies need to examine the effect of using wearable devices on body composition when targeting behavior changes.

Abstract 11974: A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Resistance Training Added to Caloric Restriction Plus Aerobic Exercise Training in Obese Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction

Background: We previously showed that the combination of caloric restriction (CR) and aerobic exercise training (AT) produce robust improvements in exercise capacity and quality of life (QOL) in patients with obese Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF). However, ~ 35% of weight lost during CR+AT was from skeletal muscle (SM) mass, which may have adverse long-term consequences. Hypothesis: The addition of resistance training (RT) to CR+AT would reduce SM loss and further improve exercise capacity and QOL. Methods: Randomized, controlled, single blind trial of 20 weeks of RT+CR+AT vs. CR+AT in 88 patients with HFpEF and body mass index (BMI) ≥28 kg/m 2 . Measurements were: peak exercise O 2 consumption (VO 2 ); body composition by MRI and dual X-ray absorptiometry; leg muscle strength; leg muscle quality (leg strength ÷ leg SM area); Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) total score. Results: 77 participants completed the trial: age 68±5 years; 85% women; BMI 39.6±5.8 kg/m 2 . Both RT+CR+AT and CR+AT had substantial weight loss, mean (95% CI): -8.1 (-9.3, -6.8) vs. -9.2 (-10.5, -7.9) kg with no significant intergroup difference (p=0.21). Both RT+CR+AT and CR+AT had substantial loss of total body fat [-6.5 (-7.2, -5.8) vs. -7.4 (-8.1, -6.7) kg] and SM [-2.1 (-2.7,- 1.5) vs. -2.1 (-2.7, -1.4) kg], with no intergroup differences (p=0.20 and 0.23, respectively). Despite similar relative loss of SM (26% vs. 23% of total weight lost), RT+CR+AT vs. CR+AT alone produced significantly greater increases in leg muscle strength [4.9 (0.7, 9.0) vs. -1.1 (-5.5, 3.2) Nm, p=0.05] and leg muscle quality [0.07 (0.03, 0.11) vs. 0.02 (-0.02, 0.06) Nm/cm 2 , p=0.04]. Both RT+CR+AT and CR+AT produced large, significant improvements in peak VO 2 [108 (958, 157) vs. 80 (30, 130) ml/min; p=0.001 and 0.002, respectively], and in KCCQ score [17 (12, 22) vs. 23 (17, 28); p=0.001 for both], with no significant intergroup differences (p=0.21 and p=0.07, respectively). There were no study related serious adverse events. Conclusion: In older obese HFpEF patients, CR+AT produces large, significant improvements in exercise capacity and QOL. Addition of RT to CR+AT increased leg strength and leg muscle quality without attenuating SM loss or further increasing peak VO 2 or KCCQ score.

Update on the Etiology, Assessment, and Management of COPD Cachexia: Considerations for the Clinician.

Cachexia is a commonly observed but frequently neglected extra-pulmonary manifestation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome characterized by severe loss of body weight, muscle, and fat, as well as increased protein catabolism. COPD cachexia places a high burden on patients (eg, increased mortality risk and disease burden, reduced exercise capacity and quality of life) and the healthcare system (eg, increased number, length, and cost of hospitalizations). The etiology of COPD cachexia involves a complex interplay of non-modifiable and modifiable factors (eg, smoking, hypoxemia, hypercapnia, physical inactivity, energy imbalance, and exacerbations). Addressing these modifiable factors is needed to prevent and treat COPD cachexia. Oral nutritional supplementation combined with exercise training should be the primary multimodal treatment approach. Adding a pharmacological agent might be considered in some, but not all, patients with COPD cachexia. Clinicians and researchers should use longitudinal measures (eg, weight loss, muscle mass loss) instead of cross-sectional measures (eg, low body mass index or fat-free mass index) where possible to evaluate patients with COPD cachexia. Lastly, in future research, more detailed phenotyping of cachectic patients to enable a better comparison of included patients between studies, prospective longitudinal studies, and more focus on the impact of exacerbations and the role of biomarkers in COPD cachexia, are highly recommended.

