Body Dysmorphic Disorder Symptoms Research Articles

Psychometric evaluation of the appearance anxiety inventory in adolescents with body dysmorphic disorder

ABSTRACT The Appearance Anxiety Inventory (AAI) is a self-report measure assessing the typical cognitions and behaviours of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). Despite its use in research and clinical settings, its psychometric properties have not been evaluated in young people with BDD. We examined the factor structure, reliability, validity, and sensitivity to change of the AAI in 182 youths with BDD (82.9% girls; Mage = 15.56, SD = 1.37) consecutively referred to two specialist outpatient clinics in Stockholm, Sweden (n = 97) and London, England (n = 85). An exploratory factor analysis identified three factors, namely “threat monitoring”, “camouflaging”, and “avoidance”, explaining 48.15% of the variance. The scale showed good internal consistency (McDonalds omega = 0.83) and adequate convergent validity with the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale Modified for Body Dysmorphic Disorder for Adolescents (BDD-YBOCS-A; r s = 0.42) and the Clinical Global Impression-Severity Scale (r s = 0.32). Sensitivity to change was adequate, with AAI total scores and individual factor scores significantly decreasing over time in the subgroup of participants receiving multimodal treatment for BDD (n = 79). Change of AAI scores over treatment showed a positive statistically significant moderate-to-good correlation (r = 0.55) with changes in BDD symptom severity, measured by the BDD-YBOCS-A. The study provides empirical support for the use of the AAI in young people with BDD in clinical settings.

The roles of appearance-based rejection sensitivity and race-based rejection sensitivity in Body Dysmorphic Symptoms

ABSTRACT Rejection sensitivity (RS) is linked to Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD), possibly explaining the connection between past trauma and BDD symptoms (BDS). Most literature excludes the effects of specific forms of RS on BDS, and focuses on Western contexts. This study investigates appearance-based RS (RS-appearance) and race-based RS (RS-race) with relation to BDS in 267 Singaporean university students . RS-race was novelly investigated in its relationship with BDS. Indian and Malay minorities reported higher RS-race than Chinese participants. Both RS-appearance and RS-race were positively associated with BDS. RS-appearance predicted BDS when controlling for depressive symptoms, ethnicity, and RS-race. RS-race also predicted BDS when controlling for depressive symptoms, ethnicity, gender, and RS-appearance. These findings highlight potential roles of RS in BDD development.

Body dysmorphic disorder and depression symptoms in patients seeking rhinoplasty: The mediating roles of self-esteem and anxiety

Body dysmorphic disorder and depression symptoms in patients seeking rhinoplasty: The mediating roles of self-esteem and anxiety

Social Media Use and Body Dysmorphia among Adolescents in Western Mindanao, Philippines: A Cross-sectional and Case Series Study

Abstract Introduction: The widespread use of social media has raised concerns about its impact on mental health among the youth. Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a debilitating mental disorder, involving an excessive fixation on the belief that certain body parts are distorted. The study sought to determine the relationship between social media use and body dysmorphia symptoms and explore reasons influencing these. Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional study design and a case series were utilized. The participants (n = 154) were adolescents 15–19 years old in Zamboanga City, Philippines. Self-administered questionnaires were utilized to measure social media use, and the Appearance Anxiety Inventory (AAI) questionnaires were used to screen for BDD. A case series was done through key informant interviews among the three highest-scoring participants on the AAI. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, t-test, Pearson correlation, and Spearman correlation were utilized in the study. Results: Positive BDD screening was significantly associated with increased time spent on TikTok and was correlated with posting text-based comments on one’s profile, looking at photos and posts on others’ profiles, and editing photos before posting. Increased time on Facebook, TikTok, and total time spent on all platforms positively correlated with AAI scores, while time on Threads exhibited a negative correlation. Conclusion: The study presents the concerning impact of social media on the mental health of young people, associating significant use to increased symptoms of BDD. It underscores the importance of fostering digital literacy and responsible social media usage to mitigate these negative effects among adolescents in Zamboanga City.

