Body's Defense System Research Articles

Analisis Kebutuhan E-Modul Biologi Terintgrasi Nilai Imtaq Pada Materi Sistem Pertahanan Tubuh Manusia

This research aims to find out information about the needs of teachers and students in student learning on the material of the human body's defense system. This research was conducted at MAN 2 Pekanbaru using a qualitative descriptive method using a population of 35 students from class XI MAN 2 Pekanbaru and using a sample of 10 students from class XI MAN 2 Pekanbaru. The instruments used were teacher and student interviews and documentation. analyzed using descriptive statistical data analysis techniques. Descriptive statistical analysis techniques are statistics that describe or describe an object that has been examined from the sample or population data obtained. The results of this research are obtained from teacher interviews that teachers have not used e-modules integrated with IMTAQ values ​​and only use learning media in the form of books and videos that are in accordance with the material and results from student interviews, it was found that interest in studying biology was very high and some stated that they had already used e-modules, differing in opinion from teachers who had never used e-modules and it turned out that students only used e-modules when studying at home. . Researchers concluded from the needs analysis that teachers and students need integrated e-modules with IMTAQ values.

Increase in the incidence of invasive bacterial infections following the COVID-19 pandemic: potential links with decreased herd trained immunity - a novel concept in medicine.

A global increase in the incidence of various infectious diseases has been observed since the end of the COVID‑19 pandemic. This may be due to 2 independent phenomena. One of them is impaired immunity of long‑COVID patients. The second (major) one is associated with long‑term isolation of many people during the global pandemic‑related lockdown, resulting in an extreme reduction of exposure to natural environmental human microbiota. This, in turn, led to a silencing state of the body's defense systems, including a decline of the prepandemic trained immunity (innate memory), which only persists for weeks to months after exposure to a pathogen. This decrease in the performance of trained immunity may be especially important for morbidity of infectious diseases without currently available vaccines, such as invasive group A Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS) infections, primarily streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. This review discusses data that support an important role of trained macrophages in host defense, and demonstrates the potential clinical implications of β‑glucan, the major inducer of trained macrophages, for prophylactic and therapeutic use in individuals with impaired personal innate immunity. Altogether, it might be speculated that trained innate immunity within an entire population can lead to the development of herd trained immunity (HTI), a newly‑coined medical term. HTI can supplement classic, antigen‑specific herd immunity (memory B and T cells), and it plays a key role in preventing the spread of various infectious diseases, including invasive GAS infections. Unfortunately, the global HTI has been overthrown during the COVID‑19 pandemic; however, it should be restored shortly.

B Vitamins, Glucoronolactone and the Immune System: Bioavailability, Doses and Efficiency.

The present review deals with two main ingredients of energy/power drinks: B vitamins and glucuronolactone and their possible effect on the immune system. There is a strong relationship between the recommended daily dose of selected B vitamins and a functional immune system. Regarding specific B vitamins: (1) Riboflavin is necessary for the optimization of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the fight against bacterial infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes. (2) Niacin administered within normal doses to obese rats can change the phenotype of skeletal fibers, and thereby affect muscle metabolism. This metabolic phenotype induced by niacin treatment is also confirmed by stimulation of the expression of genes involved in the metabolism of free fatty acids (FFAs) and oxidative phosphorylation at this level. (3) Vitamin B5 effects depend primarily on the dose, thus large doses can cause diarrhea or functional disorders of the digestive tract whereas normal levels are effective in wound healing, liver detoxification, and joint health support. (4) High vitamin B6 concentrations (>2000 mg per day) have been shown to exert a significant negative impact on the dorsal root ganglia. Whereas, at doses of approximately 70 ng/mL, sensory symptoms were reported in 80% of cases. (5) Chronic increases in vitamin B12 have been associated with the increased incidence of solid cancers. Additionally, glucuronolactone, whose effects are not well known, represents a controversial compound. (6) Supplementing with D-glucarates, such as glucuronolactone, may help the body's natural defense system function better to inhibit different tumor promoters and carcinogens and their consequences. Cumulatively, the present review aims to evaluate the relationship between the selected B vitamins group, glucuronolactone, and the immune system and their associations to bioavailability, doses, and efficiency.

