Body Composition In Subjects Research Articles

Effects of ankle foot orthoses on the gait of cerebral palsy children

To investigate the longitudinal effects of wheelchair rugby (WR) training on body composition of subjects with tetraplegia.Subjects were evaluated at baseline and after WR training.Faculty of physical education settings.Individuals with tetraplegia (N=13; age, 26.6±6.0y).Four sessions per week of WR training composed by aerobic and anaerobic activities and technical and tactical aspects of WR. The average time of intervention was 8.1±2.5 months.Body composition assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry.After training, fat mass was significantly reduced in the whole body (15,191±4603 vs 13,212±3318g, P=.016), trunk (7058±2639 vs 5693±1498g, P=.012), and legs (2847±817 vs 2534±742g, P=.003). Conversely, increased bone mineral content (183±35 vs 195±32g, P=.01) and fat-free mass (2991±549 vs 3332±602g, P=.016) in the arms and reduced bone mineral content in the trunk (553±82 vs 521±86g, P=.034) were observed after training. Furthermore, no significant correlation between the duration of training and changes in body composition was detected.Regular WR training increased lean mass and bone mineral content in the arms and decreased total body fat mass. Conversely, WR training was associated with decreased bone mineral content in the trunk. These results suggest that regular WR training improves body composition in subjects with tetraplegia.

Insulin resistance, exercise capacity and body composition in subjects with two hypertensive parents.

To study insulin resistance in subjects with strong genetic predisposition to essential hypertension, compared with non-disposed subjects. Thirty normotensive subjects aged 18-35 years whose parents both had essential hypertension, and 30 age- and sex matched subjects whose parents were both normotensive, were studied. Subjects or parents with diabetes and morbid obesity were excluded. The study comprised (1) a frequent sampling oral glucose tolerance test; (2) an isoglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp study; (3) an analysis of body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; (4) an exercise test with gas exchange analysis; and (5) investigation of composition of usual diet by diet registration for 5 days. The 24-h diastolic blood pressure was higher in subjects predisposed to hypertension compared with the controls: 78.1 versus 74.0 mmHg (confidence interval for the difference between the means; -0.5; -7.9), but the insulin sensitivity index was similar: 312 versus 362 I(2) min(-1) pmol(-1) kg(-1) (28; -129). The two groups were similar in terms of body composition, exercise capacity and composition of usual diet. Resting and 24-h diastolic blood pressures were correlated to abdominal fat mass but not to insulin sensitivity. Subjects with a strong genetic predisposition to essential hypertension had increased diastolic blood pressure compared with subjects with normotensive parents, but they were not insulin resistant. This may be due to the subjects being highly selected as to confounding factors. The increased blood pressure in the hypertension prone subjects could not be attributed to differences in body composition, exercise capacity or dietary habits.

Effect of chromium picolinate on insulin sensitivity in vivo

This study assessed the effect of chromium (Cr) supplementation on insulin sensitivity and body composition in subjects at high risk for Type 2 diabetes because of family history and obesity. Twenty-nine subjects (14 men, 15 women) were evaluated in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial using chromium picolinate (CrPic) (1,000 μg/day), or placebo for 8 months of study. Clinical and metabolic evaluations consisted of insulin sensitivity (SI) and glucose effectiveness (Sg); measurement of glucose tolerance and insulin response to an oral glucose tolerance test (75 g OGTT); and 24-hour glucose and insulin profiles. Anthropometric measures and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessed abdominal fat distribution. Fasting plasma glucose and insulin levels and measures of glycemia (glycated hemoglobin and fructosamine) were also assessed. The CrPic group showed a significant increase in insulin sensitivity at midpoint (P < .05) and end of study (P < .005) compared with controls, which had no significant changes. No change in Sg was seen in either group. There was no effect of CrPic on body weight, abdominal fat distribution, or body mass index. However, CrPic significantly improved insulin sensitivity in these obese subjects with a family history of Type 2 diabetes. Improvement in insulin sensitivity without a change in body fat distribution suggests that Cr may alter insulin sensitivity independent of a change in weight or body fat percentage, thereby implying a direct effect on muscle insulin action. Definitive double-blinded, placebo-controlled trials are currently being conducted to confirm this observation in Type 2 diabetic subjects and evaluate the effects of Cr supplementation on insulin action and glycemic control. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 12:71–83, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Effect of indinavir on HIV-related wasting.