PSUN81 A novel case of congenital generalized lipodystrophy (CGL) with no genetic abnormalites in the AGPAT2, BSCL2, CAV1, and CAVIN1 genes.

Abstract Congenital generalized lipodystrophy (CGL) is a genetic disorder charaterized by total body fat loss. The extent of fat loss is usually associated with the severity of the disease and patients typically develop metabolic complications such as hypertriglyceridemia, hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance, and diabetes mellitus. Mutations in the AGPAT2, BSCL2, CAV1, and CAVIN1 genes are known to cause CGL. We report a new case of CGL but where no genetic aetiology has yet been identified in the known genes that cause CGL. The patient is a female child born at 36 weeks gestation with a birth weight os 2.57 kg. Soon after birth she was diagnosed clinically with CGL with both the DEXA and MRI scans showing severely diminished adipose tissue and 0% body fat respectively. She had severe failure to thive and developed diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidaemia, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, severe scalp seborrheic dermatitis and hepatic steotosis. At 2 years of age her weight was only 3.7kg and she died from an upper respiratory tract infection. Whole exome sequencing and trio analysis did not find any mutations or copy number variants (CNV) in the AGPAT2, BSCL2, CAV1, and CAVIN1 genes associated with CGL. De-novo variants were found in the genes PCNT, PDE4DIP and STAT3 which need further functional validation. This case suggests that other possibly novel genetic mechanisms may be responsible for the CGL observed in this patient. Presentation: Sunday, June 12, 2022 12:30 p.m. - 2:30 p.m.

Fibroblast growth factor 21 and dietary macronutrient intake in female mice

Fibroblast growth factor- 21 (FGF21) is a metabolic stress hormone that is released from the liver in response to various nutritional challenges. Because of its notable effects to improve metabolic health, including body fat loss, glucose control, and hepatosteatosis, several pharmaceutical analogs of FGF21 are in development for the treatment of metabolic disease. In addition, a small but developing literature clearly demonstrates that FGF21 also controls feeding behavior. Pharmacological administration of FGF21 reduces the consumption of simple sugars and other sweet tastants, and it increases the consumption of dietary proteins in males, suggesting another potential mechanism by which FGF21-treatment could improve metabolic health— by promoting healthy eating. Despite that sex is a key biological variable influencing feeding behavior and macronutrient selection, the current literature to date primarily on males. In this study, we investigated the effect of FGF21 on sucrose intake and macronutrient selection in female mice. Similar to our previous findings in male mice, we report that FGF21 administration decreases the consumption of sucrose solution by females, and that this is offset by increased chow intake. Also in agreement with our previous findings in males, we report that FGF21 increases the consumption of dietary protein by female mice, and this is offset by either reduced carbohydrate or by reduced fat intake. Lastly, we find that the effect of FGF21 to direct macronutrient intake in females depends on its actions in neurons. Overall, our data support a role for FGF21 to direct macronutrient intake in a similar manner in female and male mice.

Malnutrition in dogs and cats

Malnutrition is the process of body weight, fat and muscle loss associated with acute and chronic illnesses. This syndrome is well defined in people and its diagnosis is based on specific clinical criteria. Unlike in humans, malnutrition in dogs and cats is poorly recognised. This clinical review will highlight the key features of malnutrition in dogs and cats and discuss the clinical methods (such as body and muscle condition scoring) to assess patients for this problem. The nutritional requirements (including calories, macronutrients, micronutrients) to prevent and correct malnutrition will also be highlighted. Finally, the practical steps that can be taken to address malnutrition, including enteral and parenteral feeding techniques, will be outlined.