The effect of B groups vitamins (B1, B2, B5, B6, B10, B12) on the activity of antioxidants protection system enzymes and the content of lipids peroxide oxidation products in the blood of feeding cattle

The article highlights the specifics of the effect of various doses of a complex of B vitamins (B1, B2, B5, B6, B10, B12) on the activity of critical enzymes of the body's antioxidant defense system (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase) and the content of peroxide oxidation products (diene conjugates and Malan dialdehyde) in the blood of cattle at the final stage of fattening. The research was conducted during the winter-spring stall on 12-month-old Ukrainian black-spotted dairy cows. According to the principle of analogs, five groups of experimental animals (control and four experimental) were formed, each with six heads. The experiment lasted six months. The rations for the research groups of Bugai cattle are prepared by the recommended norms, taking into account the chemical composition of the fodder of the given area, the age of the animals, live weight, and the planned average daily growth. The silage type of fattening was used for feeding the Bugai cattle. The basis of our dosage of various vitamins of group B for fattening steers of experimental groups is the appropriate percentage of the recommended doses of individual vitamins of group B for fattening pigs (10 % – D1, 20 % – D2, 40 % – D3, 60 % – D4 group). The conducted studies established that the addition of a complex of B vitamins (B1, B2, B5, B6, B10, B12) balanced in terms of nutrients and minerals and fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E to the diet of fattening bulls in appropriate doses causes an increase in activity of critical enzymes of the antioxidant defense system in the blood of fattening bulls (the activity of superoxide dismutase increases the most (by 8.9–28.4 %)) and a decrease in the content of both primary (diene conjugates) and secondary (malanic dialdehyde) products of lipid peroxidation in the blood of fattening bulls, which depends on the dose of B vitamins added to the diet (B1, B2, B5, B6, B10, B12). The most significant change in terms of morphological composition in animals third (B1 – 0.040; B2 – 0.06; B5 – 1.2; B6 – 0.25; B10 – 0.0030; B12 – 0.0006 mg/kg body weight) and fourth (B1 – 0.070; B2 – 0.10; B5 – 2.0; B6 – 0.40; B10 – 0.0050; B12 – 0.0010 mg/kg body weight) research groups, and smallest – in bull Ist (B1 – 0.015; B2 – 0.03; B5 – 0.5; B6 – 0.10; B10 – 0.0012; B12 – 0.0002 mg/kg body weight) and research group, which is associated with dose introduced to the diet of calves during the final fattening phase of B vitamins (B1, B2, B5, B6, B10, B12).

Effects of Otarian Gymnastics on Malondialdehyde (GoM) Levels in Postpartum Women

If a woman is in a physiological postpartum condition, her body will increase the production of free radicals. This situation will be worse if the woman is undergoing pathological postpartum, the production of free radicals in her body will be even greater. This condition is known as oxidative stress. This situation can be prevented by postpartum mothers doing Otaria exercises. The design used in this research was Post Test Only Control Group Design or Post-test with an experimental group of 20 respondents and 20 respondents in a control group of 20 respondents. The research was conducted in the PKM Karang Intan 2 working area, Banjar Regency, South Kalimantan Province, which includes 13 villages. The research instrument or measuring tool used to see the effect of exercise on MDA levels in postpartum mothers is the GoM Assay Kit (TBA method) from Assay Genie with product catalog: MAES0037. In the treatment group with a low average GoM, it can be seen that the average GoM shows an increase in the control group. This shows that Otaria exercise is able to reduce GoM levels significantly. Oxidative stress can be prevented with antioxidants as a mechanism for the body's defense system against free radicals. Oxidative stress in mothers during the post-partum period can be prevented by doing Otaria exercises which have been proven to be able to reduce GoM levels in post-partum maternal plasma