Therapist-guided, Internet-delivered cognitive behaviour therapy for adolescents with body dysmorphic disorder: A feasibility trial with long-term follow-up

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a prevalent and impairing psychiatric condition that typically debuts in adolescence and is associated with risky behaviours. The disorder can be effectively treated with cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT). However, CBT for BDD is seldom available primarily due to a shortage of trained therapists. Internet-delivered CBT (ICBT) can be a way to increase treatment availability. The aim of this feasibility trial was to evaluate the feasibility, safety, and preliminary efficacy of a CBT protocol for adolescents with BDD, adapted to be delivered over the Internet with minimal therapist support. A total of 20 participants (12–17-year-olds) meeting criteria for BDD were recruited nationally to a specialist outpatient clinic in Stockholm, Sweden. One participant withdrew consent and their data could not be analysed. Nineteen participants were offered 12 modules of therapist-guided ICBT for BDD and were followed up to 12 months post-treatment. Preliminary efficacy was measured at the a priori primary endpoint (3-month follow-up) and at the 12-month follow-up with the clinician-rated Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Modified for BDD for Adolescents. The treatment was rated as both credible and satisfactory and was associated with a large and statistically significant reduction in BDD symptom severity (d = 2.94). The proportion of participants classified as responders at the primary endpoint was 73.7%, and the proportion of full or partial remitters was 63.2%. The average therapist support time was 8 min per participant per week. Treatment gains continued to accrue up to the 12-month follow-up. Two participants attempted suicide and another two reported non-suicidal self-injuries during the study period. ICBT with minimal therapist support is a feasible, potentially efficacious, and durable treatment for adolescents with BDD. Risky behaviours typical of this patient group should be carefully monitored during treatment.

Prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder in rhinoplasty candidates: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a prevalent mental disorder, particularly in those seeking plastic surgery, leading to unnecessary surgeries and postsurgical dissatisfaction. Among the plastic surgeries, rhinoplasty is the most commonly sought, yet the data on prevalence of BDD among the candidates of rhinoplasty is limited. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the prevalence of BDD in rhinoplasty candidates. The online libraries of Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, Research Square, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched up to August 2022. Statistical analyses were performed using STATA software (v. 16). The heterogeneity was determined using the I 2 statistic, and an overall estimated analysis was conducted. Subgroup analyses were performed on study year, age, gender, World Health Organizationregional classification, sociodemographic index, country, sample size, and employed diagnostic tool. A meta-regression analysis was performed to identify potential sources of heterogeneity. Out of 12,999 studies assessed, 18, with a combined sample size of 2132 individuals, met our criteria and were included in the study. The pooled prevalence of BDD was 32.7% (95% CI: 23.6-41.7; I 2 = 96.45%). Subgroup analyses revealed the studies that were conducted in the European region (42.8%), with a sample size of ≥100 (40.2%), utilized the BDDmodification of the Y-BOCS(BDD-YBOCS) diagnostic method (47.3%), and with a quality score of ≥6 (34.2%) demonstrated higher prevalence of BDD. The meta-regression analysis identified a higher prevalence in the BDD-YBOCS diagnostic method than in the BDDquestionnaire(β: 0.23; 95% CI: 0.04-0.43; p = 0.022). The prevalence of BDD is high in those seeking rhinoplasty. Clinicians should be aware of BDD symptoms to prevent unnecessary surgery and dissatisfaction. Public awareness through the media and access to affordable medical services should also be provided.

Gambaran Body Dysmorphic Disorder Pasien Perawatan Estetika Gigi di RSGM-P FKG Universitas Trisakti

Background: Body dysmorphic disorder is a psychiatric disorder related to physical appearance and is commonly found in dental aesthetic treatment. Some signs of a tendency toward BDD are obsessive behaviour towards imperfect physical appearance, repetitive behaviour, trying to cover up physical defects, and so on. Dental treatment for these patients' aesthetic complaints will not improve their problems. Objective: To describe the symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder in patients with aesthetic dental treatment. Methods: The study was conducted on aesthetic dental treatment patients at RSGM-P Faculty of Dentistry, Trisakti University. This type of research is descriptive observational. The total sampling technique was used to determine the sample, by distributing hardcopy Dysmorphic Concern Questionnaire offline to 40 respondents. Results: It was found that 80% of all respondents had a tendency towards body dysmorphic disorder. This tendency was most commonly found in female respondents, in the late adolescent, and adult age groups and the majority were in fixed denture treatment. The symptoms that occur are very concerned about several aspects of physical appearance. Conclusion: The most common symptom found in the majority of respondents with a tendency towards BDD in this study was obsessive thoughts that they are very concerned about several aspects of their physical appearance.

