Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire Research Articles

Exploring the effects of social media on body dysmorphic disorder among citizens of Bahrain: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundThis study assessed the relationship between social media use and body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). We calculated the prevalence of BDD in our sample and explored factors that may be associated with BDD. Various factors that we explored include sociodemographic characteristics, body image perceptions, and specific social media platforms used. The key focus of our study is understanding the impact of social media on mental health, specifically in the context of BDD.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional online survey that included the standardized Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire (BDDQ). Data on social media use were collected through self-reported usage patterns. Statistical analysis was conducted to identify associations.ResultsIncreased overall social media use was associated with BDD (p = 0.030). The prevalence of BDD in our sample was 1.8%. Age, being single and being a student were associated with BDD, with p values of 0.004, 0.023, and < 0.001, respectively. BDD was associated with comparing one’s body image with that of people on social media (p = 0.001). BDD was associated with judging other people based on their appearance (p < 0.001). Using social media in the fields of celebrities (p = 0.020), fashion (p = 0.025), music and songs (p < 0.001) were associated with BDD.ConclusionsIncreased social media use is associated with BDD, but different patterns of social media use may affect this relationship, indicating the need for further research in this field.

Prevalence of Anxiety, Depression, and Body Dysmorphic Disorders Among Dermatology Outpatients With Acne Vulgaris at a Public Hospital in Saudi Arabia.

Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that primarily affects the face, affecting a person's physical appearance. Anxiety, depression, and body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) are the three primary psychological conditions seen in dermatological patients. This study aimed to assess how prevalent anxiety, depression, and BDD in acne patients and the negative effect of acne on quality of life and self-esteem in dermatology patients. This cross-sectional study was done at the dermatology clinic in East Jeddah Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Data was collected using two pre-designed questionnaires. Part 1 contained demographic information and part 2 included four sets of questionnaires including the dermatology life quality index (DLQI), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire (BDDQ). Post-acne hyperpigmentation index (PAHPI), globalscale for acne scar severity (SCAR-S), and LEEDS were used by the dermatologist to assess the patients' acne severity, post-acne scars, and pigmentation conditions. Data were analyzed using the IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26 (Released 2019; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, United States). The majority of the participants were females (76%), Saudi Arabians (95%), students (58%), single (82%), and attended university (66%). The mean acne duration was 5.75 ± 4.58 years and 44% of the participants used social media for more than five hours per day. The participants scored high on the RSES (27.54 ± 3.05), indicating normal self-esteem. The HADS-A score was 11.14 ± 2.74, whereas the HADS-D score was 11.46 ± 1.78, indicating anxiety and depression symptoms. Their mean SCAR-S score is 4.38 ± 2.89. DLQI scores (6.04 ± 6.05) indicate that acne had a moderate effect on patients' quality of life. The percentage of positive BDD patients is significantly higher than those with negative BDD (p = 0.022). Furthermore, a significant association between PAHPI total score and SCAR-S (r = 0.48, p ≤ 0.001) and HADS-D (r = 0.39, p = 0.005) total scores. The study focuses on how acne vulgaris affects patients' quality of life. The findings suggest that acne-related quality of life is positively associated with anxiety and depressive symptoms. This study provides clinicians with practical advice for implementing a more thorough management strategy for acne vulgaris.

The prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder and the acceptance of cosmetic surgery in a nonclinical sample of Hungarian adults