Metallothionein gene expression in rat tissues: response to dietary restriction after orally dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) exposure and high-fat feeding

Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) is an environmental pollutant that accumulates in adipose tissue through the food chain. Hypercaloric, high-fat diet is considered to promote the accumulation of toxic lipophilic substances in tissues, whereas the loss of body fat through caloric restriction results in a recirculation of these substances. In rats, oral administration of DDE causes the onset of tissues damage; the concomitant intake of a high-fat diet ameliorates tissues status, probably because of the entrapment of the lipophilic substance in fat depots. Recent evidence demonstrates that DDE alters the expression of metallothioneins, proteins involved in cellular defense from oxidative stress, in a diet- and tissue-specific manner. This study is aimed to verify if 2 weeks of caloric restriction after the oral DDE treatment can modify metallothionein gene expression in tissues of high-fat fed rats. Real-time PCR analysis demonstrates that metallothionein gene expression after calorie restriction is tissue-specific and strongly influenced by both previous dietary conditions and DDE exposure. To avoid misleading conclusions on the interference of toxic xenobiotics on metallothionein gene expression is particularly important to consider the tissue, the cellular conditions, and the nutritional status of the animals, especially when the protein is used as an index of cells health.

Body composition assessment in patients with spinal cord injury by bioimpedance

Background: Individuals with spinal cord injury develop alterations in the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids, chronic inflammation, abnormal control of glycemia, as well as loss of lean mass, and increased adiposity, these being some risk factors for the development of diseases and decreased quality of life. This research aimed to investigate the body composition during a treatment protocol with NMES in a spinal cord injured population. Methods: An initial bioimpedance evaluation using Biodynamics 310e was performed on 19 spinal cord injury patients. During the following 4 months, they received neuromuscular stimulation. The individuals ended the clinic once a week and performed NMES for 45 min, 20 min on quadriceps, and 15 min on peroneal nerve, on both legs with a frequency in the range of 18 to 25 Hz. A new bioimpedance test was performed after this period. Results: For data analysis, a 5% significance level was considered. There were statistically significant gains in lean mass with p= 0.0001 and a decrease in bio-strength with p= 0.0457. There was a loss of body fat, but not significant. Conclusion: Individuals with spinal cord injury showed measurable body composition changes during a four-month neuromuscular electrical stimulation treatment.

Body weight and body fat are negatively associated with severe dyspareunia in postmenopausal women.

This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the factors associated with dyspareunia in pre-, peri-, and postmenopausal Japanese women participating in the health and nutrition education program at a menopause clinic. First-visit records of 1702 pre-, peri-, and postmenopausal Japanese women (aged 40-79 years) were analyzed. The relationship between severe dyspareunia and background characteristics was examined by multivariate logistic regression analysis. The average age of the participants was 53.0 ± 6.3 years. The percentage of women who suffered from severe dyspareunia in the pre-, peri-, postmenopausal, and the hormone therapy receiving groups were 7.1%, 10.5%, 14.6%, and 7.8%, respectively. In the postmenopausal group, the percentage of women affected by severe dyspareunia was the highest between 2 and 5 years after menopause (18.8%), presumably owing to the gradual postmenopausal decline in the number of sexually active women. In sexually active postmenopausal women, body weight, body mass index (BMI), and body fat percentage (BF%) differed significantly among those who had severe dyspareunia (N=119) and those who did not (N=334). BMI and BF% were negatively associated with severe dyspareunia, even after adjustment for age and years since menopause (adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: BMI, 0.894 [0.825-0.964], p=0.003; BF%, 0.947 [0.909-0.985], p=0.006). BMI and BF% were negatively associated with dyspareunia in sexually active postmenopausal women. In addition to aging, the loss of body weight and fat could negatively impact intercourse in sexually active postmenopausal women.

Fitness ve EMS (Electromyostimulation) Antrenman Tekniklerinin Vücut Kompozisyonu Üzerine Etkileri

Aim: The aim of this study is to examine the effects of Fitness (Full Body) and EMS (Electromyostimulation) training on body composition.
 Material and Methods: A total of 128 volunteers, Fitness (72) and EMS (56), participated in the study. 26.6% of the participants are between
 the ages of 30 and below, 36.7% of them are between 31-40 years old, 28.9% of them are between 41-50 years old and 7.8% are over 50 years
 old. Participants exercising fitness and EMS (mihabody) trainings in the presence of expert personal trainers, two days a week, for a total
 of 4 weeks (8 training sessions). Body composition measurements of the participants were carried out by Bioelectric Impedance Analysis.
 “IBM SPSS version 21.0” was used for the statistical evaluation of the data. Whole body, leg, arm and trunk measurments, of the participants
 were taken prior to and after 4-week training. The data obtained were classified as pre-test and post-test respectively. First of all the pre
 and post test results of the total body, leg, arm and trunk were compared and to perform this comparison Paired Sample T-test was applied.
 Results: At the end of the study, in both training techniques there is avarage of 2.360 kg loss of total body fat between pre and post tests
 this can be considered meaningful with 95% reliability (p