Appearance-related safety behaviors predict symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder following internet-based treatment

Recent experimental evidence has found that appearance related safety behaviors (i.e., practices meant to avoid a perceived feared outcome) likely play a crucial role in maintaining symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). The present study sought to determine if these behaviors predicted BDD symptom severity following treatment. Participants (N = 50) with BDD were randomized to either eight sessions of interpretation bias modification or progressive muscle relaxation. Both treatments led to reductions in BDD symptom severity and appearance-related safety behaviors, though moderate levels of safety behaviors persisted at both posttreatment and follow-up. Importantly, post-treatment appearance related safety behaviors significantly predicted BDD symptom severity at three-month follow-up. Taken together, the present findings suggest appearance related safety behaviors maintain BDD symptoms following effective computerized treatments and provide further evidence for their importance in the treatment of BDD.

Time to Response in Therapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Comparison of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Supportive Psychotherapy

Psychotherapy has been shown to be effective for individuals with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD); however, time to treatment response for different treatments have not yet been examined. We randomized 120 patients to either weekly cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) or supportive psychotherapy (SPT) at two academic medical research centers. In this secondary data analysis, we aimed to determine the time to first response (30% or greater reduction in BDD symptom severity) in both treatment conditions among those who attended at least one post-baseline assessment (n = 109). As previously reported, CBT for BDD was associated with more consistent improvement in symptom severity and quality of life than SPT. In a pooled analysis combining both sites, the median time to first response was shorter for CBT (76 days [10.9 weeks], 95% CI: 76-107 days) than for SPT (88 days [12.6 weeks], 95% CI: 88–nonestimable days; Χ2df=1 = 3.85, p = .0498). For CBT, the estimated 75th percentile response times were 148 days [21.1 weeks] at site 1 and 134 days [19.1 weeks] at site 2. Response times were not estimable for SPT at either site because the response rate was too low. Thus, therapy clients seeking treatment for BDD and clinicians should be aware that an initial treatment response requires more than 11 therapy sessions for the majority of clients, and that 21 or even more sessions may be required. Treatment response is likely to occur earlier with CBT for BDD (the first-line therapy for BDD) than with supportive psychotherapy.

A randomized controlled trial of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for body dysmorphic disorder: Impact on core symptoms, emotion dysregulation, and executive functioning

Background and objectivesMindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) is garnering increasing empirical interest as an intervention for Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD), although no studies of mindfulness as a standalone treatment have included a sample composed entirely of patients with BDD or a comparison group. The aim of this study was to investigate the improvement of MBCT intervention on the core symptoms, emotional dysfunction, and executive function of BDD patients, as well as the feasibility and acceptability of MBCT training. MethodPatients with BDD were randomized into an 8-week MBCT group (n = 58) or treatment-as-usual (TAU) control group (n = 58) and were assessed at pre-treatment, post-treatment, and 3-month follow-up. ResultsParticipants who received MBCT showed greater improvement on self-reported and clinician ratings of BDD symptoms, self-reported emotion dysregulation symptoms and executive function compared with TAU participants. Improvement for executive function tasks was partially supported. In addition, feasibility and acceptability of MBCT training were positive. LimitationsThere is no systematic assessment of the severity of key potential outcome variables associated with BDD. ConclusionMBCT may be a useful intervention for patients with BDD, improving patients’ BDD symptoms, emotion dysregulation, and executive functioning.

Body Dysmorphia and Selfie Behavior of Filipino Patients With and Without Mild Acne Vulgaris: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Acne vulgaris (AV) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that is non-life-threatening but may cause significant psychological morbidity regardless of severity. An extreme case of this is depicted in body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), which is often an undiagnosed condition presenting with excessive preoccupation of perceived flaws not observable by others. With the increasing popularity of social media throughout the years, there has been budding researches exploring its psychological implications, particularly on “selfies” and its possible association with self-image and body dysmorphia. Objectives: To compare body dysmorphic symptoms and selfie behavior between patients with mild AV versus those without AV. Methods This is a single-center, cross-sectional study among patients with mild AV and those without AV seen through a teledermatology platform of a tertiary hospital from April to June 2022. Results: A total of 207 patients were included in this study – 107 patients with mild AV and 100 patients without AV. A significantly higher proportion of BDD symptoms was seen in patients with mild AV using either Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire-Dermatology Version (BDDQ-DV) (31%) and Dysmorphic Concern Questionnaire (DCQ) (14%). No significant difference was noted in terms of selfie behavior between the groups. Conclusions: BDD symptoms were significantly more prevalent in patients who have mild AV despite having lesions that are negligible and clinically not apparent. This highlights the importance of dermatologists’ knowledge that BDD may cause distress and impairment and should be taken into consideration in terms of management. Interestingly, selfie behavior of patients with mild AV and without AV had no significant difference. Key words: Body dysmorphia, acne vulgaris, social media, selfie behavior, cross-sectional