Background: Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a common, often undiagnosed, serious condition. The relationship between body dysmorphic disorder and cosmetic surgery is rather complex, as many patients with body dysmorphic disorder search for cosmetic solutions for the imagined defect in appearance. Aims: To assess the prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder and its relationship to the acceptance and use of cosmetic services and body-related variables among Hungarian adults. Methods: Body weight and height, body satisfaction, health state, aesthetic intervention-related experiences, and plans were assessed by a self-report online questionnaire that included the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire and the Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery Scale. Six hundred three subjects (94% women, n = 567, 6% men, n = 36, age M = 40.16 years, SD = 13.32 years) joined the research on a social media platform. Results: The prevalence of BDD is 8.1% (n = 49), 8.1% (n = 46) in women, and 8.3% (n = 3) in men. The BDD-positive group had higher BMI (U = 9641.5, p = 0.028), more plastic surgeries (χ2(1) = 19.682 , p = 0.012), and more acceptance of cosmetic surgery (U = 6664, p &lt; 0.001). The risk of BDD is significantly higher in those who have a lower education (OR = 0.424, p = 0.031), accept cosmetic surgery (OR = 1.031, p = 0.025), plan plastic surgery (OR = 0.351, p = 0.027) and are more dissatisfied with their body (OR = 0.397, p &lt; 0.001). Consideration of cosmetic surgery (U = 7433, p = 0.006) and planning for future plastic surgeries χ2(1) = 7.943, p = 0.019) are more frequent in females. Sixty-six women (11.6%) have already had some intervention, 26.4% plan, and 10.4% probably plan cosmetic surgery, while these data are 11.1%, 8.3% and 5.6% in males. These symptoms occur more frequently among women according to Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire: avoidance behavior (33.9% vs. 16.7%, χ2(1) = 4.539, p = 0.033), significant mental suffering caused by the perceived flaw(s) (29.8% vs. 13.9%, χ2(1) = 4.178, p = 0.041). The Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery Scale total score has a significant positive relationship with BDD caseness (β = 0.100, p = 0.011) and the number of blepharoplasties (β = 0.111, p = 0.005) and significant negative relationship with the planning of cosmetic surgery (β = –0.491, p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: The prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder is high in this non-clinical, unselected Hungarian sample. The risk for body dysmorphic disorder is higher in those interested in cosmetic services; screening for this body image disorder is necessary.

Screening for Body Dysmorphic Disorder in Plastic Surgery Patients.

The Australian medical board, the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA) has recently introduced new regulations mandating providers of cosmetic surgery undertake a clinical screen for body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) in all potential cosmetic surgery patients. The assessment must be conducted by the surgeon using a validated psychological screening tool. The aims of this paper are to discuss the key clinical characteristics of BDD before reviewing currently validated screening tools that would meet this new regulatory requirement, and which may be most applicable to a busy plastic surgery practice. A literature search identified 1164 titles, of which 229 titles were retrieved for abstract screening. Six studies were identified that validated BDD screening tools in a setting relevant to cosmetic plastic surgery. Six validated screening were identified: BDD Questionnaire (BDDQ), BDD Questionnaire Dermatology Version (BDDQ-DV), BDD Questionnaire Aesthetic Surgery (BDDQ-AS), Cosmetic Procedure Screening Questionnaire (COPS), Body Dysmorphia Symptom Scale (BDSS) and the BDD Screening Test (BDD-ST). Our group practice has chosen to adopt the BDDQ-AS to meet the AHPRA regulator requirement for BDD screening based on its robust validation and ease of use in clinical practice, consisting of a seven-item self-report questionnaire that can be reliably completed in 1-2 minutes in most cases. Of the six screening tools for body dysmorphic disorder available for use in clinical practice that have been validated in a cosmetic population setting, we have chosen to use the BDD Questionnaire Aesthetic Surgery (BDDQ-AS). To date all available validated screening tools are based on the DSM-IV, and further work to develop a validated screening tool based on the revised definition of BDD in the DSM-V is recommended, with a particular focus on items relating to repetitive physical or mental behaviours. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

"Tattoo Characteristics and Testing for Body Dysmorphic Disorder: An Internet-based Self-questionnaire Survey of 4,809 Individuals with Tattoos".

Tattoos have become very popular worldwide in recent years. The aim of this study was to analyse a group of people interested in having tattoos, and screen them for body image disturbances. This cross-sectional self-administered internet-based survey included 4,809 individuals interesting in having tattoos. The majority of the study population were female (79.1%). The survey was conducted using a self-created questionnaire and the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire - Dermatology version. Most tattoos in the study group were located on the forearms and hands (28.1%). The most popular motifs were plants (17.5%) and animals (16.9%). Out of 4,809 individuals, 19.9% had problems with acceptance of some parts of their body and 9.8% were screened for body dysmorphic disorder with the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire - Dermatology version. Four percent of individuals reported that tattoos helped to improve their own perception of the appearance of their body by distracting attention from the other problems. Limitations of this study include possible participant selection bias and the overrepresentation of women. In conclusion, clinicians may expect to see more patients with tattoos and, of these, approximately 10% may be screened for body dysmorphic disorder.

The Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire-Aesthetic Surgery: Are We Screening the Troublesome Patients?

This study aims to clarify the current concept of performing rhinoplasty in patients with possible body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). The primary objective was to investigate the validity and evolution over time of the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire-Aesthetic Surgery (BDDQ-AS) before and after surgery. Together with the BDDQ-AS, also the Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation scale, FACE-Q nose and nostrils, and Utrecht questionnaire (UQ) were used for convergent validation. In this prospective study, 187 patients completed these patient-reported outcome measures at four time points: at the preoperative consultation and postoperatively at 3, 6 and 12 months. The preoperative BDDQ-AS positivity rate was as high as 55.1%. Postoperatively, there was a highly significant decrease in the odds of scoring positive on the BDDQ-AS. At the preoperative consultation, positively screened patients were less satisfied with the esthetics of their noses with worse scores on UQ, FACE-Q nose, and visual analog scale. The preoperative differences in outcome measure ratings disappeared postoperatively, except for the FACE-Q nostrils, which surprisingly showed better values in BDDQ-AS positive patients. Younger age and absence of nasal trauma were statistically significant covariates associated with positive BDDQ-AS screening. Due to the overwhelming decrease in positive BDDQ-AS outcomes after surgery, a positive screening result on the BDDQ-AS should not be interpreted as a formal contraindication for surgery. Collaboration with psychologists or psychiatrists remains crucial to diagnose BDD conclusively.

Body dysmorphic disorder symptoms in patients with melasma.

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a psychiatric condition characterized by extreme preoccupation with non-existent or minor defects in appearance, disrupting daily functioning. Melasma is a common concern among BDD patients with dermatological conditions. This study aimed to estimate the incidence and characteristics of BDD in patients with melasma, and compare the psychological condition of patients and age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Patients with melasma and healthy controls were screened using the BDD Questionnaire (BDDQ), Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), and Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS). A questionnaire was administered to collect demographic information and clinical characteristics. Standard statistical tests were conducted, such as descriptive analysis, chi-square, and nonparametric tests. The level of statistical significance for all tests was set at a P < 0.05. Among the 470 patients with melasma included in the study, 53 were positive for BDDQ in the preliminary screening and were associated with a history of treatment, higher Melasma Area and Severity Index (MASI), and Melasma Quality of Life (MELASQoL) scores, and higher SAS and SDS scores. The positive rate of BDDQ ranged from 0.4%, using the most stringent criteria to assess melasma severity, to 11.3%, without using objective criteria. Compared to healthy controls, patients with melasma had a higher positive rate of BDDQ and higher SAS and SDS scores. In patients with melasma who exaggerate the severity of the disease, psychiatric treatment and the patient-physician relationship have a positive effect. This study assessed the positive rate of BDDQ in melasma and proposed the feasibility of psychiatric treatment for patients with melasma.

Prevalence of Body Dysmorphic Disorder in the Spanish Population: Cross-Sectional Web-Based Questionnaire Study.

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is defined as excessive concern with mild or nonexistent defects in personal physical appearance, which are not perceived by others. The worldwide prevalence of BDD ranges between 0.5% and 3.2%, with no differences across genders. The mean age of onset of BDD is 16.9 years. BDD is typically associated with young age, psychiatric disorders, and dermatological procedures. Patients with BDD typically display poorer mental health status than patients diagnosed with other mental disorders. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of BDD in Spain and to identify the variables associated with BDD. We performed a cross-sectional descriptive study by collecting data through an anonymous web-based survey targeting the Spanish population aged 18 years or older. The measures in this study were (1) sociodemographic variables, (2) variables associated with dermatological and psychiatric disorders and cosmetic procedures, (3) scales measuring quality of life (12-item Short Form health survey, version 2) and (4) BDD (BDD Questionnaire). Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS software version 21. P values less than .05 were considered significant. Of the 2091 participants who took the survey, 322 (15.2%) met the criteria of having BDD. The mean age of the participants with BDD was 23.5 (SD 9.6) years. In terms of BDD prevalence, women accounted for 19.9% (284/1421), men accounted for 5.2% (34/653), and students accounted for 25.2% (263/1043). Approximately 46.6% (150/322) of the participants with BDD reported a history of psychiatric comorbidities, including anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, and eating disorders. BDD was significantly associated with female gender, younger age (18-24 years), students, monthly income of less than €500 (€1=US $1.11), and the presence of dermatological and some psychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety, and eating disorders (P<.05). The number of body parts of concern in participants with BDD was significantly higher than that in those without BDD (4.6 vs 2.2, respectively; P<.001). Regarding the body parts of concern, body fat was the most common concern for both groups with BDD and without BDD, followed by thighs, face, hips, and skin in the BDD group and thighs, teeth, and hair in the non-BDD group. Participants with BDD showed a significantly poorer self-perception of their mental health, irrespective of the presence of any mental disorder (P<.001). Our findings showed that the prevalence of BDD in Spain was higher than expected. Further, BDD is frequently associated with other psychiatric disorders, particularly depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and eating disorder. Participants with BDD had a poorer perception of quality of life associated with mental but not physical health problems. Finally, the perception of quality of mental health life in participants with BDD was independent of diagnosis of any mental disorder.