Efficacy of a food response and attention training treatment for obesity: A randomized placebo controlled trial

Elevated brain reward and attention region response, and weaker inhibitory region response to high-calorie foods has predicted future weight gain, suggesting that an intervention that reduces reward and attention region response and increases inhibitory region response to such foods might reduce overeating. We conducted a randomized controlled trial to test whether a multi-faceted food response and attention training protocol with personalized high- and low-calorie food images would reduce body fat and valuation and reward region response to high-calorie foods compared to a placebo control training protocol with non-food images in an effort to replicate findings from two past trials. Participants were community-recruited adults with overweight/obesity (N = 179; M age = 27.7 ± 7.0) who completed assessments at pretest, posttest, 3-month, 6-month, and 12-month follow-ups. Participants randomized to the food response inhibition and attention training showed significantly greater increases in palatability ratings of low-calorie foods than controls (d = 0.27) at posttest, but did not show body fat loss, reductions in palatability ratings and monetary valuation, or reward region response, to high-calorie foods. The lack of expected effects appears to be related to weaker learning compared to the learning in past trials, potentially because we used more heterogenous high-calorie and low-calorie food images in the present training.

The UHPLC-MS/MS determination of ostarine in food supplements for athletes

Ostarine, also called enobosarm or MK-2866, is one of the Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs). A number of preclinical data suggest the beneficial use of these substances to increase muscle mass growth and bone density. Unlike anabolic steroids, they have suppressed androgenic side effects and are therefore thought to be useful in the treatment of health conditions associated with insufficient muscle growth. For the same reason, substances from the SARMs group are abused in sports and bodybuilding. They have been added on the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) list in 2008 and their use in sports is prohibited. In many countries, products containing these substances are available through a number of e-shops offering supplements for athletes. The positive effects on muscle growth and body fat loss and the absence of side effects are emphasized. Because SARMs are banned in sports and are not approved for any therapeutic use, they are marketed as “Research Only”. However, the products are sill quite popular among athletes. As with anabolic steroids, there are a variety of dosing regimens for both beginners and advanced athletes, which end up recommending a combination of three to four SARMs over several weeks. Although more extensive clinical data are lacking, case studies are beginning to appear describing liver damage or heart attack in people taking ostarine or other SARMs products. However, due to the lack of clinical data, no positive or negative effect on the organism is objectively confirmed. For these reasons, it is very appropriate to have an analytical method available that allows the rapid and correct determination of the ingredients in preparations that have ostarine declared in the list of ingredients. Equally important is the possibility of identifying this substance in preparations that should not contain any active substance and appear as purely natural products. For the ostarine determination a simple and fast UHPLC-MS/MS method was developed. For extraction of ostarine the content of the studied capsule was weighted and transferred to a volumetric flask, which was then made up with methanol to 100 mL. The mixture was shaken for one hour. After filtration 10 μL of extract was transferred to a new flask and made up to 5 mL with 10% methanol with 0,1% acetic acid and 10 mM ammonium acetate. This solution was used for UHPLC-MS/MS analysis. An UHPLC system Infinity 1290 and chromatographic column Eclipse Plus C18 (50 × 2.1 mm; 1.8 μm) (both Agilent Technologies, USA) were used for the separation. 0.1% acetic acid and 10 mM ammonium acetate in water and methanol were chosen as mobile phases for gradient elution. For the MS/MS detection 6460 Triple Quadrupole mass spectrometer (Agilent Technologies, USA) with negative ESI ionization were used. For dynamic MRM mode two transitions of m/z were chosen for the detection: 388.1 → 117.9 and 269.0. Limit of detection was 0.2 ng/mL and limit of quantification 0.5 ng/mL. The method was used for quantitation of ostarine in dietary supplements for athletes. The content of ostarine in one capsule ranged from 10 to 15 mg and did not differ from the quantity indicated on the label. The described method is suitable for the determination of ostarine and can be used in toxicological and forensic practice.

