Body Composition Variables Research Articles

Holiday Weight Change in a US College Student Sample: AProspective Observational Cohort Study.

The November through January holiday period is often thought to produce weight gain, coined "holiday weight gain." While this trend has been documented among early to midlife adults, it is less certain whether college students experience similar levels of weight gain during this period, as they undergo lifestyle changes (e.g., returning to their families of origin) that may differ from adults at later stages of development. Thus, the primary aim of the current study was to determine body weight and body composition changes during the holiday season in college students. The secondary aim was to examine the association of psychosocial variables with primary outcomes. Participants included 47 undergraduate students. Body weight, body composition, and psychosocial variables were measured prior to Thanksgiving break and after returning from December to January break. Differences in body weight and body composition variables were determined using paired-sample t-tests. Associations of psychosocial variables with changes in primary outcomes were determined by Spearman's correlation coefficients and linear regressions. On average, college students experienced a 1.08% increase in body weight between study visit 1 in November and study visit 2 in January (0.74±1.81kg; p=0.02). Lean mass increased (1.49±3.21kg; p=0.01), while body fat % did not change (p=0.12). Psychosocial variables were not significantly associated with or predictive of changes in body weight or body fat % (p's>0.05). College students gained a small, yet significant, amount of weight over the holiday period. Weight gain occurred alongside increases in lean mass but not body fat. Results provide important context to previous findings observing weight gain in college students and adults over the holiday season. Specifically, findings indicate a healthy increase in lean mass-a potential promotive factor in optimal health and wellbeing.

Effect of changes in body composition and sociodemographic factors on colon cancer survival.

296 Background: Muscle mass, muscle quality, and adipose tissue volumes have been shown to affect colon cancer survival. Further research is required to understand how change in body composition during treatment impacts colon cancer outcomes, and how covariables such mental health and socioeconomic status affect this relationship. The aim of this project was to examine how changes in body composition during chemotherapy for colon cancer impact the duration of disease-free survival (DFS) and how sociodemographic covariables (age, sex, social isolation, depression, anxiety, income, community size) influence this relationship. Methods: Computed tomography (CT) scans from the time of diagnosis and the end of chemotherapy were obtained from individuals treated for stage III colon cancer with oxaliplatin at BC Cancer between 2012 and 2016. Whole body tissue volumes were estimated based on CT images at the level of the third lumbar vertebra, analysed using DAFS Express (Voronoi Health Analytics Inc., Vancouver BC). Muscle quantity was measured as skeletal muscle index (SMI), and muscle quality was measured as skeletal muscle density (SMD) and skeletal muscle gauge (SMG). Quantity of visceral adipose tissue (VAT), subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT), and total adipose tissue (TAT) were also measured. Social isolation, anxiety, and depression symptoms were measured using the validated Psychosocial Screen for Cancer–Revised. Neighbourhood income and community population were estimated using postal codes. Cox proportional hazard models were calculated for the effect of body composition variables on DFS, and interactions with sociodemographic variables. Results: Significant reductions in SMI, SMD, SMG, VAT, IMAT and TAT were observed between diagnosis and post-chemotherapy (n=282). Improved survival was associated with higher SMD and lower IMAT at diagnosis and post-chemotherapy, lower VAT at diagnosis, and an increase in VAT or TAT during chemotherapy. Body composition had a more significant effect on survival in individuals who were older, female, or lived in smaller communities. Conclusions: Significant reductions in SMI, SMD, SMG, VAT, IMAT and TAT were observed between diagnosis and post-chemotherapy (n=282). Improved survival was associated with higher SMD and lower IMAT at diagnosis and post-chemotherapy, lower VAT at diagnosis, and an increase in VAT or TAT during chemotherapy. Body composition had a more significant effect on survival in individuals who were older, female, or lived in smaller communities.

Role for neurological and immunological resilience in the pathway of the aging muscle powerpenia: InCHIANTI study longitudinal results.

The neuromuscular junction shows several degenerative changes with aging, resulting in a reduction of transmission efficacy. These changes, paired with low-grade chronic inflammation, were considered triggers of the aging muscle processes. The main objective of this study is to assess the role of leukocyte count-derived ratios, nerve conduction velocity (NCV), and compound muscle action potential (CMAP) in determining time-dependent reduction in lower limb muscle explosive strength, a condition that has been defined as powerpenia. The InCHIANTI study enrolled a representative sample from the registry lists of two towns in Tuscany, Italy. Baseline data were collected in 1998, with follow-up visits every 3years. For the purpose of this analysis, we used 1229 subjects and 3814 follow-up assessments. Subjects with lower values of monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (ML-ratio) had higher nerve conduction velocity and higher proximal and distal action potential values; moreover, considering the interaction between age for ML-ratio effect, a statistically significant direct association is found with all the electromyography-parameters. Lower limb muscle power shows a gender dimorphism, male subjects having higher values at baseline, but experiencing steeper decline rate during the follow-up, compared to females. Muscle power was inversely associated with ML-ratio, proximal CMAP, distal CMAP, and NCV. Moreover, we found a direct and statistically significant second-order interaction (age for ML-ratio), meaning that at the same age, increasing ML-ratio increases lower limb muscle power. Lastly, also body composition variation across aging is directly associated with lower limb muscle power. Reduced immunological and neurological homeostasis affects the powerpenia phenotype in a large representative sample of Italian men and women.

Body composition is associated with changes in health-related quality of life in patients with knee and/or hip osteoarthritis

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to analyse the association between body composition and changes in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of patients followed for hip and knee osteoarthritis (OA).MethodsLongitudinal...

Preliminary analysis of patient assessment within a study on the impact of hydrokinetotherapy on body composition and metabolic disease risk in an adult population segment

In clinical and research settings, the accurate and reliable evaluation of body composition is necessary. Existing methods present various challenges, either in measurement meth-odology or in the assumptions they rely on.The purpose of this study is to conduct a preliminary analysis of patient assessment within a study concerning the impact of hydroki-netotherapy on body composition and metabolic disease risk in an adult population seg-ment. Methods: The research was carried out at the Diabetes Ambulatory Clinic of the Suceava County Hospital in January 2024. An essential component of this investigation involves evaluating body composition parameters measured using the Tanita 738 device and assessing metabolic risk factors such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. In parallel with this research, a hydrokinetotherapy model adapted to this population is proposed for development. Results: The interpretation of BMI data for wom-en aged 40-60 revealed significant variability in this group’s body composition, as was al-so observed in women aged 61-80. Among women aged 61-80, there was a significant proportion of participants with morbid obesity (BMI ≥ 40). Similarly, the BMI data for men aged 40-60 indicated notable variability in body composition, consistent with the findings for men aged 61-80. Both age groups in men exhibited significant overweight and obesity, highlighting the need for increased attention to weight management and metabolic health among men. Conclusions: The study on body composition and metabolic disease risk among adults aged 40 to 80, participants at the Diabetes Ambulatory Clinic of the Suceava County Hospital, demonstrated significant findings in both women and men. Implement-ing a 4-month hydrokinetotherapy program indicates an approach aimed at optimizing participants’ health. A personalized approach and careful management of hydrokineto-therapy exercises are necessary. Weight loss through diet and physical exercise is proven to be the most effective treatment strategy for obese and overweight elderly subjects, facili-tating the maintenance of muscle mass and promoting functional recovery.

CT-Based Body Composition and Frailty as Predictors of Survival Among Older Adults With Gastrointestinal Malignancies.

Older adults with cancer are at an increased risk of treatment related toxicities and early death. Routinely collected clinico-demographic characteristics inadequately explain this increased risk limiting accurate prognostication. Prior studies have suggested that altered body composition and frailty are independently associated with worse survival among older adults with cancer; however, their combined influence remains unclear. We used data from a single-institution prospective cohort study of older adults (≥ 60 years) who underwent geriatric assessment (GA) at the time of initial consultation with a medical oncologist from September 2017 to December 2020 and available baseline abdominal computed tomography within 60 days of GA. Using multi-slice CT images from T12 to L5 level, we assessed volumetric measures of skeletal muscle (SMV), visceral adipose tissue (VATV), subcutaneous adipose tissue (SATV) and averaged skeletal muscle density (SMD), computing sex-specific z for each measure. Frailty was measured using a 44-item frailty index using the deficit accumulation approach. Primary outcome of interest was overall survival (OS) defined as time from GA to death or last follow up. We used multivariable Cox regression model to study the independent association between the above four body composition measurements and OS adjusted for baseline confounders and frailty. We included 459 patients with a mean age of 69.7 ± 7.5 years, 60% males and 77% non-Hispanic Whites. Most had colorectal (27%) or pancreatic cancer (20%) and 48% had stage IV disease. Over a median follow up of 39.4 months, 209 patients (46%) died. In multivariable Cox regression models adjusted for age, sex, race, cancer type, cancer stage and frailty, skeletal muscle volume (HR 0.74; 95% CI 0.58-0.96; p = 0.02, per 1 SD increment) was independently associated with OS. The addition of body composition variables to baseline clinico-demographic variables and frailty led to a slightly improved model discrimination. SMV is independently associated with OS among older adults with newly diagnosed gastrointestinal cancers. Capturing body composition measurements in oncology practice may provide additional prognostic information for older adults with cancer above and beyond what is captured in routine clinical assessment including frailty.

Effects of a goal attainment theory-based intervention on physical activity, body composition, and motivation in emerging adults with physical inactivity: A randomized controlled trial.

This study aims to assess the effectiveness of an intervention based on the goal attainment theory to levels of physical activity, body composition, and motivational variables of emerging adults with physical inactivity. A randomized, controlled trial. A total of 157 emerging adults with physical inactivity were randomized into the control group (n=77) or the intervention group (n=80). The control group received routine health education for a period of 3 months, and the intervention group used a physical activity promotion intervention model based on King's attainment theory on the basis of the control group. The primary outcome was the body composition. Secondary outcomes were examined included levels of physical activity, motivation, and self-efficacy. The results indicate that the visceral fat area was significantly lower in the intervention group (Z = -6.79, P < 0.001), along with reductions in body fat mass (Z = -2.85, P < 0.05) and body fat percentage (F = -2.78, P < 0.05). The intervention group also demonstrated higher introjected motivation (Z = 2.70, P < 0.05) and self-efficacy (Z = 4.06, P < 0.001) than the control group. Physical activity levels were significantly higher in the intervention group, with increases observed in vigorous activity (Z = 60.51, P < 0.001), moderate activity (Z = 104.90, P < 0.001), walking activity (Z = 7.37, P < 0.001), and total physical activity (Z = 91.40, P < 0.001) compared to the control group. Physical activity interventions based on King's Attainment Theory can improve body composition, increase physical activity levels, improve exercise self-efficacy, and promote maintenance of healthy behaviours in emerging adults. This study was registered on ClinicalTrials (NCT05697679).

Relationship of female pelvic floor muscle function and body composition: cross-sectional study.

Investigate the relationship between female pelvic floor muscle (PFM) function and body composition. Cross-sectional study-participants answered sociodemographic and urogynecological questions. The amount of fat mass was measured by dual-emission X-ray densitometry (DXA), and subcutaneous fat thickness was assessed by abdominal ultrasound. PFM assessment was performed using the Modified Oxford Scale and vaginal manometry. Descriptive analysis, independent t test, spearman correlation, and univariate regression were performed. Ninety-nine women were included. All body composition variables evaluated, except subcutaneous fat thickness, indicated that women with a higher concentration of fat in the pelvic, android, and visceral region have lower maximum voluntary PFM contraction strength assessed by Modified Oxford Scale and manometry. The univariate model pointed out that the fat concentration increases the chances of reduced PFM strength in the entire body (0.6%), android (5.4%), visceral region (25.3%), and pelvic (89.9%). There was a correlation between the concentration of total, pelvic, and android fat with MVC/average peak. The accumulation of "total", "pelvic", "android", and "visceral" fat mass is correlated with reduction in PFM strength, and there is an association between MVC and the variables of total and segmented fat. However, pelvic fat concentration is predictive in 89.9% of cases.