Exercise and Health: Examination of the Relationship between Gym Attendance, Mental Health, and Perceptions of Body Image

The present study examined the relationship between frequency of gym attendance, workout length, happiness, and perceptions of self-esteem, appearance, and the benefits of exercise. A total of 85 participants (48 females, 37 males) completed eight self-report measures, including the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1989), the Subjective Happiness Scale (Lyubomirsky &amp; Lepper, 1999), the Appearance Anxiety Inventory (Veale et al., 2013), the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire (Phillips, 2005), the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (Zeeck et al., 2018), the Exercise Benefits/Barriers scale (Sechrist et al., 1987), and two additional measures reporting weekly gym attendance and duration. Results showed that the frequency of weekly gym attendance and time spent in the gym had no relationship to Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD), Muscle Dysmorphia (MD), and appearance anxiety. Time spent in the gym had no relationship to BDD, MD, and appearance anxiety. However, both frequency of gym attendance and workout duration had a strong positive relationship to beneficial views of exercise and self-esteem. Lastly, happiness was found to have no relationship with the frequency of gym attendance but had a positive relationship with the amount of time spent at the gym. Overall, it was concluded that gym attendance in general helps to improve certain aspects of mental health, perhaps through creating a more positive self-perception and increased subjective happiness

The Prevalence and Clinical Features of Body Dysmorphic Disorder Among Dermatology Patients in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia.

Background and objective Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), which affects 1.7% to 2.4% of people worldwide, is usually encountered for the first time by nonpsychiatric physicians. Up to 37% of cases have been documented in dermatology clinics. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of BDD among Saudis attending dermatology clinics because the literature is lacking in this field, especially in the Eastern Province. Methods This is a cross-sectional study, conducted in 2023. A total of 412 Saudi Eastern Province residents, aged 18 years and older, were included in the study and given a self-administered web-based questionnaire. The study uses the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire as one of its three primary measurements, together with sociodemographic data, and dermatological and previous psychological histories. Results A total of 412 participants were enrolled in this study. Of the total sample, 64.5% had more than one skin condition, with the rest having only one one. The most received cosmetic treatment in this study was topical agents. It was estimated that the prevalence of BDD is 9.5% among the studied population. However, it was found that there are no significantly associated factors with the prevalence of BDD. Conclusions This study reports a prevalence of 9.5% among people visiting dermatological clinics. The prevalence is alarming, which emphasizes the importance of enhancing the awareness of BDD among dermatologists and developing certain guidelines to identify and refer these patients to mental health professionals.

Evidence-based review: Screening body dysmorphic disorder in aesthetic clinical settings.