Benfotiamine protects against hypothalamic dysfunction in a STZ-induced model of neurodegeneration in rats

The neurodegeneration of Alzheimer's disease (AD) affects not only brain structures associate with cognition early in the progression of the disease, but other areas such as the hypothalamus, a region involved in the control of metabolism and appetite. In this context, we evaluated the effects of benfotiamine (BFT), a vitamin B1 analog that is being proposed as a therapeutical approach for AD-related cognitive alterations, which were induced by intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin (STZ). In addition to the already described effect of STZ on cognition, we show that this drug also causes metabolic changes which are linked to changes in hypothalamic insulin signaling and orexigenic and anorexigenic circuitries, as well as a decreased cellular integrated stress response. As expected, the supplementation with 150 mg/kg of BFT for 30 days increased blood concentrations of thiamine and its phosphate esters. This led to the prevention of body weight and fat loss in STZ-ICV-treated animals. In addition, we also found an improvement in food consumption, despite hypothalamic gene expression linked to anorexia after STZ exposure. Additionally, decreased apoptosis signaling was observed in the hypothalamus. In in vitro experiments, we noticed a high ability of BFT to increase insulin sensitivity in hypothalamic neurons. Furthermore, we also observed that BFT decreases the mitochondrial unfolded stress response damage by preventing the loss of HSP60 and reversed the mitochondria dysfunction caused by STZ. Taken together, these results suggest that benfotiamine treatment is a potential therapeutic approach in the treatment of hypothalamic dysfunction and metabolic disturbances associated with sporadic AD.

Compliance level difference of tele-exercising obese office employee on body weight and body fat

The problem of overnutrition and obesity tend to increase year by. Office employee are susceptible to physical inactivity and obesity. In context of current pandemic, exercising via online media, termed ‘tele-exercise’ may be an effective alternative intervention. However, the effect of compliance and timing of exercise on overall health-related output are still not often discussed. The purpose of the study is to compare the effect of tele-exercise done during working hours vs. after working hours on obese office employee’s weight loss and improvement of body fat percentage, as well as their relation to compliance level. The design of this study is quasi-experimental design, with obese office employee as participants, which then grouped into after work exercise (AW, n = 36, 1-hour duration) and mid-work exercise (DW, n = 21, 30-minute duration). Total sampling was used since the target population were under 100 people. Exercises were done 3 times/week for 12 weeks. Data collected were sample characteristics, bodyweight, and percentage of body fat. Both timing of intervention is effective on reducing body weight significantly (p<0.05). Significant reduction (p<0.05) on percentage of body fat is only occurring in DW group. Compliance level for AW and DW group are 63.75% and 61.23%, respectively, and being insignificant to each other (p>0.05). The contribution of compliance in shorter exercise/DW on body fat loss and weight loss is 23.1% and 20.9%, respectively; while the contribution of compliance in longer exercise/AW is 11.3% on body weight loss. A short, mid-working exercise have the similar or even better effect than 1-hour after-work exercise session on weight loss and body fat loss. We recommend tele-exercising during working hours for at least 30 minutes to achieve significant body weight and body fat loss.