Self-compassion and cognitive flexibility in people with body dysmorphic disorder syndrome

Introduction: Negative body image and its adverse behavioral consequences are important public health concerns, and studying effective psychological factors in its formation is very important. Aim: The present research aimed to compare Self-compassion and Cognitive flexibility in people with and without body dysmorphic disorder syndrome. Method: The present study had a descriptive and causal-comparative design. The research population consisted of all women and men aged 18 to 40 of Tehran in 2022, from which a sample of 62 people was selected by available and purposeful sampling method (31 people as a sample group with symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder and 31 people as a sample group without symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder). Participants answered the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale modified for Body Dysmorphic Disorder: BDD-YBOCS (1997), Self-compassion Scale-Short Form (2011), and Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (2010). Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance, by SPSS-25 software. Results: The results showed that the mean scores of self-compassion (F=31.16, P=0.001, Eta=0.34) and cognitive flexibility (F=31.24, P=0.001, Eta=0.18) were significantly lower in the group with symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder than the group without symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder and there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups (P<0.01). Conclusion: The present study highlighted the importance of psychological mechanisms in the symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder. These findings indicated that psychotherapists should pay essential attention to the special psychological attributes of people with symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder at the time of prevention and treatment.

Development and evaluation of an acceptance-facilitating intervention for an internet-based cognitive behavioral self-esteem training for adults with body dysmorphic symptoms

BackgroundVarious barriers contribute to low treatment rates in Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD). While internet-based intervention is considered a low-threshold option and shows efficacy, studies report acceptance deficits. We first tested predictors of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology for acceptance and secondly evaluated an acceptance-facilitating intervention for an internet-based self-esteem training addressed to individuals with BDD symptoms. MethodWe randomly assigned 110 participants with distinct BDD symptoms to a 6-min animated whiteboard video (n = 50) or a waiting control group (n = 60) before offering them internet-based training. ResultsAcceptance was good before the intervention (87% with moderate/high scores). Performance expectancy, social influence and slightly effort expectancy predicted baseline acceptance (R2 = 0.70). The acceptance-facilitating intervention led to greater improvements of performance expectancy and facilitating conditions compared to the control group. Higher self-reported acceptance was associated with training uptake and higher adherence. DiscussionIn particular, performance expectancy, but also social influence seemed to be valid predictors of acceptance of web-based BDD treatment. The results suggest that a specifically designed, brief video improves acceptance-facilitating factors. Subject to review, the potential benefit of an acceptance-facilitating intervention may be to enhance treatment rates in BDD.

Effectiveness of Internet-based cognitive-behavioural therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD-NET) and body dysmorphic disorder (BDD-NET) in the Swedish public health system using the RE-AIM implementation framework

ObjectivesTherapist-guided internet-delivered cognitive behaviour therapy (ICBT) is an efficacious treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), but it is unclear if the results obtained in controlled trials can be reproduced in clinical settings. We evaluated the implementation of ICBT for OCD (OCD-NET) and BDD (BDD-NET) in the Swedish public health system. MethodsConsecutive referrals to an outpatient psychiatric clinic providing ICBT, with a primary diagnosis of OCD or BDD, were included in the study. Four hundred and thirty-four participants started OCD-NET and 163 started BDD-NET. The primary outcome measures were the Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) and the Y-BOCS for BDD (BDD-YBOCS), respectively. Participants were assessed before treatment, weekly during treatment, and after treatment. The study used the RE-AIM implementation framework, and the elements of reach, effectiveness, adoption, and implementation for the evaluation. ResultsIntention to treat analysis of the OCD-NET sample (n = 434) showed a significant decrease in OCD symptoms from pre-treatment to post-treatment (mean reduction = −8.77 [95 % CI -9.48 to −8.05] p < .001, d = 1.94 [95 % CI 1.75 to 2.13]). Forty-nine percent (95 % CI 43 % to 56 %) of the participants in OCD-NET were classified as treatment responders and 21 % (95 % CI 16 % to 27 %) were in remission. Participants in BDD-NET (n = 163) also showed a significant decrease in BDD symptoms from pre-post treatment (mean reduction = −11.37 [95 % CI -12.9 to −9.87] p < .001, d = 2.07 [95 % CI 1.74 to 2.40]) and 69 % (95 % CI 58 % to 79 %) of the participants were classified as treatment responders and 48 % (95 % CI 38 % to 58 %) were in full or partial remission. Eighty-seven percent of the participants in OCD-NET and 78 % in BDD-NET were treatment completers and participants in both treatment groups reported a high treatment satisfaction at post treatment (OCD-NET = 87 %, BDD-NET = 79 %). The most reported negative effects attributed to the treatments were transient experiences of unpleasant feelings (52 %) and anxiety (50 %). The implementation also influenced treatment delivery and dramatically decreased the mean number of patients waiting to receive face-to-face treatment at the clinic. ConclusionsOur results indicate that OCD-NET and BDD-NET are suitable treatments for implementation in a Swedish public health service.