Pharmacological activity of the Ethanolic extract of Lingzhi to the Immune system

The immune system is a defense system of the human body that has a function to protect humans from foreign. One of the indicators of an increased immune system is an increase in the number and type of the leukocyte cell (lymphocytes and monocyte) and lymph weight. In Indonesia, many natural ingredients can be used as an alternative medicine to maintain the immune system, including the Lingzhi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum). The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacological activity of Lingzi mushroom extract on the number and type of leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocyte) as well as spleen weight in white male swiss webster mice. The method of this research is an experimental laboratory with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) using a post-test control group design. The sample population taken was 25 mice divided into five groups including negative, positive, test 1 (5.6mg/20g BW of mice), test 2 (11.2mg/20g BW of mice), test 3 (16.8 mg/20 g BW of mice). Each group consists of 5mice. The data collection was obtained from the result of the cell count, leukocyte cell count, and lymph weight in mice which was carried out after the treatment with lingzhi mushroom extract for 6 days. The results showed that a test 2 (11.2mg/20g BW in mice) was effective to increase the number of a leukocyte, test 3 (16.8mg/20gr BW of mice) was effective to increase leukocyte, lymphocytes and lymph weight. However, test 1, 2, and 3 reduced amount of neutrophil segment. Lingzhi mushroom extract test 3 showed better than other groups due to increase of leukocyte, monocyte, lymphocyte and lymph.

Development of RQANI Learning Modules to Improve Students' Understanding of concepts Class XI Science at SMA Negeri 6 Ternate City

RQANI (Reading, Questioning, Answering, Elaboration, and Integration) is a learning model that integrates science and Islamic values. Utilizing modules in the learning process can provide learning opportunities for students to be more independent and motivated to master concepts. The research objectives were to identify (1) the validity of the RQANI module on body defense system material for class XI IPA students at SMA Negeri 6 Ternate City and (2) the effectiveness of the RQANI learning module in increasing students' understanding of concepts in class XI Science at SMA Negeri 6 Ternate City. This research is development research that refers to 4-D development design. The trial was carried out on a limited scale on class XI Science students at SMA Negeri 6 Ternate City. The instruments used in collecting research data consisted of validation sheets for research modules and instruments, response questionnaires, and essay tests to measure understanding of concepts. The research results showed (1) the validity of the RQANI-based learning module on body defense system material by the first validator in the very valid category (90.41) and the second validator in the valid category (79.16); (2) RQANI-based learning modules are effective in increasing concept understanding with 38.46% of students obtaining N-Gain at high criteria; and 38.46% of students gave very good responses and 53.84% of students gave good responses to the RQANI module. The research conclusion is that the learning module is declared valid and effective in increasing student understanding.

Gambaran Hasil Pemeriksaan Jumlah Eosinofil pada Penduduk di Sekitar Stockpile Batu Bara Kabupaten Muaro Jambi

Coal as a fuel is used in the industrial sector which indirectly causes air pollution which has broad toxic effects on humans, one of which is disturbance on blood profile. White blood cells (leukocytes) in the human body's defense system play a role in resistance to foreign substances. Eosinophils are a type of leukocyte that function as the body's defense, especially in parasitic infections. Based on observations made, the coal stockpile in Muaro Jambi is still included in the residential area which of course has a direct impact on the health of the surrounding population. The research was conducted descriptively with a cross sectional approach involving 30 residents living around the stockpile of Muaro Jambi. Data of eosinophils count was obtained from the results of blood tests using the automatic method with a Hematology Analyzer. From the the study, the average of examination eosinophils result were within the normal range (3.15). With a higher average for men (3.90), the distance from the house to the stockpile location is ≤ 500 meters (3.47) and the length of domicile shows that the length of stay is ≥ 10 years (3.23). The results of examining eosinophils result in residents around the stockpile indicate that the average value is normal, with a higher value in respondents with spesific characteristics.

Selenium Deficiency Promotes Dilatation of the Aorta by Increasing Expression and Activity of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Derived Matrix Metalloproteinase-2

Selenium (Se) is a key part of the body's oxidation defence system. However, it is unclear whether Se affects the development of aortic aneurysm (AA). An animal experiment was conducted to clarify the role of Se in AA development. C57BL/6N male mice were fed with a Se deficient (Se-D, < 0.05 mg/kg), Se adequate (Se-A, 0.2 mg/kg), or Se supplemented (Se-S, 1 mg/kg) diet for 8 weeks. Subsequently, an AA murine model (Se-D, n= 11; Se-A, n= 12; Se-S, n= 15) was established using angiotensin II (Ang II, 1 mg/kg/min) for four weeks plus β-aminopropionitrile (BAPN, 1 mg/mL) for the first two weeks. Saline replaced Ang II, and BAPN was removed during the modelling process for sham mice (Se-A, n= 9). To determine whether Se deficiency promoted aortic dilation via matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), the non-specific MMP inhibitor doxycycline (Dox, 100 mg/kg/day) was given to Se-D AA mice (n= 7) for two weeks. The maximum aortic diameter in Se-D AA model mice was significantly increased compared with Se-A AA model mice. MMP-2 expression and activity in the aortic media of Se-D AA model mice was significantly increased compared with Se-A AA model mice. A large number of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were found aggregating in the media of the non-dilated aorta of Se-D AA model mice, which was completely inhibited by Dox. The percentage of VSMCs in aortic media of Se-D AA model mice was significantly higher than in Se-A AA model mice. The maximum aortic diameter and occurrence rate of AA in Se-D AA model mice with Dox were significantly reduced compared with Se-D AA model mice. Se deficiency promoted dilatation of the aorta in AA model mice by increasing expression and activity of VSMC derived MMP-2, causing abnormal aggregation and proliferation of VSMCs in aortic media.

Critical thinking skills of students through problem-based learning assisted by electronic learner worksheet (e-LKPD) of body defense system

Critical thinking skills are one of the competencies that must be achieved by students in 21st century learning that can be raised by applying a problem-based learning model. This critical thinking ability can be realized through learning using the Problem Based Learning (PBL) model. In a problem-based learning model, learning media is needed that can support the learning process, one of which is Electronic Learner Worksheets (E-LKPD) which can provide practicality and effectiveness for students in learning. The purpose of this study is to describe students' critical thinking skills after being taught using a problem-based learning model assisted by E-LKPD on the material of the body's defense system for class XI MIPA at SMAN 1 Cluring Banyuwangi in the 2021/2022 academic year. This research is a quantitative descriptive research with the research form Nonequivalent Group Pretest Posttest Design. Sampling was done by purposive sampling technique. Data collection techniques using tests, observation and documentation. The data analysis technique in this study used the N-Gain calculation. The results showed that there was an increase in the critical thinking ability of students who were taught using a problem-based learning model assisted by E-LKPD with an average N-Gain value of 0.4975 in the medium category.

Differences In Counting The Number of Leukocytes Using Cermai Fruit (Phyllantus acidus) Juice and Turk Solution Using The Counting Room Method

Leukocytes play a role in the body's defense system. Counting the number of leukocytes can be done manually using turk solution. Glacial acetic acid in turk solution functions to lyse erythrocytes but this compound is included in compounds that are carcinogenic. There is a natural ingredient that can lyse blood cells other than leukocytes, namely Cermai fruit. Cermai fruit contains a weak acid, namely citric acid of 39,8% so that it can lyse blood cells other than leukocytes. This study aims to analyze the difference in the number of leukocytes in cermai fruit juice and turk solution. This type of research is experimental with simple random sampling technique. The sample of this research is cermai fruit which will be used to count the number of leukocytes in 10 respondents. The mean number of leukocytes in the control solution was 6.610 cells/mm3, 10% concentration 4.296 cells/mm3, 20% concentration 4.227 cells/mm3, 30% concentration 5.918 cells/mm3 and 100% concentration 5.745 cells/mm3. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal Wallis test and the sig. 0.001 &lt;0,05 so H1 is accepted, which means there is a significant difference, so it is continued with the Post Hoc test. Post hoc test showed that there was no significant difference in the results of leukocyte counts using cermai fruit with concentrations of 30% and 100% compared to the control (p&gt;0,05). Meaning that only the concentrations of 30% and 100% showed the suitability of the number of leukocytes with the control so that these concentrations could be used as an alternative to 3% glacial acetic acid in turksolution.

Effect of dihydroquercetin on oxidative metabolism in young athletes engaged in winter sports in a northern region

AIM: To study the effect of dihydroquercetin on the indicators of oxidative metabolism in young athletes engaged in the winter sports in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug (KhMAO).&#x0D; MATERIAL AND METHODS: The indicators of oxidative metabolism were studied in a group of 56 male students (mean age 19.300.51 years) from the Khanty-Mansiysk boarding school of the Olympic reserve. These students were actively involved in winter sports such as cross-country skiing and biathlon. To assess the impact of the plant-derived antioxidant bioflavonoid Baikal dihydroquercetin (DHQ), the participants were administered a daily dose of 120 mg of DHQ for a period of 60 days. Measurements were taken before and after the exposure. Blood lipid peroxidation (LPO) products were studied, namely, lipid hydroperoxides (LHP) and products that react with 2-thiobarbituric acid products (PR-TBA). Additionally, we examined the indicators of the body's antioxidant defense system (ADS) through the assessment of total antioxidant activity (TAA) and thiol status (TS). To quantify the overall oxidative stress experienced by the participants, we calculated the oxidative stress coefficient (OSC) using the formula: OSC = LHP PR-TBA / TAA TS.&#x0D; RESULTS: The average levels of LPO values (HPL and PR-TBA) among KhMAO athletes have surpassed the upper limit of optimal values. On the other hand, the ADS parameters (TAA and TS) fall within the range of physiologically optimal values, albeit closer to the lower limit. Notably, athletes have exhibited an OSC increase that is nearly 3.5 times higher than the maximum allowable value. A quarter of the individuals examined displayed elevated HPL values, while more than 30% showed increased PR-TBA levels. A third of male athletes exhibited reduced ADS values compared to the physiologically optimal range. In total, 70.4% of skiers and biathletes in KhMAO have exceeded the OSC parameters. After two months of daily intake of 120 mg DHQ, the normalization of indicators of oxidative metabolism was observed. All parameters aligned with physiologically optimal values, except for OSC. We found a decrease in primary (LHP, 1.15 times) and secondary (PR-TBA, p=0.046) LPO indicators parallel to a significant increase in ADS indicators, specifically TAA (p=0.022) and TS (p=0.049). Conversely, there was a significant increase in ADS indicators, specifically TAA (p=0.022) and TS (p=0.049).&#x0D; Despite these positive changes, the OSC value, although significantly reduced (p 0.001) by 2.3 times compared to the initial value, remained above the upper limit of the physiological norm.&#x0D; CONCLUSION: The study demonstrated that young athletes engaged in winter sports experienced improved indicators of oxidative metabolism after a consistent two-month intake of the potent antioxidant DHQ. This led to the restoration of a balanced prooxidant-antioxidant state, enhanced overall well-being, and expedited recovery following intense physical exertion. Furthermore, our results may suggest that DHQ may contribute to prevention of non-communicable diseases in the future.

Antioxidant rich medicinal plants as a potential candidate to treat gastric ulcer

Oxidative stress is a key cause of gastrointestinal disorders, primarily stomach ulcers. Multiple intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms caused the body to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). The body's antioxidant defense system protects against these reactive species. When the degree of ROS production exceeds the normal range, the body's natural defense system fails to neutralize these dangerous free radicals, necessitating need foran exogenous source of natural antioxidants. Natural herbal remedies have been widely employed as antioxidants to relieve oxidative stress in gastric ulcers. Polyphenols, tannins, essential oils, flavonoids, notably quercetin, carotenoids, vitamin C, vitamin A, and minerals are among the molecules of immense interest in bioassays due to their significant antioxidant effects. In the present review, several natural anti-ulcer medicinal plants along with their antioxidative mechanism have been reported. Electronic databases including PubMed, Google Scholar and Scopus were explored to identify the antioxidant and gastroprotective potential of all the plants.

Tezepelumab for the treatment of severe asthma: a plain language summary of the PATHWAY and NAVIGATOR studies.

This is a summary of the results of 2 clinical studies that looked at a medicine called tezepelumab. Tezepelumab is approved in the United States of America (USA), the European Union (EU) and several other countries for the treatment of severe, uncontrolled asthma in people aged 12 and above. The results of these 2 studies, called PATHWAY and NAVIGATOR, formed the basis for tezepelumab's approval for use. Tezepelumab is a type of biologic treatment called an antibody. Biologics are treatments that target certain cells or proteins in the body and often in the immune system - the body's natural defence system against infections and diseases - to reduce patients' disease. It works by blocking a key first step in the body's chain reaction leading to inflammation in the airways of people with severe asthma. The clinical studies were done to learn if tezepelumab can be used to treat people with severe, uncontrolled asthma and to find out about its safety. In both studies, tezepelumab was compared to placebo. A placebo is a dummy treatment that looked like tezepelumab but did not have any medicine in it. In both studies, tezepelumab reduced the number of severe asthma attacks that the participants had per year compared with placebo. It also increased the volume of air that the participants could breathe out in 1second compared with placebo. Tezepelumab was well-tolerated, and a similar number of participants had health issues in the tezepelumab and placebo treatment groups. The most common health issues that the participants had during the PATHWAY study were: Worsening of asthma, common cold, headache, and inflammation of the airways. The most common health issues that the participants had during the NAVIGATOR study were: Common cold, infection of the sinuses, throat and airways, headache, worsening of asthma, and inflammation of the airways. The results showed that participants who had monthly doses of tezepelumab had fewer severe asthma attacks and better lung function than those who had placebo. In both studies, the health issues that the participants had were similar between the tezepelumab and placebo treatment groups. Overall, the studies showed that tezepelumab worked in a broad population of people with severe asthma and that the study participants had an acceptable level of health issues during the studies. These results led to the approval of tezepelumab for people with severe asthma aged 12 and above in the USA, EU and other countries. Clinical Trial Registration: PATHWAY study: NCT02054130; NAVIGATOR study: NCT03347279 (ClinicalTrials.gov).

The Role of Innate Immunity against Mycobacterium Leprae: A Systematic Literature Review

Introduction: Innate immunity is the body's defense system that exists from birth and is the body's first defense against infection. This system involves multiple defense mechanisms that work together to recognize, deter, and respond to pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. In the context of Mycobacterium leprae, the role of the innate immune system is very important because this bacterium has unique pathogenic properties and is capable of infecting human body cells in complex ways.&#x0D; Methods: The literature search process was carried out on various databases (PubMed, Web of Sciences, EMBASE, Cochrane Libraries, and Google Scholar) regarding the role of innate immunity against Mycobacterium leprae. This study follows the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) recommendations.&#x0D; Results: One of the main aspects of the role of the innate immune system against Mycobacterium leprae is the recognition of this pathogen by phagocytic cells, such as macrophages. Mycobacterium leprae evades recognition and destruction by these cells in a number of ways, including cell surface modification of the immune response.&#x0D; Conclusion: The innate immunity response plays a significant role in the response to Mycobacterium leprae infection. Innate immunity acts as an initial and fast response to mitigate the Mycobacterium leprae infection from getting more massive.

Current Perspectives on Nanoparticle-based Targeted Drug Delivery Approaches in Breast Cancer Treatment.

Breast cancer is avertible yet one of the most widespread carcinomas globally. Though periodic screening and monitoring have resulted in reduced incidences, the malignancy claims increased death rates across the globe. Due to the non-specific and aggressive nature of available conventional cancer therapeutics, there is a crucial need for better treatment paradigms. Recent advancements in nanotechnology have aided in this by utilizing nanocarriers in targeted drug delivery approaches. Optimized nanoparticles have been used to enhance the circulation time and target the efficacy of conventional therapeutic drugs. Passive targeting comprises surface modulation to avoid drug elimination via a standard body defense system. Active targeting includes chemical interaction with various genes, receptors, and antigens overexpressed during cancer progression. Therefore, the present review recapitulates drug delivery approaches and nanoparticle-based targeting that can potentially overcome the limitations of conventional drug therapies.

PENINGKATAN AKTIVITAS DAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA MELALUI PEMBELAJARAN BIOLOGI DENGAN PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF TIPE TEAM GAMES TOURNAMENT PADA MATERI SISTEM PERTAHANAN TUBUH SISWA KELAS XI DI MAN 1 MAKASSAR

This study aims to determine the application of the cooperative learning model of the team games tournament type to increase the activity and learning outcomes in the body's defense system material for class XI students at MAN 1 Makassar. This research is a classroom action research. The subjects in this study were 40 students of class XI MIPA 4 MAN 1 Makassar. Methods of data collection using observation, tests and documentation. The data instruments used were observation sheets and test sheets. The data analysis technique used is quantitative descriptive data analysis with proportions. The results showed that there was an increase in the proportion of the average score of learning activeness of 25.64%, from the first cycle of 61.94% to 87.58% in the second cycle. The results of the second cycle of data analysis show that the score has reached the specified minimum criteria of 75%. There are 7 active indicators in this study and the seven indicators have reached the specified minimum criteria of 75%. Improving learning outcomes with the application of the teams games tournament learning model in cycle I, the proportion of student learning outcomes was only 8% who completed, while as many as 92% of students had not completed from 38 students. In cycle II it can be seen that students' abilities have increased with a proportion of 100% or all students are successful in their learning outcomes. The results of the second cycle of data analysis show that the score has reached the minimum completeness criterion of 75%. The conclusions of this study indicate that the application of the cooperative learning model of the team games tournament type can increase the activity and learning outcomes of the body's defense system material for class XI MIPA 4 MAN 1 Makassar. XI MIPA 4 MAN 1 Makassar”.

Hubungan Kadar Hemoglobin Glikosilat (HbA1c) dengan Kandidiasis Kutis pada Pasien Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 di Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Dr. Pirngadi Medan Pada tahun 2019

Background: Cutaneous candidiasis is a fungal infection of the skin caused by yeast or microorganisms belonging to the genus Candida. It is known that diabetes mellitus is one of the predisposing factors for candidiasis cutis caused by changes in the body's defense system. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion or insulin action. Starting from the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic cells resulting in insulin deficiency to abnormalities resulting in resistance to insulin action. To determine a person's level of glucose control, an HbA1c examination is needed. This test will show the average blood sugar level over the last 90 days and represent a percentage. This test can also be used to diagnose diabetes.&#x0D; Objective: To analyze the relationship between HbA1c levels and cutaneous candidiasis in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.&#x0D; Methods: This study is an observational analytic study with a retrospective design. To determine the relationship between glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels and cutaneous candidiasis in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. On examination of HbA1c levels it can be said to be controlled &lt; 6.5% and not controlled &gt; 6.5%.&#x0D; Results: The results of this study were taken from 62 patient medical record data according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, it was found that the majority of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were women aged ≥55 years. Based on HbA1c levels, the patients in this study were more dominantly uncontrolled with negative cutaneous candidiasis, 56 (90.3%). The results of Fisher's exact analysis showed p-value = 1.000 (p &gt; 0.05) meaning that there was no significant relationship between HbA1c levels and cutaneous candidiasis.&#x0D; Conclusion: There is no significant relationship between HbA1c levels and the incidence of cutaneous candidiasis.

Plain language summary of the MonumenTAL-1 study of talquetamab in people with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma.

This plain language summary describes the results of a phase 1 research study (or clinical trial) called MonumenTAL-1 published in the New England Journal of Medicine in December 2022. A phase 1 study is an early clinical trial where researchers evaluate how safe a medicine is at different doses in a small number of people. In the MonumenTAL-1 study, researchers looked at a new medicine under development called talquetamab, for people living with multiple myeloma (a type of blood cancer) who did not respond (refractory), stopped responding (relapsed), or who had difficulty dealing with their previous treatments. The phase 1 MonumenTAL-1 study was performed in 2 parts. Safety was the main focus of Part 1 in which side effects, and how serious they were, were assessed. The results of Part 1 were used to identify doses of talquetamab that were well tolerated, without a need to stop treatment or reduce the doses, for further study in Part 2. Part 2 of the study examined how well talquetamab worked to decrease signs of the cancer and what side effects, and their severity, people experienced at the doses identified in Part 1. In Part 1 of the study, researchers identified 2 doses of talquetamab for further study: 405 micrograms for every kilogram of body weight (μg/kg) given weekly and 800μg/kg every other week. All participants experienced at least one side effect of treatment at these 2 doses. Less than half of participants (43% at 405μg/kg weekly dose and 34% at the 800μg/kg every other week dose) experienced serious side effects which are those side effects that led to hospitalization, death, or permanent or life-threatening damage). The most common side effects at both doses were a condition known as cytokine release syndrome (CRS); changes in blood cell levels (where different types of cells in the blood were measured); changes in skin such as itching, dry skin, eczema, ulcers or shedding; changes in nails such as discoloration or ridging (lines or dents); and changes in sense of taste such as food tasting sour or metallic. CRS is caused by the overactivation of the immune system (the body's natural defense system) and can result in fever, feeling sick (nausea), being tired (fatigue), low blood pressure, low blood oxygen levels and body aches. Most cases of CRS, as well as most other side effects, were mild or moderate. Most common serious events were CRS, fever and bone pain. Most people had fewer signs of the cancer after taking talquetamab, and the response was similar between the 2 doses. The median duration of response at the 2 identified doses was 8-10months. Most of the side effects people experienced when taking talquetamab were mild or moderate. Most people who took talquetamab responded to the treatment even though they hadn't responded or stopped responding to previous multiple myeloma treatments or stopped taking those treatments because they were unable to tolerate them. These results demonstrate the potential of talquetamab as a treatment option in people who have used up other available therapy options. The 2 doses of talquetamab identified here are being examined in a larger group of participants to further test for safety and to test how well people respond.

PLANT BIOACTIVE ; CAROTENOIDS, POLYPHENOLS AND FLAVONOIDS IN IMPROVING THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AGAINST COVID-19 INFECTION

COVID-19 (coronavirus) is a new type of virus that can cause disease in animals and humans. This type of virus causes a crisis or threat to human life in 2020. Before an ideal vaccine or drug is found to prevent COVID-19 infection, steps or approaches are needed that can break the chain of infection. Several things that can be done to prevent COVID-19 infection are to take advantage of the chemical content of natural ingredients, maintain nutritional intake, maintain the resilience of the body's immune system and adhere to health protocols. The public needs to be made aware of the use of natural metabolites in order to maintain the body's defense system. Carotenoids, polyphenols and flavonoids are a group of secondary metabolites in plants that can physiologically increase the body's immune system against bacterial and viral infections. Red, yellow pigments in plants and some organisms known as coarotenoids have the ability to enhance the body's immune response or cellular immune system. While polyphenols and flavonoids are a unique group of phytochemicals in fruits, vegetables and herbs. This component has the potential to inhibit viral replication. People are expected to use plant chemical compounds to improve the body's immune system.