Lipodystrophy for the Diabetologist—What to Look For

Genetic or acquired lipodystrophies are characterized by selective loss of body fat along with predisposition towards metabolic complications of insulin resistance, such as diabetes mellitus, hypertriglyceridemia, hepatic steatosis, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and acanthosis nigricans. In this review, we discuss the various subtypes and when to suspect and how to diagnose lipodystrophy. The four major subtypes are autosomal recessive, congenital generalized lipodystrophy (CGL); acquired generalized lipodystrophy (AGL), mostly an autoimmune disorder; autosomal dominant or recessive familial partial lipodystrophy (FPLD); and acquired partial lipodystrophy (APL), an autoimmune disorder. Diagnosis of lipodystrophy is mainly based upon physical examination findings of loss of body fat and can be supported by body composition analysis by skinfold measurements, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and whole-body magnetic resonance imaging. Confirmatory genetic testing is helpful in the proband and at-risk family members with suspected genetic lipodystrophies. The treatment is directed towards the specific comorbidities and metabolic complications, and there is no treatment to reverse body fat loss. Metreleptin should be considered as the first-line therapy for metabolic complications in patients with generalized lipodystrophy and for prevention of comorbidities in children. Metformin and insulin therapy are the best options for treating hyperglycemia and fibrates and/or fish oil for hypertriglyceridemia. Lipodystrophy should be suspected in lean and muscular subjects presenting with diabetes mellitus, hypertriglyceridemia, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, polycystic ovarian syndrome, or amenorrhea. Diabetologists should be aware of lipodystrophies and consider genetic varieties as an important subtype of monogenic diabetes.

A Retrospective Analysis of the Effectiveness of Taking <italic>Gambi-tang</italic> in Overweight and Obese Adults

Objectives: To investigate the weight loss effect of Gambi-tang in obese and overweight adults.Methods: From September 1, 2016 to December 31, 2021, a retrospective chart analysis was conducted on adult men and women who were prescribed <i>Gambi-tang</i> to address obesity and overweight in the National Medical Center (NMC). Partial analysis by age, obesity (Body Mass Index, BMI), duration of dose, and cumulative dose was also conducted.Results: The weight and BMI of the study subjects showed a significant decrease of more than 5% on average before and after treatment. In an analysis of age, significant differences by age could not be confirmed. In the analysis by obesity level, the effect of reducing weight, body fat, and abdominal fat rates in the obese and highly obese groups was greater than in the normal and overweight groups. There was no significant difference by group in the analysis by dosage period. In the analysis by cumulative dose, the greater the cumulative dose up to 1,800 g, the greater the decrease in weight and body fat. The side effect that patients appealed to the most was misjudgment, but not to a serious extent.Conclusions: <i>Gambi-tang</i> has been shown to be effective in weight and body fat loss for both obese and overweight adult men and women.

Characterization of Redox Environment and Tryptophan Catabolism through Kynurenine Pathway in Military Divers’ and Swimmers’ Serum Samples

Endurance and resistance exercises, alone or in combination, induce metabolic changes that affect tryptophan (Trp) catabolism. The kynurenine pathway (KP) is the main route of Trp degradation, and it is modulated by the inflammatory and redox environments. Previous studies have shown that KP metabolites work as myokines that mediate the positive systemic effects related to exercise. However, it is poorly understood how different exercise modalities and intensities impact the KP. The aim of this study was to characterize the effect of two different exercise modalities, military diving and swimming, on the KP and the redox environment. A total of 34 healthy men from the Mexican Navy were included in the study, 20 divers and 14 swimmers, who started and stayed in military training consistently during the six months of the study; 12 Mexican men without fitness training were used as the control group. Physical fitness was determined at the beginning and after 6 months of training; criteria included body composition; serum levels of Trp, kynurenine (KYN), kynurenic acid (KYNA) and 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK); the glutathione ratio (GSH/GSSG); and malondialdehyde (MDA).. Results showed a significant loss of body fat in both the diver and swimmer groups. Compared with the control group, divers showed a decrease in Trp and 3-HK levels, but no changes were observed in the KYN/Trp, KYNA/Trp or 3-HK/Trp ratios, while swimmers showed a decrease in KYN levels and an increase in the KYNA and 3-HK levels. Additionally, divers showed a decrease in the GSH/GSSG ratio and an increase in MDA levels, in contrast to the swimmers, who showed a decrease in MDA levels and an increase in GSH/GSSG levels. Our findings suggest a differential shift in the KP and redox environment induced by diving and swimming. Swimming promotes an antioxidant environment and a peripheral overactivation of the KP.