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a psychiatric disturbance with high incidence in aesthetic clinical settings. Early recognition may avoid unnecessary elective procedures with ethical and medicolegal consequences. To identify validated BDD screening tools and critically appraise current literature regarding its implementation and efficacy in aesthetic medicine and surgery scenarios, with the purpose of transposing the findings to the broad clinical settings in the field. Data was collected using advanced search from PubMed (MEDLINE). Having satisfied the search parameters, 12 studies referring BDD definition according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM-5) criteria and including a BDD screening tool in clinical aesthetic settings were selected. While BDD screening enables the recognition of at-risk individuals, further work is required to uncover the best screening tool for general aesthetic clinical practice. Level III evidence favored BDD Questionnaire (BDDQ)/BDDQ-Dermatology Version (DV), and The Dysmorphic Concern Questionnaire (DCQ) among the limited available validated screening instruments to be used outside the psychiatric environment. Based on level II self-classification, one study selected BDDQ-Aesthetic Surgery (AS) version for rhinoplasty patients. The validation process of both BDDQ-AS and Cosmetic Procedure Screening Questionnaire (COPS) had limitations. For BDD screening potential in avoiding postoperative complications, the limited studies found evaluating the outcomes following aesthetic treatments using validated BDD screening measures showed a trend toward less satisfaction with aesthetic treatment outcome among positive screening population against non-BDD counterparts. Further research is necessary to establish more effective methods to identify BDD and evaluate the impact of positive findings on aesthetic intervention outcomes. Future studies may elucidate which BDD characteristics best predict a favorable outcome and provide high-quality evidence for standardized protocols in research and clinical practice.

Longitudinal association of homonegative school climate with body dysmorphic disorder among cisgender sexual minority adolescents: Testing mediation through proximal minority stressors

In a US national cohort study of cisgender sexual minority adolescents (SMAs), we prospectively (1) assessed whether within-person changes in homonegative school climate (i.e., school contextual factors that lead SMAs to feel unsafe or threatened) were associated with risk of probable body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) and (2) tested whether internalized homonegativity and negative expectancies mediated this association. Data came from consecutive time points (18-month, 24-month, 30-month) of the Adolescent Stress Experiences over Time Study (ASETS; N = 758). The Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire measured probable BDD. Sexual Minority Adolescent Stress Inventory subscales measured past 30-day minority stress experiences. Multilevel models were specified with person mean-centered predictor variables to capture within-person effects. Across one year of follow-up, 26.86% screened positive for probable BDD at least once. Model results indicated significant total (risk ratio [RR]=1.43, 95% credible interval [CI]=1.35–1.52) and direct effects (RR=1.18, 95% CI=1.05–1.34) of homonegative school climate. Internalized homonegativity was independently associated with probable BDD (RR=1.28, 95% CI=1.12–1.46) and mediated 49.7% (95% CI=12.4–82.0) of the total effect. There was limited evidence of mediation via negative expectancies. Implementing SMA-protective school policies and targeting internalized homonegativity in clinical practice may reduce the prevalence and incidence of probable BDD among cisgender SMAs.

Associations between body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) with the dental health component of the index of orthodontic treatment need (IOTN-DHC) and other BDD risk factors in orthodontic patients: A preliminary study.

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a form of obsessive-compulsive disorder that may be negatively associated with the self-image. It might be associated with orthodontic treatment demand and outcome, and therefore is important. Thus, this study was conducted. The Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale modified for Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD-YBOCS) questionnaire was used in 699 orthodontic patients above 12 years of age (222 males, 477 females), at seven clinics in two cities (2020-2021). BDD diagnosis and severity were calculated based on the first 3 items and all 12 items of the questionnaire. The dental health component of the index of orthodontic treatment need (IOTN-DHC) was assessed by orthodontists. Multivariable and bivariable statistical analyses were performed on ordinal and dichotomized BDD diagnoses to assess potentially associated factors (IOTN-DHC, age, sex, marital status, education level, and previous orthodontic consultation) (α = 0.05). IOTN-DHC scores 1-5 were seen in 13.0%, 39.9%, 29.8%, 12.4%, and 4.9% of patients. Age/sex/marital status/education were not associated with IOTN-DHC (p > 0.05). Based on 3-item questionnaire, 17.02% of patients had BDD (14.02% mild). Based on 12-item questionnaire, 2.86% had BDD. BDD was more prevalent or severer in females, married patients, patients with a previous history of orthodontic consultation, and patients with milder IOTN-DHCs (p < 0.05). IOTN-DHC was negatively/slightly associated with BDD in orthodontic patients. Being female and married may increase BDD risk.

Body dysmorphic disorder: A critical appraisal of diagnostic, screening, and assessment tools.