To study the effect of the protease inhibitor indinavir on body weight and body composition of subjects with HIV-related wasting. Prospective measurement of body weight in patients who had wasting and were treated with indinavir. A subgroup of 16 representative patients also underwent a metabolic study that included measurements of body composition (skinfolds and bioelectrical impedance) and food intake. Seven from this subgroup who did not have chronic diarrhoea also underwent indirect calorimetry for measurement of resting energy expenditure; the nine patients with wasting and chronic diarrhoea had measurements of faecal losses and intestinal permeability using the lactulose-mannitol test. A tertiary care university hospital. Two hundred and fourteen HIV-infected patients with wasting (less than 95% of usual body weight) had their body weight measured at day 0; 186 patients had a second body weight measurement within the first 100 days of treatment, and 160 patients were weighed a third time, at a median of 176 days. Body weight increased significantly (P < 0.0001) during treatment, whatever the degree of weight loss at baseline. After a median of 176 days on treatment, body weight had increased in 119 out of the 160 patients followed (74.4%; mean weight gain, 6.3+/-SD 3.8 kg; range, 1-18 kg), had not changed in 13 (8.1%) and had fallen in 28 (17.5%; mean weight loss, 4.2+/-3.0 kg; range, 1-12 kg), relative to baseline. Overall, 119 out of the 214 patients (55.6%) from the initial population gained weight. Fat mass, fat-free mass and body cell mass increased significantly in the 16 patients who underwent metabolic studies, together with energy, protein and lipid intake. In the patients with chronic diarrhoea, intestinal permeability improved but there was no change in intestinal losses. In patients who had wasting but not chronic diarrhoea, resting energy expenditure did not change significantly. Body weight changes correlated with changes in the CD4+ cell count (r = 0.882; P = 0.00001) and, to a lesser extent, with changes in the viral load (r = -0.466; P = 0.047). Indinavir significantly improved the nutritional status of these patients with HIV-related wasting.

Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) using bipolar foot electrodes in the assessment of body composition in Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The use of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) for determining human body composition is widely accepted as a safe, rapid, and reliable technique. Although this technique has been validated in normal and obese individuals, only limited studies have been done in special populations. The use of BIA for the measurement of body composition in Type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetic patients would be of particular interest for both clinical and investigative studies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity of a new bipedal BIA device for the measurement of body composition in a population of individuals with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. The body composition of 48 male and 48 female Type 2 subjects was measured by BIA and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The percentage body fat determined by BIA was significantly correlated with % body fat determined by DXA (r = 0.89, p < 0.0001). Agreement analysis showed that BIA consistently overestimated % fat in female diabetic subjects by approximately 5% and underestimated % fat in male diabetic subjects by approximately 10% of the predicted value obtained with DXA. These differences were statistically significant but probably of minor clinical relevance. We conclude that BIA measurement by TBF 105 is a useful and reliable technique for measuring body composition in subjects with Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Energy Expenditure, Substrate Oxidation, and Body Composition in Subjects with Chronic Alcoholism

Energy Expenditure, Substrate Oxidation, and Body Composition in Subjects with Chronic Alcoholism

Energy Expenditure, Substrate Oxidation, and Body Composition in Subjects with Chronic Alcoholism: New Findings from Metabolic Assessment

There is some controversy as to the effect of ethanol on body weight and alcohol energy contribution to body mass. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of alcohol addiction on resting energy expenditure (REE) and body composition. Twelve patients with current alcoholism (A) without severe liver disease or lipid and carbohydrate malabsorption were compared with a group of healthy social drinkers (B) matched for sex, age, and height. Their caloric intake was computed on the basis of a food diary. REE was measured with indirect calorimetry, and body composition was assessed by both anthropometry and bioimpedance. A significant decrease in fat mass in A compared with B was found (14.8 +/- 5.39 vs. 19.0 +/- 3.50 kg; p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in fat-free mass (FFM) or in total body water between the two groups. A showed higher REE values normalized by FFM than B (35.5 +/- 2.97 vs. 33.0 +/- 2.95 kcal/kgFFM; p < 0.05). The nonprotein respiratory quotient was significantly lower in A than in B (0.76 +/- 0.03 vs. 0.86 +/- 0.03; p < 0.001), and A showed significantly higher lipid oxidation and lower carbohydrate oxidation than B (p < 0.05). The daily caloric intake provided only by food ingestion was found to be significantly higher in controls, but because the percentage of alcohol calories of total energy intake was 46.3 +/- 6.80 in alcoholics and 13.6 +/- 3.59 in controls (p < 0.0001), the total caloric intake, computed as food intake plus alcohol intake, was higher in alcoholics than in control subjects. No statistical differences were found in urinary nitrogen excretion and fecal loss between groups. Patients with alcoholism showed an increased REE over predicted values and a preferential lipid oxidation with respect to controls; these findings could be related to induction of microsomal ethanol oxidizing system and to mitochondrial function adaptation secondary to chronic alcohol abuse. In either case, the effects of such changes in energy metabolism may contribute to alcohol associated hepatic injury.

体組成を考慮した蓄熱量の算定と皮膚面からの放熱特性に関する実験的研究

A human calorimeter may have advantages in the estimation of body heat exchange and the rate of body heat storage in favor of the direct measurement of heat loss or gain from the human body. In this study, the human calorimeter is described that allows for precise measurement of local heat loss from forearm, trunk, thigh, calf and head. Thirty eight experiments were performed on nine male and ten female subjects. During each experiment, heat production was calculated from continuously measured oxygen consumption. Tympanic and skin temperatures were also continuously measured. Subject's body composition was assessed to provide percent body fat and adiposity. The rates of body heat storage measured showed a better correlation with those calculated from authors' equation incorporating body composition as compared with the conventional equation. In addition, heat loss was found to be dependent on insulation of adipose tissues when no sweat and shivering were induced.

Long-term effects of consumption of full-fat or reduced-fat products in healthy non-obese volunteers: Assessment of energy expenditure and substrate oxidation

A study was performed to evaluate long-term (6-month) effects of consumption of full-fat products or reduced-fat products on energy and substrate metabolism. Subjects (age, 19 to 35 years; body mass index [BMI], 21 to 28 kg · m −2) were studied during a 36-hour stay in a respiration chamber, before (16 men) and in the third month (16 men) and sixth month (19 men and 17 women) of the study. The diet intervention caused, on average, a change in fat intake of (mean ± SE) +23 ± 31 g/d ( P < .001) in the full-fat group and of −5 ± 29 g/d ( P < .05) in the reduced-fat group. Twenty-four-hour energy expenditure (EE), sleeping metabolic rate (SMR), diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT), and EE for physical activity (ACT) were not different between the groups. Fat oxidation was significantly ( P < .05) increased in the full-fat group and was not different from fat intake. During the 6 months of the study, body mass and fat mass were significantly increased in subjects of the full-fat group, whereas there were no changes in body mass or body composition in subjects of the reduced-fat group. It is concluded that in the long run, avoidance of a diet with full-fat products will promote body weight and fat stability.

Determination of body heat storage: how to select the weighting of rectal and skin temperatures for clothed subjects.

Two methods of estimating body heat storage were compared under differing conditions of clothing and acclimation to heat. Sixteen male subjects underwent 6 consecutive days or two 6-day periods, separated by a 1-day rest period of heat acclimation, exercising 60 min.day-1 at 45%-55% of maximal aerobic power in a hot, dry environment (dry bulb temperature 40 degrees C; relative humidity 30%; and wind speed 0.3 m.s-1). Before and after acclimation, the subjects entered the same environment, wearing either normal light combat clothing or clothing protective against nuclear, biological, and chemical agents; they walked on a treadmill at 1.34 m.s-1, 0% slope continuously (n = 11 for normal clothing) or as repeated 15-min bouts of exercise followed by 15-min sitting rest (n = 5 for normal clothing and n = 16 for protective clothing). Average exposure times were 147 min (preacclimation) and 150 min (postacclimation) for continuous exercise and 150 min (both pre- and postacclimation) for intermittent exercise while wearing normal clothing, and 103 min (preacclimation) and 116 min (postacclimation) for intermittent exercise while wearing protective clothing. Heat storage was determined calorimetrically (from heat gains and heat losses) and thermometrically [using various weightings of rectal temperature (Tre) and mean skin temperature (Tsk)]. There were only minor (<5%) differences in estimated heat storage, whether calculations used a single specific heat (3.47 kJ.kg-1.degree C-1) or a value computed according to the subject's body composition. When wearing normal clothing, a formula with an invariant relative weighting for Tre to Tsk of 4:1 provided the best thermometric estimate of heat storage. When wearing protective clothing, the invariant relative weighting of 4:1 underestimated heat storage by 2%-12%; underestimation was attenuated by using respective relative weightings for a thermoneutral and hot environment of 2:1 and 2:1 or 4:1 and 9:1 before acclimation and 4:1 and 9:1 after acclimation. We conclude that the accuracy of thermometric estimates of heat storage can be improved by modifying the weighting factors according to environment, acclimation, and type of clothing.

The measurement of body composition by infrared interactance: An evaluation

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the validity of commercial instrumentation using near infrared interactance (NIRI) to predict total body fat. 169 adult men and women, aged 18–48 years, with markedly diverse body composition, were measured. The optical density (OD) at six sites (biceps, triceps, subscapular, suprailliac, thigh and calf) was measured by the NIRI technique with Futrex 5000. Subcutaneous skinfold thickness on thesame sites was measured by Harpenden caliper. Total body fat was estimated by densitometry and by Futrex manufacturer's equation. A good correlation between OD and skinfold thickness was obtained only on the biceps (r=0.81 for men and r=0.84 for women). The correlation between the percentage body fat (BF%) determined by densitometry and BF% predicted by the Futrex equation gave r=0.88 (SEE=4.0%) for men and 0.72 (SEE=4.7%) for women. The Futrex equation underestimated BF% (−2.1% in men and −3.9% in women), especially in fatter individuals. The predictive power of NIRI readings was tested by developing new prediction equations with the variables recommended by the manufacturer. The results whow that the presence of OD measures in the equation only slightly improves the predictive power of an equation based on weight, height, physical activity level and sex. From this study, it can be concluded that recourse to NIRI measures as obtained by currently available instrumentation, has no valid justification and that if the subject's body composition differs from the average normal, its use may introduce systematic biases and provide unreliable results.

Body composition in nonalcoholic cirrhosis: The effect of disease etiology and severity on nutritional compartments

Background/Aims: Previous studies of body composition in cirrhosis have either measured only one body compartment, used alcoholic subjects, or not corrected body composition for physical characteristics. The aim of this study was to perform a detailed analysis of body composition in subjects with nonalcoholic cirrhosis. Methods: Simultaneous measurements of total body potassium and total body water were performed and values of body cell mass and body fat were corrected for physical characteristics. Results: Child's class C patients had a significantly lower mean total body potassium index (i.e., percent observed value/expected value) and body fat index than class A or B patients. Eighty-one percent of class C patients had simultaneous reductions in body fat and body cell mass, and 71% of patients with class A disease had a significant reduction in either or both compartments. Nine patients showed the pattern of tissue loss seen with short-term starvation. Fourteen patients showed the pattern of tissue loss seen in physiological stress. Conclusions: Severe liver disease is characterized by significant reductions in body fat and body cell mass, most class A patients have a significant reduction in some nutritional compartments, and the pattern of tissue loss may reflect mechanisms of tissue wasting.

Forms of Malnutrition in Stressed and Unstressed Patients

PCM can be usefully considered in terms of edematous (kwashiorkor-like) and nonedematous (marasmic) forms, as long as the limitations of the traditional terms are kept in mind. The body composition of subjects with undernutrition, or total starvation, both appear to maintain an extracellular fluid volume at a normal level, which increases as a percentage of the shrinking body weight. This is in contrast to patients with hospital malnutrition, in whom there is often an absolute increase in the extracellular volume while the body cell mass is shrinking. Data from the starvation literature suggest that the adult subject must gain approximately 10% of his or her body weight as extracellular expansion before edema is clinically evident. Preliminary evidence indicates that the hospitalized patient with the edematous form of malnutrition is at greater risk for complications and death when undergoing an operation, or requiring intensive care. The depleted patient who shows a rise in a depressed serum albumin after 7 to 10 days of TPN will have an improved prognosis when undergoing the stress of an elective operation. This improvement appears to be more the result of decreasing the expanded extracellular fluid volume than achieving a major increase in protein stores. The severely catabolic patient, particularly during episodes of major infection, can be expected to benefit by a nutritional intake that is carefully designed to provide calorie and nitrogen equilibrium. Nutritional intake high enough to guarantee positive balances of calories and nitrogen should be delayed until the acute catabolic stimulus has subsided, at which time the nutritional objective is to rebuild lost tissue.