Body Composition In Obese Adults Research Articles

Muscle strength and body composition in obese adults following nine months of yoga or nutrition advice: A comparative controlled trial

IntroductionMuscle strength is impaired in obese persons due to low physical activity, obesity-related modifications in muscle morphology and as a consequence of calorie regulation (where applicable). Previously decreased BMI and increased hand grip strength was reported following a short duration yoga intervention in obese adults. MethodsThe present comparative controlled study was conducted on two hundred and ninety seven obese adults (BMI ≥25 Kg/M2) aged between 20 and 59 years, to determine the effects of nine months of yoga or nutrition advice on muscle strength and body composition. Participants were assessed for bilateral hand grip strength, leg and back strength, and body composition at baseline, after 3 months, 6 months and 9 months of yoga or nutrition advice. BMI-adjusted bilateral hand grip strength and leg and back strength were calculated. ResultsIn the linear mixed model analyses, there was a significant interaction effect of Time X Groups for (i) right hand grip strength (F3,668.465 = 9.297, p < 0.001), (ii) left hand grip strength (F3,673.408 = 14.469, p < 0.001), (iii) BMI-adjusted right hand grip strength (F3,650.542 = 9.954, p < 0.001) and (iv) BMI-adjusted left hand grip strength (F3,655.518 = 13.853, p < 0.001). Bonferroni corrected post-hoc analyses (padj < 0.05; in all cases) showed a significant increase in (i) bilateral hand grip strength and (ii) BMI-adjusted right and left hand grip strength in the yoga group while a decrease in (i) bilateral hand grip strength and (ii) BMI-adjusted right and left hand grip strength in the nutrition advice group. ConclusionYoga practice appears to protect and increase upper limb muscle strength in obese adults.

Agreement Between 2 Segmental Bioimpedance Devices, BOD POD, and DXA in Obese Adults

This study examined the agreement between 2 segmental bioimpedance analysis (BIA) devices, air displacement plethysmography (BOD POD), and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for estimating body composition in obese adults. Fifty obese adults (25 men and 25 women; age = 34.20 ± 11.19 years; BMI = 36.14 ± 5.33 kg/m2) had their body fat percentage (BF%) and fat-free mass (FFM) evaluated with 2 segmental BIA devices (InBody 230 and InBody 720), BOD POD, and DXA (Lunar iDXA). Body composition via the BOD POD was determined using the Siri equation whereas manufacturer-based equations generated metrics (ie, BF% and FFM) for the InBody devices. The effect size of the mean differences for all BF% and FFM comparisons were trivial (Cohen's d < 0.20). The standard error of estimate (SEE), total error (TE), and 95% limits of agreement (LOAs) were low for both segmental BIA devices when compared to DXA (SEE < 2.26% and 2.35 kg; TE < 2.58% and 2.66 kg; 95% LOAs < ± 4.94% and 4.86kg). The error for BOD POD was also low when compared to DXA (SEE = 2.39% and 2.57 kg; TE = 2.34% and 2.56 kg; 95% LOAs = 4.63% and 5.06 kg). Validity statistics were slightly higher, but considered acceptable, when comparing the segmental BIA devices against BOD POD (SEE < 3.37% and 3.63 kg; TE < 3.44% and 3.79 kg; 95% LOAs < ± 6.62% and 7.19 kg). Lastly, the 2 segmental BIA devices produced nearly identical validity statistics when compared to each other. However, both BIA devices revealed proportional bias for BF% and FFM when compared to the BOD POD and DXA (all p < 0.05). The current study's findings indicate the InBody 230 is interchangeable with the InBody 720 in obese adults. Also, the trivial effect size, when compared against the BOD POD and DXA, suggest the InBody devices could be used for estimating group BF% and FFM. In contrast, the significant proportional bias demonstrates the BIA devices are not acceptable for individual estimates of body composition in an obese clinical population.

High Intensity Circuit Training Versus Moderate Strength Training On Body Composition In Obese Adults

Weight loss has been shown to adversely affect body composition due to the loss of fat free mass that accompanies fat mass loss during negative energy balance. Exercise has been recommended as a therapy to ameliorate fat free mass loss during weight loss interventions. PURPOSE: The primary purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of high-intensity circuit training (HICT) versus moderate strength straining (ST) on body composition in obese adults. METHODS: Obese adults (10 women and 1 man) completing a medically supervised weight loss program were randomized into one of two 12-week exercise training groups: HICT (n=5) or ST (n=6). Baseline (BL) testing included height, weight, and DEXA scans to assess total and regional body composition. Each group underwent a supervised exercise training program of upper and lower body exercises (30 minute sessions; 3 times per week for 12 weeks); follow-up (FU) testing was performed after 12 weeks. The HICT consisted of 8-12 exercises of 2-3 sets, with rest periods of approximately 30 seconds. Exercise intensity corresponded to 80-95% of their VO2peak. The ST group completed progressive resistance training which included 2-3 sets of 10-12 repetitions of each exercise. RESULTS: When examining changes in body mass index (BMI), total fat mass (FM), total fat free mass (FFM), trunk fat mass (TFM) , and estimated visceral fat mass (VFM), mixed model ANOVA revealed no significant group x time interaction (p>0.05) nor a main group effect (p>0.05) for the variables. However, there was significant time (BL vs FU) main effect for BMI (38.7 ± 1.5 vs. 33.1 ± 1.7, respectively, p<0.001); FM (48.4 ± 4.0 vs 38.7 ± 3.8 kg, respectively, p<0.001); TFM (26.1 ± 2.1 vs. 19.6 ± 1.8 kg, respectively, p=.001); and VFM (1.5 ± .19 vs. 1.0 ± .13 kg, respectively, p=.001). CONCLUSION: Both the 12- week HICT and ST program in conjunction with the medical weight loss program produced successful weight loss and FM changes. Furthermore, FFM was retained in both groups, suggesting both programs are viable options to improve or maintain body composition through substantial weight loss.

The effects of inspiratory muscle training on pulmonary function, physiological activity, and body composition in obese adults

The effects of inspiratory muscle training on pulmonary function, physiological activity, and body composition in obese adults

The effects of exercise training in addition to energy restriction on functional capacities and body composition in obese adults during weight loss: a systematic review.

BackgroundObesity is associated with impairments of physical function, cardiovascular fitness, muscle strength and the capacity to perform activities of daily living. This review examines the specific effects of exercise training in relation to body composition and physical function demonstrated by changes in cardiovascular fitness, and muscle strength when obese adults undergo energy restriction.MethodsElectronic databases were searched for randomised controlled trials comparing energy restriction plus exercise training to energy restriction alone. Studies published to May 2013 were included if they used multi-component methods for analysing body composition and assessed measures of fitness in obese adults.ResultsFourteen RCTs met the inclusion criteria. Heterogeneity of study characteristics prevented meta-analysis. Energy restriction plus exercise training was more effective than energy restriction alone for improving cardiovascular fitness, muscle strength, and increasing fat mass loss and preserving lean body mass, depending on the type of exercise training.ConclusionAdding exercise training to energy restriction for obese middle-aged and older individuals results in favourable changes to fitness and body composition. Whilst weight loss should be encouraged for obese individuals, exercise training should be included in lifestyle interventions as it offers additional benefits.

Diet/ExerciseVersusPioglitazone: Effects of Insulin Sensitization with Decreasing or Increasing Fat Mass on Adipokines and Inflammatory Markers

Plasma adipokine concentrations are variably related to fatness/insulin resistance and may act via endocrine mechanisms. We assessed the relationship among plasma adipokine concentrations and their relationship with insulin sensitivity and body composition in obese adults before and after insulin sensitization accomplished using diet/exercise or pioglitazone. Plasma adipokine concentrations, insulin sensitivity, and body composition were assessed in 39 upper-body obese insulin-resistant, nondiabetic adults before and after 19 wk of diet/exercise or 30 mg/d pioglitazone. Diet/exercise reduced body fat and visceral fat and improved insulin sensitivity parameters; pioglitazone improved insulin sensitivity to a similar degree but increased body fat. Adiponectin increased more after pioglitazone (4770 +/- 487 vs. 8351 +/- 693.6 ng/ml, P < 0.001) than after diet/exercise (4704 +/- 367 to 5426 +/- 325.3 ng/ml, P < 0.01), whereas TNFalpha, IL-6, and resistin did not change. C-reactive protein decreased with diet/exercise. Adipokine concentrations were not correlated with each other at baseline or after insulin sensitization, except TNFalpha and IL-6 (r = 0.43, P < 0.05); IL-6 was inversely correlated with resistin. Only adiponectin was correlated (P < 0.05) with indices of insulin sensitivity. Adiponectin concentrations were inversely correlated with visceral fat and with sc fat depots in men but positively correlated with sc fat in women. Plasma adipokine concentrations were not consistently interrelated, and only adiponectin displayed the expected relationship with insulin sensitivity and sensitization. These findings do not support an endocrine role for resistin, TNFalpha, and IL-6 in mediating changes in insulin resistance after diet/exercise or pioglitazone.

Whole and half‐body dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) analysis of body composition in obese adults

Whole and half‐body dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) analysis of body composition in obese adults

Effects of a Stimulant-Free Dietary Supplement on Body Weight and Fat Loss in Obese Adults: A Six-Week Exploratory Study

Background: Obesity is a well-established risk factor for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, osteoarthritis, and stroke. Stimulants, such as ephedrine and caffeine and their herbal counterparts, have proved effective in facilitating body weight loss, but their use is controversial due to their undesired effects. Other nutraceuticals have shown moderate success in reducing body weight, whereas several other compounds have demonstrated little or no effect. Therefore, a tolerable and effective nutraceutical that can increase energy expenditure and/or decrease caloric intake is desirable for body weight reduction. Objective: The primary purpose of this study was to assess the tolerability and effectiveness of a novel, stimulant-free, dietary supplement containing glucomannan, chitosan, fenugreek, Gymnema sylvestre, and vitamin C on body weight and fat loss and change in body composition in obese adults. Methods: In this single-center, prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study conducted at the University of Guelph (Guelph, Ontario, Canada), obese adults (aged 20–50 years; body mass index [BMI], ≥30 kg/m 2) were randomized to the treatment or placebo group. The treatment group received 6 capsules of a dietary supplement containing a proprietary blend of glucomannan, chitosan, fenugreek, G sylvestre, and vitamin C daily for 6 weeks, and the placebo group received 6 capsules of rice flour daily for 6 weeks. Body weight; percentage of body fat; absolute fat mass; lean body mass; BMI; upper abdominal, waist, and hip circumference; and anthropometric measurements were recorded at baseline and at study end. Patients completed daily dietary intake records on days 1 to 3 and days 40 to 42. They also completed weekly activity logs throughout the study. Results: Twenty-four subjects (mean [SD] age, 37.0 [8.2] years [range, 21–48years]; mean [SD] BMI, 35.7 [6.2] kg/m 2 [range, 28.9–50.9 kg/m 2]) were assigned to the treatment group (8 women, 4 men) or the placebo group (9 women,3 men). Two subjects (8.3%; 1 patient [8.3%] from each group) dropped out for personal reasons unrelated to the study. No significant changes in the consumption of total calories; the percentage of calories ingested as carbohydrates, fat, or protein; or activity levels were found in either group throughout the study. Compared with the placebo group, the treatment group lost significantly more body weight (−2.3 kg vs 0.0 kg; P<0.01), percentage of body fat (−1.1% vs 0.2%; P<0.05), and absolute fat mass (−2.0 kg vs 0.2 kg; P<0.001). The treatment group also experienced a significantly greater reduction in upper abdominal circumference (−4.5 cm vs −0.7 cm), waist circumference (−4.1 cm vs 0.1 cm), and hip circumference (−2.9 cm vs 0.6 cm) compared with the placebo group ( P<0.05 for all). No significant changes in heart rate or blood pressure were found in either group. Both the treatment and the placebo were well tolerated. Conclusion: Within the context of this study, the novel combination of glucomannan, chitosan, fenugreek, G sylvestre, and vitamin C results in significant body weight and fat loss in obese adults. Disclosure: Derek E. Woodgate, MSc, is president and owner of NxCare Inc., which produces the dietary supplement containing glucomannan, chitosan, fenugreek, Gymnema sylvestre, and vitamin C (trade name Calorie-Care™).

THERMOGENIC EFFECT AND BODY COMPOSITION CHANGES WITH WEIGHT LOSS SUPPLEMENT IN OBESE ADULTS

The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of a commercially available herbal mixture containing several potential thermogenic botanicals, including: ma huang (ephedrine), bitter orange (synephrine) and guarana extract (caffeine), on resting energy expenditure relative to body weight (REE) and body composition in obese adults. Fifteen females and 5 males (age = 31.0 ± 6.6 yr, height = 168.1 ± 8.4 cm, weight = 93.4 ± 17.1 kg, %fat = 43.8 ± 6.5%) participated. The study was approved by the Human Subjects Review Committee and informed consent was obtained. Subjects were matched according to age, gender, height, weight, and body fat and randomly assigned to receive 2 capsules of either supplement (XEN, N = 12) or placebo (N = 8) twice daily for 6 weeks. In addition, subjects participated in a 44 d aerobic exercise program (3 d/wk). Exercise sessions involved walking/jogging 1.5 mi at a brisk, but comfortable pace the first two sessions and 2.0 mi each remaining session. Pre- and post-treatment measures were taken of resting energy expenditure using open-circuit spirometry, and three-compartment body composition using DEXA. Statistical analysis of the percent change in REE, body mass (BM), %Fat, fat mass (FM), and fat-free mass (FFM) using independent t-tests revealed a significant change at α 0.05 in FM only (P = 0.033, β-1 = 0.033, β-1 = 0.587). Power was determined to be low (β-1 = 0.067 to 0.587). A more liberal statistical approach (α 0.10), however, indicated that %Fat and BM were significant (P = 0.096 and 0.087, respectively) and power increased (β-1 = 0.518, 0.539. and 0.716 for %Fat, BM, and FM, respectively). These data suggest that daily supplementation with XEN may result in reductions in FM, %Fat and BM in obese subjects during aerobic exercise training. Supported by a grant from Phoenix Laboratories.

Validity of skinfold and girth based regression equations for the prediction of body composition in obese adults.

The validity of generalized and obese population-specific body composition prediction equations for estimating percent fat was examined. Thirty-eight clinically obese women (mean ± SD, % fat = 46.4 ± 5.2%, body mass = 97.2 ± 17.7 kg, age = 41.8 ± 13.3 years) and 16 clinically obese men (% fat = 39.2 ± 3.8%, body mass = 126.7 ± 24.6 kg, age = 43.0 ± 11.6 years) had % body fat estimated by hydrostatic weighing (with RV measured) and had a series of skinfold and girth-based prediction equations applied to estimate % fat. The equations were chosen because they were said to be "generalized" or because they were "population specific" to obese samples of subjects. Results of the present study indicated that the majority of prediction equations were not valid estimators of % body fat in obese males and females. Of the equations that were valid estimators of % body fat (mean differences in % fat of < 3%, r ≥ 0.70, SE < 5%), all but one (Lohman, 1981) utilized girths as part of the prediction technique. It was concluded that generalized girth-based equations could be utilized for prediction of % body fat in obese subjects.

Ultrasonic assessment of body composition in obese adults: overcoming the limitations of the skinfold caliper

Previous research in this laboratory, using relatively lean males, indicated that the skinfold caliper and ultrasound techniques gave similar predictions of body density. The present study compared caliper with ultrasound measurements in predicting body density of 44 white, obese, free-living adult volunteers of both sexes. Subcutaneous-fat thickness was measured at six body sites with a Lange caliper and an ADR 2130 ultrasound scanner. By hydrostatic weighing, mean (+/- SD) body density was 1.01 g/mL (+/- 0.02) and percentage body fat, 41.7% (+/- 7.8). The best predictors of body density were the thigh and biceps sites with ultrasound (r = 0.820) and the triceps site with the calipers (r = 0.633). Further, ultrasound proved to be superior to the caliper technique in measuring subcutaneous fat of obese persons.