Sarcopenic obesity in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: prevalence, risk factors, and implications for cancer survivors.

Sarcopenic obesity, characterized by increased adiposity with low skeletal muscle mass, contributes to frailty and the development of chronic disease. Data on sarcopenic obesity in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (cALL) is limited. A cross-sectional study on 65 cALL survivors (7-18years, > 2years from treatment completion) was conducted on cALL survivors with the primary outcome to determine the prevalence of sarcopenic obesity. Sarcopenic obesity was defined as patients with a positive Fat Mass Index (FMI) z-score with a negative Skeletal Muscle Index (SMI) z-score, measured using a Dual-Energy Xray Absorptiometry (DXA) scan. In addition, we assessed the factors associated with sarcopenic obesity by multivariable regression analysis. The mean (± SD) age was 12.9 (± 3.2) years, the median (Interquartile Range) time since diagnosis was 6.5 (5.9;8) years, and 66% received cranial radiotherapy. Central obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome were seen in 21.5%, 23.1%, and 21% respectively. DXA-derived body composition variables revealed higher fat percentage despite normal body mass index (BMI) and lower muscle mass compared to the general population. Sarcopenic obesity was seen in 21 (34%) of survivors. On multivariable regression analysis, age at diagnosis (OR: 0.95 (95% CI: 0.92-0.98), p = 0.02), central obesity (OR: 18.99 (95% 2.32-155.5), p = 0.006) and insulin resistance (OR: 10.2 (95% CI: 1.75-59.09), p = 0.01) were associated with sarcopenic obesity. Sarcopenic obesity, an early clinical indicator for metabolic disease despite normal BMI, was significantly worse in children diagnosed with ALL at a younger age and was associated with central obesity and insulin resistance, which may contribute to adverse outcomes later in life.

Body mass index and fat influences the role of Bifidobacterium genus in lupus patients concerning fibrinogen levels.

Metabolic disorders and autoimmune diseases elicit distinct yet interconnected manifestations of inflammation, which may be boosted by an excess of body adiposity. The purpose of this investigation was to analyze anthropometric, biochemical, and inflammatory/coagulation variables concerning patients diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) exploiting low-grade metabolic inflammation (MI), as reference. A population stratification by body mass index (BMI), allowed to assess the impact of adiposity on the putative role of gut microbiota composition on coagulation markers. A total of 127 participants with MI and SLE were categorized into two main groups based on their BMI, following WHO criteria: a low BMI group (<30 kg/m2) and a high BMI group (≥30 kg/m2). Each group included recorded data on demographics, comorbidities, and key clinical markers. Anthropometric and body composition variables, clinical features, and inflammatory/coagulation markers were measured while fecal 16S rRNA sequencing was examined at the genus Bifidobacterium. Regression models were fitted to evaluate the relationship between gut microbiota, inflammatory/coagulation markers, and body weight in these types of diseases. The study revealed worse clinical outcomes in anthropometric, body composition, and clinical markers in low-grade MI conditions as compared to SLE. However, inflammatory and coagulation markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen were significantly more elevated in patients with SLE, which was exacerbated by high BMI/ body fat as compared to the other screened groups. An interaction analysis revealed that fibrinogen levels showed different trends when Bifidobacterium was increased depending on BMI/adiposity, which evidenced an effect modification by this microorganism in patients with SLE. These findings underline that gut microbiota composition, particularly the presence of Bifidobacterium, may play a crucial role in modulating inflammation and coagulation processes in patients with SLE and high fat. These insights highlight the potential of targeting gut microbiota as a therapeutic strategy to mitigate inflammation and improve clinical outcomes in SLE patients.

O009 Does exercise preserve fat free mass during rapid weight loss in overweight or obese men with obstructive sleep apnoea? A pilot study

Abstract Introduction Obesity is a major risk factor for obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). Very low energy diets (VLEDs) are effective for reducing weight but are associated with greater fat free mass (FFM) reduction than other energy-restricted diets. Exercise may protect against this, having been shown to reduce OSA severity independently of weight loss. We aimed to assess the feasibility and tolerability of VLED-induced rapid weight loss with or without functional exercise in overweight or obese men with OSA. Methods This open-label pilot randomised controlled trial recruited men aged 18-55 years with a BMI of ≥27kg/m2 and untreated moderate-to-severe OSA to VLED-only (VO) or VLED-plus-exercise (VEX) for 12 weeks. Both groups followed a VLED providing &amp;lt;800kcal/day. The VEX group also participated in supervised functional exercise training at a commercial gym. Results Twenty men were recruited and completed the study, with one drop out from VEX. Significant AHI reductions were observed in both VO (n=9, -20.9 events/hr [95%CI -28.3 to -13.6]) and VEX (n=11, -15.4 events/hr [-26.0 to -4.7]). A total weight loss of -14.5kg [-17.5 to -11.5] and -9.3kg fat mass [-11.0 to -7.6] was achieved. FFM reduction occurred (-3.9kg [-5.5 to -2.3]), with a trend towards preservation in the VEX group. Discussion VLED, with or without exercise, proved feasible and well-tolerated and demonstrated positive outcomes in AHI and body composition variables. No between-group differences were observed in any outcomes, however the small reduction in FFM loss seen in the VEX group may suggest a potential mechanism for exercise to preserve FFM.

The association of Whole and Segmental Body Composition and Anaerobic Performance in Crossfit® athletes: sex differences and performance prediction

The main purpose of this study was to establish the association between total and segmental body composition (BC) variables and anaerobic performance and to create optimal models that best predict such performance in CrossFit® (CF) athletes. Fifty athletes, 25 males and 25 females (age: 33.26 ± 6.81 years; body mass: 72.57 ± 12.17 kg; height: 169.55 ± 8.71 cm; BMI: 25.06 ± 2.31 kg·m−2) were recruited to participate and underwent BC analysis using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and an all-out laboratory test on a cycle ergometer (Wingate) to determine their anaerobic performance. The results show a significant correlation between BC values and performance, ranging from moderate (r = -0.34, p = 0.015) to near-perfect (r = 0.96, p &lt; 0.01). Furthermore, the created performance prediction models exhibited predictive capacities ranging from 19% (p = 0.017) to 93% (p &lt; 0.001). All prediction models were created using total or segmental lean mass variables, excluding others. The studied body composition and performance variables found significant differences between males and females. The findings demonstrate that body composition variables are crucial indicators of anaerobic performance in CF athletes. In this regard, it may be advisable for sports performance professionals to consider this information when monitoring athletes throughout the season or designing specific training programs. Similarly, the use of predictive equations could be a useful tool for estimating peak and mean power values.

Transcriptomic profiling of backfat and muscle in Lijiang pigs with divergent body size across growth stages

Backfat thickness is an important economic trait that affects pork quality and flavor. The Lijiang pig (LJP), a local breed in Yunnan province, China, exhibits variations in growth and body composition. However, the molecular basis for these variations is unclear. This study aimed to analyze transcriptome profiles of backfat at different growth stages in LJP with discrepant body size: two months (M2), four months, and six months. Firstly, we analyzed the gene expression differences and discovered a significantly highest number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at the M2 stage. Secondly, we identified four gene profiles with reverse expression trends in LJP populations with different body sizes, and the related genes mainly associated with immune response functionality. Thirdly, we observed a lower correlation in LJP with large body size at the M2 stage, with a specific enrichment of DEGs with high genetic differentiation related to neural activity. Finally, we correlated transcriptome profiles of muscle and backfat and discovered the lowest correlation at the M2 stage. Highly correlated genes exhibited more significant differences and were prominently enriched for immune response processes. This study unveils candidate genes linked to backfat growth in LJP, emphasizing the specificity of the early growth stage of backfat.

Important features of bench press performance in non-disabled and Para athletes: A scoping review.

Understanding important features for performance in non-disabled bench press and Paralympic powerlifting may inform talent identification and transfer models. The aim of this scoping review was to describe features associated with bench press performance. We conducted a systematic search of three electronic databases (PubMed, SportDiscus and EMBASE) to identify studies involving non-disabled and Para athlete populations that investigated features related to bench press one-repetition maximum (1RM), across six domains (anthropometric, body composition, demographic, technical, disability and neuromuscular). Search terms included "resistance training", "para powerlifting' and "one repetition max". No date restrictions were include in searches. Studies using adult participants, with at least six-months of bench press experience, who were able to bench press their body mass were included. Thirty-two studies met our inclusion criteria. Twenty-four studies involved non-disabled athletes (total n = 2,686; 21.9% female) and eight involved Para athletes (total n = 2,364; 39.4% female). Anthropometric (17 studies) and body composition (12 studies) features were most studied; half of the 32 studies investigated features from a single domain. Of anthropometric variables, upper arm circumference shared the strongest association with bench press 1RM in non-disabled (r = 0.87) and para-athletes (r = 0.65). Upper limb fat free mass (r = 0.91) and body mass index (r = 0.46) were the body composition variables sharing the strongest association with bench press 1RM in non-disabled and para-athletes. Few studies considering the uncertainty of their results. Practices of open and transparent science, such as pre-registration and data sharing, were absent. The development of bench press talent identification and sport transfer models will require future studies to investigate both non-training and training modifiable features, across multiple domains. Large longitudinal studies using information from athlete monitoring databases and multivariable model approaches are needed to understand the interacting features associated with bench press performance, and for the development of talent identification models.

Common Genetic Factors May Play a Role in the Relationships Between Body Composition, Adipokines, and Low-Back-Pain-Related Disability.

In this study, we evaluated the contribution of the putative genetic factors into the established associations between selected circulating adipokine levels, body composition measurements, and low-back-pain-related disability scores (LBP_DS). A total of 1078 individuals from 98 nuclear families (with 1 to 11 siblings per family) were examined. A detailed self-report questionnaire was used to collect LBP disability data; body composition (fat, skeletal muscle mass, and extracellular water (ECW)) was assessed using the bioimpedance method; plasma levels of adipokines were measured by ELISA. Pedigree-based statistical analysis methods were used, including family-based variance component analysis (VCA) and principal phenotype analysis (PPA), to estimate the contribution of potential genetic and environmental factors. The VCA revealed a significant additive genetic component in LBP_DS and for the selected body composition phenotypes and adipokines. The study also revealed that both adipokines (GDF-15, chemerin, and follistatin) and body composition variables (BMI, fat mass/weight, waist circumference, and ECW) were genetically correlated with LBP_DS. Next, PPA generated two synthetic phenotypes: PPCT (combining cytokines) and PPBC (combining body composition variables). There was no significant correlation between the putative genetic factors underlying the created PPs. However, each of them displayed a significant genetic correlation with LBP_DS. These findings indicate that genetic factors that are assumingly common for several adipokine variations and several body composition measurements, respectively, presumably have a pleotropic genetic influence on the LBP_DS variation, independently from one another. This, in turn, suggests that the alleged genetic factors employing pleiotropic effects on LBP_DS have a complex and probably non-overlapping composition.

Food insufficiency, SNAP status, and variability in weight and body composition: Longitudinal analysis of the National Health and Aging Trends Study Cohort 2012 - 2021

BackgroundThe impact of food insecurity and food assistance program on long-term body weight and composition is unclear. ObjectiveTo investigate the associations between baseline and duration of food insufficiency, the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) status, and variability in weight, BMI, and waist circumference (WC). MethodsData from 3,897 eligible Medicare beneficiaries aged ≥ 65 years recruited in the National Health and Aging Trends Study (2012-2021) were analyzed. At baseline, SNAP status was assessed. With repeated measurements over follow-up, baseline food insufficiency (FI) status, years with FI experience (nFI), three variability metrics for weight, BMI, and WC (i.e. standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variation (CV), root mean squared error (RMSE)) and four patterns (stable, loss, gain and cycling) were defined. Partial proportional-odds generalized ordered logit models and multinomial logistic regression models were fit to investigate the association between FI status, nFI, and SNAP status and quartiles of variability metrics and patterns, respectively. ResultsThe median [IQR] follow-up years was 8 [4, 9]. Per one-unit increase in the nFI, older adults had significantly higher variability in BMI (OR: 1.08 – 1.10), weight (OR = 1.14-1.15), and waist circumference (OR = 1.11 – 1.27) by SD, CV, and RMSE. SNAP participants did not differ from eligible non-participants in any variability metrics. Older adults with FI at baseline were 2.72 times (95%CI: 1.32, 5.58) more likely to gain weight. Relative risk of weight loss (RRR = 1.29, 95%CI: 1.06, 1.56), gain (RRR = 1.34, 95%CI: 1.09, 1.65), or cycling (RRR = 1.27, 95%CI: 1.04, 1.21) increased per one-unit increase in nFI. SNAP participants did not differ in BMI, weight, or WC patterns from eligible non-participants. ConclusionsRecurring food insecurity was associated with variability in older adults' weight and body composition. Additional interventions, beyond SNAP, are needed to prevent food insecurity and instability in body weight and composition.

Phenotype variability in diet-induced obesity and response to (−)-epigallocatechin gallate supplementation in a Diversity Outbred mouse cohort: a model for exploring gene x diet interactions for dietary bioactives

The flavan-3-ol (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) blunts obesity in inbred mice, but human clinical trials have yielded mixed results. Genetic homogeneity in preclinical models may explain translational disconnect between rodents and humans. The Diversity Outbred (DO) mouse model provides genotype and phenotype variability for characterization of gene x environment (i.e., diet) interactions. We conducted a longitudinal phenotyping study in N=50 DO mice. Mice were fed a high-fat diet for 8 weeks and then a high-fat diet + 0.3% EGCG for 8 weeks. We hypothesized that obesity and any protective effects of EGCG would exhibit extreme variability in these genetically heterogeneous mice. As anticipated, DO mice exhibited extreme variation in body composition at baseline (4.0-13.9% fat), after 8 weeks of high-fat diet (6.5-38.1% fat), and after 8 weeks of high-fat diet + EGCG (7.6-42.6% fat), greater than what is observed in inbred mice. All 50 mice gained body fat on the high-fat diet (changes from baseline of +5-+640%). Intriguingly, adiposity variability increased when EGCG was added to the diet (changes from the high-fat diet alone of −52-+390%), with 11/50 mice losing body fat. We postulate that the explanation for this variability is genetic heterogeneity. Our data confirm the promise for EGCG to manage obesity but suggest that genetic factors may exert significant control over the efficacy of EGCG. Larger studies in DO mice are needed for quantitative trait loci mapping to identify genetic loci governing EGCG x obesity interactions and translate these findings to precision nutrition in humans.

Evidence of association between gender and physical fitness in physically active people in Colombia