The association between comorbid body dysmorphic disorder and depression: moderation effect of age and mediation effect of body mass index and body image among Pakistani students

BackgroundAmerican Psychological Association defined body dysmorphic disorder as being obsessed with observed (preoccupied) flaws in one’s appearance. The observed flaws cause ample distress and/or worsening in the quality of life, isolation, lessening in social or professional functioning, while also being linked to depression and attempt suicide. Generally, younger individuals are more displeased and anxious about defects that can be seen or unseen. The study aimed to explore the predictive role of body mass index and body image in the relationship between comorbid body dysmorphic disorder and depressive symptoms among adults. A cross-sectional study used self-report measures; for depression, body apperception, and body dysmorphic disorder scale were administered to 281 undergraduate and post-graduate adults of Hazara division, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, consisting male (54.80%) and women (45.19%).ResultsResults indicated that body dysmorphic disorder was positively associated with body image and negatively with depression. As males are prone to stressors in Pakistani society, stressors overwhelm them more than females (Cohen’s d = .436). On body mass index categories, depression, age, and gender were substantially different in three categories. Structural equation modeling evidenced that body dysmorphic disorder indirectly predicts depression when age is used as a moderator and mediation effect of body mass index.ConclusionsIt is concluded that body dysmorphic disorder is prevalent at a younger age, overweight and underweight among adults. Therefore, the complexity of body dysmorphic disorder and its similarity with body image can be better understood within the specific context. The potential implication is it make easy to understand for the researchers and mental health care practitioners.

The effectiveness of solution-based therapy on negative meta-emotions and symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder in cosmetic surgery applicants

Objective: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of solution-oriented therapy on negative meta-emotions and body dysmorphic symptoms in cosmetic surgery applicants. Method: This research was quasi-experimental, with a pre-test, post-test and control group design with a two-month follow-up phase. The statistical population included all surgical applicants who had visited beauty clinics in the city. The statistical sample included 30 of these applicants who were selected purposefully. Then, 15 people were randomly placed in the control group and 15 people in the experimental group. The intervention group received solution-oriented therapy during 8 sessions of 90 minutes once a week. The data were collected using Meta-Emotions Scale (MES) (2009) and Body Image Concern Inventory (BICI) (2005) and analyzed by variance analysis with repeated measurements. Results: The results showed that the main effect of the group was significant for negative meta-emotions (F=94.2, P&gt;0.05, P&gt;0.771) and for body dysmorphic disorder symptoms (F=12.9, P&gt;0.05, 315/315). In the negative meta-emotions variable, the main effect of the three stages of pre-test, post-test and follow-up (P&lt;0.05, P&lt;0.05, F=13.5) was significant. It was also reported as significant in the variable of body dysmorphic symptoms (P&gt;0.05, P&gt;0.05, F=6.37). Conclusion: It can be concluded that solution-oriented therapy is effective in negative meta-emotions and body dysmorphic disorder symptoms. Therefore, they can be useful for cosmetic surgery applicants.

BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER, SELF-OBJECTION AND COMPETITIVE ATTITUDE IN INDIVIDUALS APPLICATION TO DERMATOLOGY CLINIC

Abstract: Purpose: Body dysmorphic disorder is important because it is a frequently encountered disorder in the dermatological patient group. This research aims to understand the relationship between body dysmorphic disorder and selfobjectification and competitive attitude and related factors. Method: The study was interviewed with 43 people who applied to the dermatology outpatient clinic between July 2022 and September 2022. Body Dysmorphic Disorder Screening- Self-Assessment Form was used to evaluate body dysmorphic disorder symptoms, Objectified Body Consciousness Scale was used to evaluate self-objectification, Competitive Attitude Scale was used to measure understanding of competitiveness. Study data were evaluated with t-test in independent groups, one-way analysis of variance and correlation analysis. Results: In the study, it was determined that the average age of the individuals who applied to the dermatology outpatient clinic was 26.49 and 69.8% of them were women. There was a significant positive correlation between body dysmorphic disorder symptom severity and body monitoring (rp = 0.32, p&lt;0.05) and comparison (rp = 0.43, p&lt;0.005) sub-dimensions; significant and negative correlations were found between body dysmorphic disorder symptom severity and competitive pleasure (rp = -0.40, p&lt;0.05) sub-dimension. Conclusion: It is seen that watching and comparing one’s own body has a negative effect on the severity of body dysmorphic disorder. Determining the factors that feed the body monitoring and comparison behaviors will increase the success in the treatment of the dermatological patient group.

IMPACT OF USE OF SOCIAL APPLICATIONS AND APPEARANCE-RELATED CONSCIOUSNESS ON BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER SYMPTOMS AND LOWER SELF-ESTEEM AMONG FEMALES

Objective: To investigate the impact of use of social applications and appearance-related consciousness on Body dysmorphic disorder symptoms and lower self-esteem among females. Research Design: Study uses cross-sectional research design to examine the association of social applications and appearance-related consciousness with symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder and lower self-esteem. Place and duration of study: The study was conducted in 6 months at Riphah International University from January to August 2022. Methods: A total of 200 females were approached via convenience sampling for this study from universities, colleges and workplace of Pakistan. Female participants of age range young adults i. e. 17-35 years were included in study. Females actively using social media for more than 6 months were recruited. Results: According to the results it was found that social application use and appearance-related conciseness both were positively related to symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder. However, it was showed that social application use and appearance-related conciseness were negatively related to self -esteem. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that individuals who excessively use social applications and are more likely to be unhappy with their own body image and experience more negative feelings after viewing appealing self-images on social media. Higher body dysmorphic and worse self-esteem were revealed to be positively correlated with appearance-related awareness.

Body image disturbance and associated eating disorder and body dysmorphic disorder pathology in gay and heterosexual men: A systematic analyses of cognitive, affective, behavioral und perceptual aspects.

This study contributes to the quantitatively large, yet narrow in scope research on body image in gay men by assessing whether gay and heterosexual men systematically differ on various dimensions of body image disturbance and associated pathology, i.e., eating disorder and body dysmorphic disorder symptoms. Moreover, we examined the influence of general everyday discrimination experiences and involvement with the gay community on body image. N = 216 men (n = 112 gay men, n = 104 heterosexual men) participated in an online survey measuring the discrepancy between self-rated current and ideal body fat/ muscularity; drive for leanness, muscularity, and thinness; body satisfaction; body-related avoidance and checking; appearance fixing; overall body image disturbance; eating disorder and body dysmorphic disorder pathology; general everyday discrimination experiences; and involvement with the gay community. Gay men showed a greater discrepancy between self-rated current and ideal body fat; higher drive for thinness, body-related avoidance, appearance fixing, overall body image disturbance, eating disorder and body dysmorphic disorder pathology; and lower body appreciation than heterosexual men (all p ≤ .05). Contrary to expectation, everyday discrimination experiences were more strongly associated with body image disturbance and eating disorder/ body dysmorphic disorder pathology in heterosexual men than in gay men (all p ≤ .05). Gay community involvement was not associated with any body image disturbance-, ED-, or BDD aspect in gay men (all p ≥ .20). The results suggest greater body image disturbance in gay men than in heterosexual men regarding cognitions, emotions, behaviors, and perception as well as higher eating disorder and body dysmorphic disorder pathology. The results also suggest the dilemma of a thin, yet muscular body ideal in gay men. Surprisingly, discrimination experiences and involvement with the gay community did not explain differences in body image disturbance. Gay men may have become resilient to discrimination over time, and body ideals might differ across gay sub-communities.

Prevalence of Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Dysmorphic Symptoms in Rhinoplasty Candidates: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Prevalence of Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Dysmorphic Symptoms in Rhinoplasty Candidates: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis