Body Composition Profile Research Articles

Acquired hypoprolactinemia in men, possible phenotype.

The physiological role of prolactin (PRL) in men is still not well defined. The pathological increase is characterized by sexual function impairment along with possible negative consequences in body composition and metabolic profile. Conversely, the clinical significance of reduced PRL levels was only partially investigated or mainly neglected. The present paper aims to summarize and critically discuss possible phenotypes characterizing male subjects with reduced PRL levels. When possible, meta-analytic results were provided. Available data derived from patients seeking medical care for sexual dysfunction as well as from cross-sectional and longitudinal studies showed that low PRL in males is associated with a worse metabolic phenotype (including diabetes mellitus), mood disturbances (including anxiety and depression), and sexual dysfunctions (including psychogenic erectile and ejaculatory dysfunctions). Whether or not these features are direct consequences of reduced PRL levels or whether the latter reflect other pathway impairments such as serotoninergic failure cannot be clarified. The present data, however, emphasize that a deficiency of PRL should be taken into account and need further investigations.

Body Composition and Dietary Intake Profiles of Elite Iranian Swimmers and Water Polo Athletes.

This study aimed to conduct a detailed and comparative analysis of body composition and dietary habits in elite swimming and water polo athletes. Through the examination of these key parameters, this study seeks to compare the dietary intake of these two distinct aquatic sports disciplines. A total of 10 top-level swimmers and 13 water polo athletes participated in anthropometric and body composition assessments, as well as a detailed analysis of nutritional intake. To compare the two groups, an independent samples t-test was used, and variance homogeneity was checked using Levene's test. The effect size of the group differences was evaluated using Hedges' g. Water polo athletes showed significantly greater height (189.4 ± 2.9 vs. 186.5 ± 2.0 cm, p = 0.013), body mass index (24.3 ± 1.4 vs. 22.1 ± 0.5 kg/m2, p < 0.001), fat-free mass (62.9 ± 1.4 vs. 61.1 ± 1.38 kg, p < 0.001), skeletal muscle mass (47.1 ± 1.3 vs. 43.9 ± 1.6 kg, p < 0.001), and overall weight (86.9 ± 6.9 vs. 76.7 ± 2.2 kg, p < 0.001) in comparison to swimmers. Swimmers consumed greater amounts of mean daily energy (60.0 ± 1.0 vs. 39.0 ± 1.0 kcal/kg, p < 0.001), carbohydrate (7.8 ± 0.3 vs. 4.4 ± 0.5 g/kg, p < 0.001), protein (1.7 ± 0.5 vs. 1.4 ± 0.5 g/kg, p < 0.001), and fat (2.4 ± 0.5 vs. 1.7 ± 0.5 g/kg, p < 0.001) compared to water polo athletes. Our findings highlight the need for differentiated targeted nutritional interventions to enhance athletic performance in different types of water sports. Compared to water polo athletes, swimmers consumed significantly higher amounts of calories, matching their increased calorie demand from their specific training regime. However, this is an observational study and the differential needs of energy and macronutrients in water sports should be confirmed by studies with energy expenditure measurements.

Plasma metabolomic profile of adiposity and body composition in childhood: The Genetics of Glucose regulation in Gestation and Growth cohort.

This study identified metabolite modules associated with adiposity and body fat distribution in childhood using gold-standard measurements. We used cross-sectional data from 329 children at mid-childhood (age 5.3 ± 0.3 years; BMI 15.7 ± 1.5 kg/m2) from the Genetics of Glucose regulation in Gestation and Growth (Gen3G), a prospective pre-birth cohort. We quantified 1038 plasma metabolites and measured body composition using the gold-standard dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), in addition to skinfold, waist circumference, and BMI. We applied weighted-correlation network analysis to identify a network of highly correlated metabolite modules. Spearman's partial correlations were applied to determine the associations of adiposity with metabolite modules and individual metabolites with false discovery rate (FDR) correction. We identified a 'green' module of 120 metabolites, primarily comprised of lipids (mostly sphingomyelins and phosphatidylcholine), that showed positive correlations (all FDR p < 0.05) with DXA estimates of total and truncal fat (ρadjusted = 0.11-0.19), skinfold measures (ρadjusted = 0.09-0.26), and BMI and waist circumference (ρadjusted = 0.15 and 0.18, respectively). These correlations were similar when stratified by sex. Within this module, sphingomyelin (d18:2/14:0, d18:1/14:1)*, a sphingomyelin sub-specie that is an important component of cell membranes, showed the strongest associations. A module of metabolites was associated with adiposity measures in childhood.

Effect of Dietary Protein to Energy Ratios on Growth, Digestive Enzyme Activity and Body Composition of Captive Juvenile Spiny Lobsters, Panulirus Ornatus (Fabricius, 1798)

Abstract An evaluation of six dietary protein-to-energy (P/E) ratios was conducted to the early juvenile lobsters (Panulirus ornatus) by investigating the ratio effects on physiology, digestive enzyme activities, body composition, and amino acid profiles. Juvenile lobsters (0.25±0.01 g) were individually kept in aquaria and treated with six isoenergetic formulated diets of P/E ratios of 21.8, 22.5, 23.5, 24.6, 25.3 and 26.6 mg KJ–1. After 8 weeks of feeding experiment, the differentiation on dietary P/E ratios was found to have affected the specific growth rates, but not the survival, moult increment, moulting rate, moult interval and average daily moulting rate of juvenile lobsters. The dietary P/E ratio also influenced the protease, lipase, superoxidase dismutase activities, and body composition of juvenile lobster. The increase in dietary protein levels significantly affected the increase of the specific growth rate, while increased dietary lipid levels only affected the length increments. Both protein and lipid content were found in the whole body of the juveniles which reflected the treated dietary composition. Results indicated that a P/E ratio of 26.6 mg KJ–1 (55% dietary protein and 9% dietary lipids) can yield the maximum growth and digestive enzyme activities from among the studied diets.

The role of sarcopenic obesity for the prediction of prognosis of patients with gastrointestinal cancer.

Sarcopenic obesity (SO) in patients with gastrointestinal cancer is associated with a poor prognosis. We aimed to investigate the prognostic impact of SO in patients with gastrointestinal cancer, as well as the diagnostic cut-off value of SO in patients with gastrointestinal cancer among Chinese population. We conducted a consecutive cohort study. Between January 2017 and January 2019, 289 patients diagnosed with gastrointestinal cancer were included in our study. Skeletal muscle area, total fat area, and subcutaneous fat area were measured by CT scan. All patients were followed up for 5 years. Receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) were adopted to determine the cut-off values of visceral fat obesity for the prediction of sarcopenia. Based on the cut-off values, patients with sarcopenia combined with visceral fat obesity were divided into the SO group, and the others were divided into the non-sarcopenic obesity (NSO) group. Kaplan-Meier curves and univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were employed to explore the associations of body composition profiles with 5-year overall survival and disease-specific survival. Obtained from Youden's Index for ROC for the prediction of 5-year survival, skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) ≤40.02 cm2/m2 with VFA ≥ 126.30 cm2 in men and SMI ≤32.05 cm2/m2 with VFA ≥72.42 cm2 in women indicate a risk of poor prognosis in patients diagnosed with gastrointestinal cancer. Patients with SO had poorer 5-year overall survival (OS) than patients with NSO (6.74% vs. 82.84%, p < 0.001), and poorer 5-year DFS (6.74% vs. 81.82%, p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, we found that the long-term mortality risk was approximately 13-fold higher among patients in the SO group compared to those with no conditions. Preoperative assessment of SO is useful not only for monitoring nutritional status but also for predicting 5-year OS in gastrointestinal cancer patients.

Growth hormone therapy in Turner Syndrome (TS): A focused review on glucose metabolism outcomes

Introduction: Turner Syndrome (TS) patients inherently possess a higher risk of developing glycemic abnormalities due to their unique genetic makeup, and the administration of growth hormone (GH) therapy, while beneficial for growth, might exacerbate this tendency towards disturbed glucose metabolism. Objective of the Review: To evaluate the existing literature on the effects of GH therapy on glucose metabolism in TS patients, highlighting the balance between therapeutic benefits and potential metabolic risks. Methods: This review scrutinizes studies published from 2000 to 2024, focusing on the outcomes related to glucose metabolism in TS individuals undergoing GH therapy, encompassing aspects like insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance, and metabolic health. Results: Insulin Sensitivity and Resistance: Initial findings suggest that GH therapy may exacerbate insulin resistance and elevate insulin levels, although these effects appear transient and potentially reversible after the cessation of therapy. Long-term Metabolic Outcomes: Later studies indicate that long-term GH therapy may lead to an improvement in insulin sensitivity and a normalization of carbohydrate metabolism, particularly after the therapy is discontinued. Variable Impacts on Glucose Tolerance: The reviewed literature shows mixed effects on glucose tolerance, with some studies reporting no significant changes, while others highlight a potential risk for worsening glucose metabolism. Body Composition and Metabolic Profile: Positive changes in body composition and lipid profiles were noted, which could confer metabolic benefits, yet the therapy's role in increasing insulin levels warrants careful consideration. Individual Variability and Monitoring Needs: The diverse responses to GH therapy underscore the necessity for individualized treatment plans and diligent metabolic monitoring to mitigate potential risks and optimize therapeutic outcomes. Conclusion: The administration of GH therapy in TS requires a delicate balance, considering its potential to both benefit and pose risks to glucose metabolism. Tailored monitoring and a comprehensive understanding of the individual patient’s metabolic response are essential for maximizing the therapy's efficacy while minimizing associated metabolic complications.

Changes in body composition, adipokines, ghrelin, and FGF23 in growth hormone-deficient children during rhGH therapy.

Beyond growth acceleration, growth hormone (GH) therapy improves body composition of GH-deficient (GHD) children due to the interaction of GH with lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, possibly mediated by adipokines secreted by adipose tissue and ghrelin. To promote linear growth, it is essential to have normal phosphate homeostasis. Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a known regulator of serum phosphorus and may be responsible for the increased renal phosphorus reabsorption observed during GH therapy. This study aimed to assess the impact of one-year GH therapy on body composition, adipokines, acylated/unacylated ghrelin (AG/UAG), and FGF23 in GHD children. A prospective observational study of 42 prepubertal, non-obese GHD children followed up in the first year of GH replacement therapy, investigating changes in adipokine profiles, AG/UAG, FGF23, and body composition. Data before therapy onset were compared with measurements obtained after 6 and 12 months of GH therapy. All children with a mean age of 9.2 ± 2.6 years grew at an accelerated pace. Total body fat decreased significantly, while the lipid profile improved, and total bone mineral density (BMD) significantly increased over the 12 months of treatment. Leptin and UAG levels decreased significantly, whereas adiponectin and AG values increased. A significant increase in plasma FGF23 and insulin growth factor 1 (IGF1) was accompanied by increased serum phosphate. Changes in FGF23 concentration did not have an impact on BMD. The strong association of FGF23 with IGF1 and height standard deviation (SD) could reveal a role of FGF23 in linear growth. In regression analysis models, GH therapy influences the changes of leptin and adiponectin, but not ghrelin, independently of body composition - lean or fat mass. GH replacement therapy improves body composition and adipokine profile in GHD children and directly impacts leptin and adiponectin concentrations independently of body composition. Also, GHD children have increased serum phosphate, correlated with upregulation rather than with suppression of FGF23, an unexpected observation given the phosphaturic role of FGF23. Further research is needed to identify the molecular mechanisms by which the GH/IGF1 axis influences adipokines secretion and plasma changes of FGF23.

Impact of Body Composition on Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Receiving Neoadjuvant Immunotherapy Plus Chemotherapy.

Some studies have reported that body composition profiles affect clinical outcomes of multidisciplinary treatments in several types of cancers; however, a paucity of data exists on the association in neoadjuvant immunotherapy. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effect of body composition on the clinical outcomes of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) receiving neoadjuvant immunotherapy plus chemotherapy (nICT). Clinicopathological data and computed tomography (CT) images of 85 patients with locally advanced ESCC who underwent esophagectomy after nICT were collected. At diagnosis and before surgery, the CT scan of the third lumbar vertebra was chosen to evaluate the skeletal muscle index (SMI), skeletal muscle radiodensity (SMD), the subcutaneous and the visceral adiposity index. The relationships between body composition and tumor response after nICT and postoperative complications were analyzed. The clinical stage (Odds Ratio (OR) 0.345, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.141-0.844, p = 0.020) and change in SMI (∆SMI, OR 1.394, 95% CI 1.061-1.832, p = 0.017) were associated with tumor remission after nICT. Moreover, the multivariate logistic analysis revealed that ∆SMI (OR 0.598, 95% CI 0.433-0.828, p = 0.002) was associated with the incidence of postoperative complications. Patients with ∆SMI <-1 had a higher rate of postoperative complications (56% vs 15%, p < 0.001). For ESCC, ∆SMI is associated with the pathological response after nICT and postoperative complications. Further analysis is needed to clarify whether nutritional intervention during neoadjuvant therapy increases SMI and thus improves clinical outcomes.

Physical Profiles of All-Rounders, Batters, and Bowlers in Sub-Elite Women's Cricket.

Jacobs, J, Olivier, B, Brandt, C, and Jafta, G. Physical profiles of all-rounders, batters, and bowlers in sub-elite women's cricket. J Strength Cond Res 38(6): 1095-1102, 2024-The unique physical profile of each player's role in sub-elite women's cricket is vital for optimizing performance as these players progress to the elite levels. This quantitative, cross-sectional study investigates the physical profiles of sub-elite women's cricket players as a group and compares these profiles across different player roles. Sub-elite female cricket players in the South African domestic women's cricket league were included in this study. A battery of physical assessments were conducted at the start of the 2022/23 season. The physical assessments included body composition, individual muscle strength testing using dynamometry, 2-km time trial (TT), countermovement jump (CMJ), single-leg jump (SLJ), isometric mid-thigh pull, push-up, and hop test on force plates. A total of 44 female players (20.86 ± 1.6 years) were included in the study. Differences were found in muscle mass (p = 0.004) and peak power (p = 0.040) for all-rounders and bowlers. Player roles presented with different dominant (p = 0.006) and non-dominant (p = 0.066) knee flexion strength. The bowlers' body composition and physical strength profile are compromised compared with batters and all-rounders. There were several physical strength and power differences between pace and spin bowlers in CMJ and SLJ tests for jump height (p = 0.009) and peak power (p = 0.006). Batters performed the best in the 2-km TT. Body composition and musculoskeletal profiles for each player role can be baseline markers in sub-elite women's cricket. Stakeholders can use this information to guide physical preparation for players advancing to elite levels.

Correction to: "Liver-Specific GH Receptor Gene-Disrupted (LiGHRKO) Mice Have Decreased Endocrine IGF-I, Increased Local IGF-I, and Altered Body Size, Body Composition, and Adipokine Profiles".

Correction to: "Liver-Specific GH Receptor Gene-Disrupted (LiGHRKO) Mice Have Decreased Endocrine IGF-I, Increased Local IGF-I, and Altered Body Size, Body Composition, and Adipokine Profiles".

#995 Effectiveness of Semaglutide once weekly as add-on to SGLT-2Is in T2DM and CKD: a single-center observational study with body composition assessment

Abstract Background and Aims To explore body composition and metabolic profile changes in type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease (T2DM-CKD) using Semaglutide added to sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT-2Is). Method The study was performed on patients with T2DM-CKD in West China Hospital of Sichuan University. The outcomes were changes in body composition and metabolic profile after 6 months among patients administrated Semaglutide based on SGLT-2Is (Semaglutide plus SGLT-2Is group) and the comparison with patients only administrated SGLT-2Is (SGLT-2Is group). Results 12 individuals with T2DM-CKD and BMI ≥28 kg/m2 were included in two groups, respectively. After 6 months, total fat mass was reduced by 0.9 kg (IQR −3.73, 0.4) vs. 0.7 kg (IQR −1.9, −0.37) with Semaglutide plus SGLT-2Is group and SGLT-2Is group (P = 0.908). Skeletal muscle mass was reduced by 0.97 kg (SD 0.86) vs. 0.5 kg (SD 0.93), respectively (P = 0.215). ACR (229.55 mg/g (IQR −389.7, −119.92) vs. 0.5 mg/g (IQR −104.6, 84.9), P = 0.032), HbA1c (−0.35% (IQR −0.85, 0) vs. 0.3% (IQR 0.15, 1.1), P = 0.024) and total cholesterol (−0.51 mmol/L (SD 1.1) vs. 0.75 mmol/L (SD 0.93), P = 0.015) significantly declined in Semaglutide plus SGLT-2Is group compared to SGLT-2Is group. Conclusion Semaglutide plus SGLT-2Is did not exacerbate muscle loss compared with SGLT-2Is alone in obese patients with T2DM-CKD, and improved glucolipid metabolism and albuminuria.

Dominant Somatotype Development in Relation to Body Composition and Dietary Macronutrient Intake among High-Performance Athletes in Water, Cycling and Combat Sports

Relevant properties of the somatotype as important indicators can be associated with the body composition characteristics as well as both metabolic and bio-mechanical efficiency of athletes in the sport concerned. The primary aim of this single cross-sectional study was to determine the somatotype profiles in association with body composition and nutritional profiles among Lithuanian elite athletes (n = 189) involved in water, cycling and combat sports. The body composition along with the somatotype profiles and the nutritional status of athletes were evaluated using a battery of multiple frequency (5, 50, 250, 550, and 1000 kHz) bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and a 3-day food record analysis. In terms of the prediction for athletes to be classified as endomorphs, mesomorphs or ectomorphs, the linear discriminant analysis was conducted to assess the grouping of samples. Both the multiple linear regression and multivariate logistic regression statistical analyses were performed to explore the associations between the independent and dependent variables. The central tendency values for the somatotype components of endomorphy, mesomorphy and ectomorphy in athletes playing water, cycling and combat sports were 4.3–4.9–3.4, 4.3–4.8–3.4 and 4.5–5.5–2.9, respectively. The central mesomorph somatotype with a trend towards endomorphy was dominant and varied according to a high muscle-to-fat ratio in elite athletes. Significant (p ≤ 0.001) positive associations between both endomorphy and mesomorphy values and higher body fat percentage as well as lower and upper limb muscle mass were identified. The lower levels of trunk muscle mass were related to athletes’ endomorphy and mesomorphy, too. Furthermore, in the athletes’ sample under analysis, high-level mesomorphs were prone to consume low-carbohydrate (adjusted odd ratio (AOR) 0.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.2; 0.9) and high-protein diets (AOR 2.5, 95% CI 1.1; 5.5). Contrastingly, the elite athletes with a higher expression of endomorphy were on high-carbohydrate (AOR 5.4, 95% CI 1.1; 8.3) and high-fat diets (AOR 4.6, 95% CI 1.5; 7.1) along with insufficient protein diet (AOR 0.3, 95% CI 0.1; 0.9). Finally, whilst nutrition goals as a mediator can play a significant role in undergoing the maintenance of balance between the optimal body composition for athletic performance and the development of an ecto-mesomorphic somatotype, the elite athletes with higher levels of endomorphy value should be aware of lowering the body fat percentage coupled with dietary fat reduction and higher protein intakes. The findings obtained from the study may serve as an antecedent for a more targeted management of the elite athletes’ training process. Somatotyping as an additional assessment method can be successfully deployed in choosing correct coaching techniques, contributing to talent recognition processes or identifying reference morphometric parameters in elite athletes competing in water, cycling and combat sports.

Effects of puberty suppression on bone, body composition, handgrip strength and glucolipid profile in early-pubertal transgender adolescents

Introduction The effects of puberty suppression for more than 2 years before the start of gender-affirming hormones (GAH) on bone mass acquisition and body composition are understudied. Materials and methods Retrospective study on 46 transgender adolescents (20 trans boys and 26 trans girls) receiving a gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue (GnRHa) from Tanner stage 2-3, followed by GAH around the age of 16 years. At start of GnRHa and at start of GAH, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at lumbar spine (LS), femoral neck (FN) and total body (TB), handgrip strength test and fasting blood sampling were performed. Z-scores were calculated using reference values for both cis girls and cis boys. Results GnRHa were administered for a median of 3.2 years (± 0.69) in trans boys and 2.7 years (± 1.05) in trans girls. Bone mineral apparent density (BMAD)-LS Z-scores decreased significantly in both trans boys and trans girls, while BMAD-FN Z-scores decreased only in trans boys. Fat% and Fat Mass Index Z-scores significantly increased in both groups, while Lean Mass Index Z-scores significantly decreased. Handgrip strength Z-scores for the sex registered at birth (SRAB) remained stable in trans boys while they decreased in trans girls. There was no significant influence of the treatment on either insulin sensitivity or lipid profile. Discussion GnRHa administration for more than two years during the physiological time of puberty decreases bone mass acquisition, mainly at the lumbar spine and induces a general increase in fat mass. Although lean mass acquisition is undermined in both groups, handgrip strength is affected mainly in trans girls compared with age-matched peers for the SRAB.

Changes in Bone Mineral Density in Patients With Non-dialysis-Dependent Chronic Kidney Disease Are Associated With Body Composition

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and low bone mineral density (BMD) are highly prevalent and can co-exist. Parameters of mineral metabolism are associated with BMD in CKD, but other contributing factors may contribute. The aim of this study was to assess changes in BMD and its determinants in patients with non-dialysis-dependent CKD (NDD-CKD). Body composition and biochemical profiles were assessed in a retrospective hospital-based cohort study of patients with NDD-CKD. BMD, lean soft tissue (LST), appendicular LST (ALST), and percentage fat mass were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). ALST index (ALSTI, ALST/height2) and load-capacity index (LCI, fat mass/LST) were calculated. Low BMD was defined as t-score ≤-1.0. Mean time between assessments was 2.8±1.3 years, 46 patients were included. A reduction in renal function was observed. Changes in body composition included reductions in ALST (p=0.031), ALSTI (p=0.021) and a trend for BMD (p=0.053); and an increase in percentage fat mass (p=0.044) and LCI (p=0.032). Females had a reduction in BMD (p=0.034), ALST (p=0.026), and ALSTI (p=0.037). Patients with low BMD at baseline had lower LST (p=0.013), ALST (p=0.023), and percentage fat mass (p=0.037) than those with normal BMD. Additionally, reductions in LST (p=0.041), ALST (p=0.006), and ALSTI (p=0.008) were observed in patients who had low BMD at baseline, while no significant changes in body composition were observed in those with normal BMD at baseline. The following body composition parameters at baseline were determinants of BMD status at follow-up: LST (OR:0.899, 95%CI:0.829-0.976, p=0.010), ALST (OR:0.825, 95%CI:0.704-0.967, p=0.017), and ALSTI (OR:0.586, 95%CI:0.354-0.968, p=0.037), independent of fat mass, and LCI. Detrimental body composition changes were observed without changes in body weight; these were more significant in females. Moreover, this is the first longitudinal study showing a protective effect of LST against BMD loss in patients with NDD-CKD.

Do Muscle Mass and Body Fat Differ Between Elite and Amateur Natural Physique Athletes on Competition Day? A Preliminary, Cross-Sectional, Anthropometric Study.