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a psychiatric condition characterized by profound concern about a minor or imagined defect in the appearance of individuals and increased preoccupation with the imagined/perceived defect. Individuals with BDD often undergo cosmetic intervention for the perceived imperfection but rarely experience improvement in their signs and symptoms after such treatment. It is recommended that aesthetic providers evaluate individuals face-to-face and screen for BDD with approved scales preoperatively to determine the candidate's suitability for the procedure. This contribution focuses on diagnostic and screening tools and measures of disease severity and insight that providers working in nonpsychiatric settings can use. Several screening tools were explicitly developed for BDD; others were designed to evaluate body image/dysmorphic concern. The BDD Questionnaire (BDDQ)-Dermatology Version (BDDQ-DV), BDDQ-Aesthetic Surgery (BDDQ-AS), Cosmetic Procedure Screening Questionnaire (COPS), and Body Dysmorphic Symptom Scale (BDSS) have been developed explicitly for BDD and validated in cosmetic settings. The limitations of screening tools are discussed. Given the increasing use of social media, future revisions of BDD instruments should consider incorporating questions relevant to patients' behaviors on social media. Current screening tools can adequately test for BDD despite their limitations and a need for updates.

PREVALENCE OF BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER AMONG ATTENDANCES SEEKING FACIAL COSMETIC PROCEDURES IN BAGHDAD

Aim: To find out the prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder among patients seeking facial cosmetic procedures, find out association of social demographic (age, gender, occupation, marital status, friends relationship, and dating status) ampatientsient with body dysmorphic disorder. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was done on a sample of 100 patients from Al-waste Hospital and Ghazy Al-Hariri Hospital for surgical specialties in Baghdad by using a body dysmorphic disorder questionnaire to diagnose a probable case and then a semi-structured questionnaire based on DSM5 criteria to diagnose body dysmorphic disorder during the period extended from beginning of January 2019 to the end of April 2019. Results: The chi-square test proved the association between female gender and body dysmorphic disorder is significant P=0.026. Significant associations were also noticed between single patients and body dysmorphic disorder 76.8% in comparison with married 37.8, and divorced or widowed 42.9% (P=0.001). It was found that 68.6% of unemployed patients think that they need to correct their body dysmorphic disorder so they attended the hospital while only 40% of employed persons did so P=0.008. The mean age of patients exposed to a second operation was significantly higher than the mean age of other patients P=0.022. Conclusions: High prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder among patients seeking plastic surgery which is about 60%. Body dysmorphic disorder is more common among single and unemployment and among young adults and gender female. There is no significant association between the mean age of male and female patients of body dysmorphic disorder group.

Psychosocial Impact of Electrical Burn in Children: A Follow-Up Study Conducted at a Tertiary Care Hospital.

Introduction Electrical burn injuries are very common in the pediatric population and are usually accidental and sometimes occupational. The objective of our study was to evaluate the epidemiology of electrical burn injuries and prospectively evaluate the long-term psychosocial impact of electrical burn injuries in children. Materials and methods A qualitative interview study was conducted prospectively among sixty patients presented to Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Demographic details, mode of presentation, detail of injury, total body surface area, initial condition, and surgical interventions were noted during their stay at the hospital. Their physical and psychological outcomes were evaluated by administering the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire (BDDQ) via telephonic interviews after six weeks of discharge from the hospital. The study was conducted over a span of 1 year from January 2021 to January 2022. Results There were 60 patients who presented to the department of pediatric surgery during the span of the study. The mean age was 9.9 years ± 3.133 years (SD) and 80% of the patients were above 8 years of age with a male-to-female percentage of 86.67% to 13.33%, respectively. Forty-two (70%) patients incurred high-voltage electrical burns while 18 (30%) suffered low-voltage electrical burns. Mortality was 13.33% (n=8). Out of 52 patients who survived, 35 (67.30%) were labeled as having Body Dysmorphic Disorder upon administration of BDDQ through a six-week follow-up. The majority of the patients had abnormal or borderline results in different scales of SDQ. Conclusion The long-term psychological stress and the varied spectrum of psychiatric disorders in electrical burn patients are profound. The prevention of burn injuries can be effectively achieved by educating parents about safety measures and improving health infrastructure. Implementation of a dedicated national program for psychological support of burn patients should be made accessible to all patients.

Body dysmorphic disorder and depression among male undergraduate students in a Malaysian University.