Effect of 10-hours Time Restricted Diet on Breast Cancer Risk in Pre and Postmenopausal Women with Overweight or Obesity: TRED Pilot Study

ObjectivesThis study examined the effect of 10-h time restricted diet on breast cancer risk, assessing changes in body weight, insulin, IGF-1, and IGF binding protein 1, 2, and 3 among pre and postmenopausal women with overweight and obesity.MethodsWomen with overweight or obesity (n = 25) were enrolled into a time-restricted diet for 6 months. Participants were instructed to eat only from 10am until 8pm and to record consumption on the TRED smartphone app. At weeks 1, 2, 12, and 24, participants were asked to complete food diaries. During the other weeks, participants simply recorded the category of food consumed (meal or snack). Compliance was calculated as percentage of days when food consumption was reported.Results25 women with a BMI between 25 and 40 (32.3 ± 4.2) and age between 18–65 years old (46.5 ± 11.0) were enrolled. Average weight loss was 0.8 ± 4.6 kg (−0.6%). Fat percentage, muscle mass remained unchanged. Insulin and IGFBP 2 significantly increased from baseline to post intervention and to follow up. However, the change is not clinically significant. IGF-1 and IGFBP1 significantly decreased from baseline to follow up. Average adherence to the diet protocol was high: 78% of participants recorded dietary intake on at least 77% of intervention days.ConclusionsThe TRED 10-hour eating window did not lead to weight loss, body fat loss, or decreasing waist circumference among pre and postmenopausal women with overweight or obesity. However, the intervention significantly improved some biomarkers of breast cancer risk (IGF-1, IGFBP 2 and IGFBP 3).Funding SourcesThis study was supported by NIH/NCI training grant T32 CA193193.

Browning Subcutaneous White Adipose Tissue Using Transdermal Delivery of ASC-Targeting Peptide and Resveratrol Conjugate

Objectives Trans-resveratrol (RES) can significantly enhance the browning of subcutaneous white adipose tissue (WAT) when delivered to adipose stromal stem cells (ASCs) in WAT, the precursors of beige adipocytes. ASC-targeting peptide (GSWKYWFGEGGC) and RES have been conjugated using succinyl as a linker. The objective of this study is to transdermally deliver ASC-targeting peptide-RES conjugate directly to subcutaneous WAT using microneedle (MN) and iontophoresis (INT) and validate their browning and anti-obesity efficacy in obese mice.MethodsDissolving MN patches were developed using carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). Delivery effectiveness of MN was determined by an in vivo fluorescence imaging after applying dye-loaded MN on the skin above inguinal WAT (iWAT) in mice. Peptide-RES conjugate was loaded into CMC MN that was applied on the skins above iWAT of mice. After MN were dissolved, INT patch was applied to enhance penetration. Male C57BL/6J mice (5/group) were fed ahigh fat diet for 9 weeks. After 4 weeks of the high fat diet, mice were randomly divided into 3 groups as 1. MN (Blank)+INT, 2. MN (free RES)+INT, and 3. MN (peptide-RES conjugate) +INT. Mice received treatments 2 times/week from week 5 to 9. Food intake, body weight, and body composition were measured weekly, and the glucose tolerance test was conducted at week 9.ResultsMN (dye)+INT-treated mice had 2-fold higher dye signals in iWAT as compared to mice treated with MN alone. Dye signals in other organs/tissues were too low to be detected indicating the success of local (MN + INT) delivery and less diffusion. After 5 weeks of treatment, mice treated with MN (peptide-RES conjugate)+INT as compared to other two groups of mice had more than 1.5-fold lower body weight and fat%, 1.4-fold lower blood glucose levels, and more than 3-fold iWAT mRNA levels of UCP1 indicating browning of iWAT.ConclusionsTransdermal delivery of ASC-targeting peptide-RES conjugate to iWAT induces browning of subcutaneous WAT, resulting in body weight and fat loss in obese mice. Transdermal delivery might provide an innovative and efficient approach for combating obesity and its comorbidities.Funding SourcesNIH 1R15AT010395-01 and American Heart Association 19AIREA34480011.