González-Cano, H, Martín-Olmedo, JJ, Baz-Valle, E, Contreras, C, Schoenfeld, BJ, García-Ramos, A, Jiménez-Martínez, P, and Alix-Fages, C. Do muscle mass and body fat differ between elite and amateur natural physique athletes on competition day? A preliminary, cross-sectional, anthropometric study. J Strength Cond Res 38(5): 951-956, 2024-Natural physique athletes strive to achieve low body fat levels while promoting muscle mass hypertrophy for competition day. This study aimed to compare the anthropometric characteristics of natural amateur (AMA) and professional (PRO) World Natural Bodybuilding Federation (WNBF) competitors. Eleven male natural physique athletes (6 PRO and 5 AMA; age = 24.8 ± 2.3 years) underwent a comprehensive anthropometric evaluation following the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry protocol within a 24-hour time frame surrounding the competition. The 5-component fractionation method was used to obtain the body composition profile of the muscle, adipose, bone, skin, and residual tissues. Five physique athletes exceeded the 5.2 cutoff point of muscle-to-bone ratio (MBR) for natural athletes. Professional physique athletes were older than AMA physique athletes (p = 0.05), and they also presented larger thigh girths (p = 0.005) and bone mass (p = 0.019) compared with AMA physique athletes. Although no statistically significant between-group differences were observed in body mass, height, or body fat levels, PRO physique athletes exhibited a higher body mass index (BMI; AMA: 24.45 ± 0.12; PRO: 25.52 ± 1.01; p = 0.048), lean body mass (LBM; AMA: 64.49 ± 2.35; PRO: 69.80 ± 3.78; p = 0.024), fat-free mass (FFM; AMA: 71.23 ± 3.21; PRO: 76.52 ± 4.31; p = 0.05), LBM index (LBMI; AMA: 20.65 ± 0.52; PRO: 21.74 ± 0.85; p = 0.034), and fat-free mass index index (FFMI; AMA: 22.80 ± 0.22; PRO: 23.83 ± 0.90; p = 0.037) compared with AMA physique athletes. These findings highlight the unique characteristics and anthropometric differences between PRO and AMA natural physique athletes on competition day, emphasizing the significance of age, thigh girth, bone mass, BMI, LBM, FFM, and FFMI in distinguishing these 2 groups. Based on our findings, the established boundaries for muscle mass in natural physique athletes, based on FFMI and MBR, warrant reconsideration.

The temporal relationship between body composition and cardiometabolic profiles in an HIV-infected (on antiretroviral therapy) versus HIV-free Western Cape study population.

Cardiovascular risk is a health concern in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH). This longitudinal study (baseline vs 36 months) aimed to investigate the relationship between body composition and markers of cardiovascular risk in a South African study population [HIV free, n = 22 vs HIV positive on antiretroviral therapy (HIV+ART), n = 73)]. Health questionnaires, anthropometric measurements, biochemical analyses and flow-mediated dilation were performed. Linear mixed-model statistical analyses were applied. The HIV+ART vs the HIV-free groups were independently associated with body mass index (BMI) [-4.92 (-7.99 to -1.84), p = 0.002] and waist circumference [-10.5 (-17.2 to -3.77), p = 0.003]. ART duration was associated with BMI [2.60 (0.57-4.62), p = 0.013], waist circumference [3.83 (0.03-7.63), p = 0.048] and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [20.18 (2.37-41.09), p = 0.025]. The data showed that intricate relationships existed in this study population between HIV, ART, body composition and cardiometabolic variables. There is a need for more research investigating cardiovascular risk in PLWH, particularly in the context of changes in body composition measures.

Analysis of the differences in body composition and physiological profiles of professional female sub-junior soccer players of Manipur: An observational study

Background: This study aimed to analyze body composition and certain physiological profiles in professional women sub-junior soccer players of Manipur during their playing season. Method and Materials: Twenty-seven players from the Manipur sub-junior soccer team playing in local league games participated in this study. They were assessed using the variables body fat mass (BFM), soft lean mass (SLM), fat-free mass (FFM), intracellular water (ICW), extracellular water (ECW), total body water (TBW) through the sophisticated state of the art impedance bioanalyzer (Chorder, USA) and also cholesterol and lactate threshold. One-way ANOVA showed significant differences (p&lt;0.05) in anthropometric indicators and body composition parameters (Glycogen mass, Muscle mass, BCM, BCM/FFM%, Total Mineral Mass, TBW, ICW, ICW%, ICW/FFM%), body-fat percentage, relative V̇O2max, cholesterol and lactate levels and fat mass with respect to field positions. Results: There were no significant differences between playing positions in the variables of body weight, height, age, or professional experience (P&gt;0.05). However, forward-position players showed lower values of fat-free mass in relation to other playing positions, and they are lower and lighter with regard to the goalkeepers (P&lt;0.05). There are qualitative and quantitative alterations between assessed positions and the correct use of these individual differences on behalf of the team can contribute to the sportive success. Relative BCM, ECM/BCM, BCM/FFM, cholesterol, lactate threshold, and BCMI need wide-scale application in team sports. Conclusion: It can be concluded that size and body composition are important when analyzing soccer players according to their position, despite the appearance of only minor differences between them.

Early life poly- and perfluoroalkyl substance levels and adiposity in the first 2 years of life.

Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are nondegradable, man-made chemicals. They accumulate in humans with potential harmful effects, especially in susceptible periods of human development, such as the first months of life. We found that, in our cohort, exclusively breastfed (EBF) infants had 3 times higher PFAS plasma levels compared with exclusively formula-fed (EFF) infants at the age of 3 months. Thus, PFASs could potentially reduce the health benefits of breastfeeding. We investigated the associations between PFAS levels at the age of 3 months and accelerated gain in fat mass during the first 6 months of life, body composition at 2 years, and whether these associations differ between EBF and EFF infants. In 372 healthy term-born infants, we longitudinally assessed anthropometrics, body composition (by air-displacement plethysmography and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), and visceral and subcutaneous fat (by abdominal ultrasound) until the age of 2 years. The plasma levels of 5 individual PFASs were determined by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry at the age of 3 months. We studied associations between PFAS levels and outcomes using multiple regression analyses. Higher early life plasma perfluorooctanoic acid and total PFAS levels were associated with an accelerated gain in fat mass percentage [FM%; >0.67 SD score (SDS)] during the first 6 months of life. Higher early life PFAS levels were associated with lower fat-free mass (FFM) SDS at the age of 2 years, but not with total FM% SDS at 2 years. Furthermore, we found opposite effects of PFAS levels (negative) and exclusive breastfeeding (positive) at the age of 3 months on FFM SDS at 2 years. Higher PFAS levels in early life are associated with accelerated gains in FM% during the first 6 months of life and with lower FFM SDS at the age of 2 years, which have been associated with an unfavorable body composition and metabolic profile later in life. Our findings warrant further research with longer follow-up times.

High Fat Diet and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) in Adolescence: An Overview of Nutritional Strategies.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a multifaceted and heterogeneous disorder, linked with notable reproductive, metabolic, and psychological outcomes. During adolescence, key components of PCOS treatment involve weight loss achieved through lifestyle and dietary interventions, subsequently pursued by pharmacological or surgical therapies. Nutritional interventions represent the first-line therapeutic approach in adolescents affected by PCOS, but different kinds of dietary protocols exist, so it is necessary to clarify the effectiveness and benefits of the most well-known nutritional approaches. We provided a comprehensive review of the current literature concerning PCOS definition, pathophysiology, and treatment options, highlighting nutritional strategies, particularly those related to high-fat diets. The high-fat nutritional protocols proposed in the literature, such as the ketogenic diet (KD), appear to provide benefits to patients with PCOS in terms of weight loss and control of metabolic parameters. Among the different types of KD studies, very low-calorie ketogenic diets (VLCKD), can be considered an effective dietary intervention for the short-term treatment of patients with PCOS. It rapidly leads to weight loss alongside improvements in body composition and metabolic profile. Even though extremely advantageous, long-term adherence to the KD is a limiting factor. Indeed, this dietary regimen could become unsustainable due to the important restrictions required for ketosis development. Thus, a combination of high-fat diets with more nutrient-rich nutritional regimens, such as the Mediterranean diet, can amplify positive effects for individuals with PCOS.

Interdisciplinary health promotion program for parents and children on nutritional status, body composition, and metabolic profile

Due to the complexity of obesity in adolescence, interdisciplinary treatment is necessary. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of an interdisciplinary intervention program with adolescents and their guardians on the nutritional status, body composition, metabolic syndrome indicators and metabolic profile of overweight adolescents. The project lasted 14 weeks and was divided into three stages: recruitment of participants and data collection; interdisciplinary interventions over 12 weeks; and re-evaluations. Of 21 adolescent participants, 57.14% were classified as obese. Optimistic changes were observed in body composition, such as a reduction in the percentage of total fat, visceral fat and abdominal circumference, as well as an increase in the percentage of lean mass for both adolescents and their guardians. The intervention was also significant for the adolescents' blood glucose and HDL-c. As a result, the results showed benefits for adolescents and their guardians in terms of health-related parameters.