Abstract Background Physical Condition (PC) is an important health marker (Colley, 2019), as a predictor of morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases, among other causes (Cruz, 2018). Aim To perform association tests between gender (G) and CP in physically active people in Colombia. This study is observational cross-sectional, 1,503 people participated, 1,019 Women (W) (68.6%) and 485 Men (M) (31.4%) in Colombia, mean age 52±16.2 in W and 42±17.8 in M. Data were analyzed with Rstudio v2022.12.0. The statistical protocol was: 1- Empirical distribution. 2- Normality tests with Kolmogorov-Smirnov. 3- Tests of independence with Chi-square (χ²). The mean (X¯), percentage (%) and standard deviation (±) were taken into account. PC was measured in body composition variables; Body Mass Index (BMI), Body Adiposity Index (BAI) and Abdominal Circumference (AC), Grip Strength (GS) and Maximal Oxygen Consumption (Vo2max). Results In W, 38.3% (27.2±1.37) were overweight (Ow) and 19.1% (33.0±2.83) obese (Ob), 69.6% (90.9±8.14) cardiovascular risk (CVR) for AC and 50.4% (32±4.73) risk for BAI. Regarding GS 43.4% (15.8±6.38) is weak and 54.6% (27.7±4.98) Vo2max is low. In M 35.6% (26.9±1.48) presented Ow and 10.6% (32.7±2.39) in Ob, 39.7% (98.4±6.8) with Rcv by AC and 24.3% (29.7±3.45) at risk by BAI. As for GS 41.5% (27.1±6.39) are weak and 32.3% (33.3±6.33) under Vo2max. According to independence tests with χ² there is association between the G and BMI (χ²=1452.1, df = 1427, p-value=0. 315), G and AC (χ²=394.9, df = 382, p-value=0. 313), G and Vo2max (χ²=155.5, df = 6, p-value&amp;lt;2. 2e-16), G and BAI (χ²=2970.3, df = 1502, p-value&amp;lt;2.2e-16), G and GS (χ²=6015.5, df = 1502, p-value&amp;lt;2.2e-16). This project has been approved by the bioethics committee. Conclusions Test of independence with (χ²), being a non-homogeneous sample, there is a strong association between G and PC with BMI, BAI, AC, GS and Vo2max, each variable depending on the others, evidencing higher Rcv in women with respect to men. Key messages • Several studies consider Physical Condition (PC) is an important health marker (Colley, 2019), as a predictor of morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular disease, among other causes (Cruz, 2018). • There is a strong association between G and the levels of BMI, BAI, AC, SG and Vo2max variables, each variable depending on the others, showing a higher Rcv in women compared to men.

Anthropometric Profile and Position-Specific Changes in Segmental Body Composition of Professional Football Players Throughout a Training Period.

Body and anthropometric profiles of football players vary depending on the physiological and technical demands imposed by different positions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the body composition of professional soccer players in relation to their position on the field during a training macrocycle. The Direct Segmental Multi-Frequency Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis method was used to analyze 58 players at six key moments of the macrocycle. The results show that body profiles are adjusted to the specific demands of each position. Midfielders showed the lowest muscle mass, while defenders showed many notable changes. In general, as the season progressed, all field players experienced an increase in trunk body fat. Fat and lean mass values of goalkeepers differed greatly from the rest. The greatest variations in body composition were observed during pre-season and transition in relation to variations in training load and competitive intensity. The results suggest that the phase of the macrocycle has a greater influence on these variations, although the physical characteristics of each position are relevant. Understanding these dynamics allows for the design of more personalized and efficient training programs to optimize the performance of footballers according to their roles and each stage of the season.

Mediterranean Diet-Based Sustainable Healthy Diet and Multicomponent Training Combined Intervention Effect on Body Composition, Anthropometry, and Physical Fitness in Healthy Aging

Background: Diet and exercise interventions have been associated with improved body composition and physical fitness. However, evidence regarding their combined effects in older adults is scarce. This study aimed to investigate the impact of a combined 12-week Mediterranean diet-based sustainable healthy diet (SHD) and multicomponent training (MT) intervention on body composition, anthropometry, and physical fitness in older adults. Methods: Diet intervention groups received a weekly SHD food supply and four sessions, including a SHD culinary practical workshop. The exercise program included MT 50 min group session, three times a week, on non-consecutive days. Body composition and physical fitness variables were assessed through dual X-ray absorptiometry, anthropometric measurements, and senior fitness tests. Repeated measures ANOVA, with terms for group, time, and interaction, was performed. Results: Our results showed that a combined intervention significantly lowered BMI and total fat. Also, significant differences between assessments in all physical fitness tests, except for aerobic endurance, were observed. Adjusted models show significant differences in BMI (p = 0.049) and WHR (p = 0.037) between groups and in total fat (p = 0.030) for the interaction term. Body strength (p &lt; 0.001), balance tests (p &lt; 0.001), and aerobic endurance (p = 0.005) had significant differences amongst groups. Considering the interaction term, differences were observed for upper body strength (p = 0.046) and flexibility tests (p = 0.004 sit and reach, p = 0.048 back scratch). Conclusions: Our intervention study demonstrates the potential of implementing healthy lifestyle and sustainable models to promote healthy and active aging.