IntroductionBody dysmorphic disorder (BDD) and depression have been reported to be both prevalent among young people worldwide, resulting in serious implications in their quality of life and social functioning. This is worrying especially in men where mental disorders are often overlooked and under-researched. This study aims to determine the proportion of male university students with symptoms suggestive of body dysmorphic disorder and depression, as well as their perception on their body image.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, 1,308 male students between the aged of 17–26 years in a private university in Malaysia via self-administered online questionnaire comprising the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9, the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire (BQQD) and the Body Self-Image Questionnaire (BSIQ), in addition to their sociodemographic parameters. Data analyses were performed with Mann Whitney test, chi square test and Fisher's exact test.Results3.3 and 54.2% of the students had symptoms suggestive of BDD and depression respectively, with up to 9.02% of the students reporting having moderate to severe depression. There was a significant association between BDD symptoms and students staying alone, whilst depression was significantly associated with studying in the rural campus. Furthermore, a significant association was demonstrated between presence of BDD and depression symptoms. Most of the students were dissatisfied with their whole body, especially their height.ConclusionThe proportion of BDD and depression symptoms among male students in our university is quite high. Universities and the public health sector should develop better support service targeting male university students.

Prevalence of Body Dysmorphic Disorder in an Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Clinic.

To analyze the prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) in a general otolaryngology population presenting to an outpatient clinic. Prospective prevalence study. Single tertiary academic otolaryngology clinic. New patients over 18 years of age who presented to an academic otolaryngology clinic between August 2018 and May 2021 completed a questionnaire including demographic questions and the validated Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire (BDDQ). Data collected from the questionnaires were analyzed to assess demographics and prevalence of BDD in an otolaryngology clinic. Of the 242 patients queried, 15 patients screened positive for BDD. The screened prevalence of BDD was determined to be 6.2%. None of the patients had previously been diagnosed with BDD. The prevalence of prior mental health diagnoses was 34.3%. These patients had initially presented for a variety of otolaryngologic concerns and had pre-existing diagnoses of anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive, bipolar and eating disorders. The prevalence of BDD in our population of new patients presenting to an academic otolaryngology practice (6.2%) is higher than that of the general population (1.9%).

Attitudes towards selfie-taking and its relation to body dysmorphic disorder among pre-clinical medical students

Selfies are self-taken images of people that can reflect human feelings and can disseminate different messages. It is thought that technology has played a big part in the evolution of what is termed nowadays “selfie addiction”. The goal of this study is to examine the prevalence and correlation of Selfie Addiction and Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) using two scales – the Psychometric scale for selfie addiction and the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire (BDDQ). This study examines these two phenomena amongst preclinical medical students of King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.This was across-sectional research, which involved 317 preclinical medical students from King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The psychometric scale for selfie addiction is a Likert Scale with ten statements, while the BDDQ constitutes of four statements. The data was collected between 16/2/2021 and 31/10/2021. Ethical approval and informed consent were obtained at the beginning of the study.There were a total of 317 responses. The overall prevalence of selfie addiction was 13.88% with females having higher rates than males (22.5% versus 11.4%), and more senior students having a higher prevalence than their junior colleagues (19.5% versus 7.8%). Also, being single was associated with higher scores of (14.0%) compared to the married group (0%). The average score for selfie addiction was 18.66 which is below the cutoff score of 30. The prevalence of BDD was (5.67%), and the average score of BDDQ was 1.03 with a range of 0-4 and standard deviation of 1.3. There was no significant correlation between BDD and demographic variables. There was a very weak correlation between BDD and selfie addiction; the Pearson Correlation value was (r = 0.144, p= 0.01). However, a Chi square comparing those who were addicted to selfies versus not (based on the cutoff score) showed a significant difference in BDD scores. (p=0.044) indicating possible correlation. Results show that the prevalence of selfie addiction was 13.88% which seems significant. BDD had a lower prevalence of 5.67%. Factors related to higher rates of selfie addiction included being a more senior student, being single and female. In contrast, these demographic factors did not seem to be related to BDD. Finally, there was a weak correlation between BDD and selfie addiction. More research is needed to study the correlation between the two domains in different populations.

The Validation and Reliability Study of Turkish Versions of Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Modified for Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Body Image Disturbance Questionnaire

The Validation and Reliability Study of Turkish Versions of Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Modified for Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Body Image Disturbance Questionnaire