Body Composition In Men Research Articles

Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Association between Glycemic Status and Body Composition in Men: A Population-Based Study.

This study sought to evaluate the associations between changes in glycemic status and changes in total body (TB), trunk, and appendicular fat (FM) and lean mass (LM) in men. A population-based study of men aged 20–66 years at baseline were included in cross-sectional (n = 430) and three-year longitudinal (n = 411) analyses. Prediabetes was defined as fasting glucose 100–125 mg/dL. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) was determined by: self-reported diabetes, current anti-diabetic drug use (insulin/oral hypoglycemic agents), fasting glucose (≥126 mg/dL), or non-fasting glucose (≥200 mg/dL). Body composition was evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Longitudinal analyses showed that changes in TB FM and LM, and appendicular LM differed among glycemic groups. Normoglycemic men who converted to prediabetes lost more TB and appendicular LM than men who remained normoglycemic (all, p < 0.05). Normoglycemic or prediabetic men who developed T2D had a greater loss of TB and appendicular LM than men who remained normoglycemic (both, p < 0.05). T2D men had greater gains in TB FM and greater losses in TB and appendicular LM than men who remained normoglycemic (all, p < 0.05). Dysglycemia is associated with adverse changes in TB and appendicular LM.

Effects of Resistance Training on Functional Strength and Muscle Mass in 70-Year-Old Individuals With Pre-sarcopenia: A Randomized Controlled Trial

ObjectiveSarcopenia has been defined as age-related loss of muscle mass and function. The aim of this randomized controlled trial was to examine the effects of a 10-week instructor-led resistance training program on functional strength and body composition in men and women aged 70 years with pre-sarcopenia. Design, Setting, and ParticipantsParticipants were randomized to either 10 weeks of a physical training regimen including optional nutritional supplementation (n = 36) or to a control group (n = 34) (ClinicalTrials.gov, no. NCT03297632). The main outcome was changes in the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) score. Secondary outcomes included the Timed Up and Go test, chair sit-stand time, lean body mass, and fat mass. ResultsThe intervention had no significant effect on SPPB in the total cohort (P = .18), when comparing changes in the intervention group with the control group. However, those given the intervention in the male subcohort increased 0.5 ± 0.4 (mean ± standard error for the difference) points in SPPB during follow-up (P = .02) compared to male controls. With respect to secondary outcomes, the intervention group decreased 0.9 ± 0.6 seconds in chair sit-stand time compared to controls (P = .01). Furthermore, the intervention resulted in significantly greater improvements for the training group than control group in all measures of body composition (P ≤ .01 for all). For example, lean body mass increased by a mean of 1147 ± 282 g (P < .001), and total fat mass decreased by a mean of 553 ± 225 g (P = .003), favoring the intervention group. Conclusion/ImplicationsThe main finding of this intervention study is that an easy-to-use, functional resistance training program was effective in maintaining functional strength and increasing muscle mass in older adults with pre-sarcopenia.

The impact of testosterone level on body composition in men with type 2 diabetes (T2D)

Searchable abstracts of presentations at key conferences in endocrinology ISSN 1470-3947 (print) | ISSN 1479-6848 (online)

Effects of a 12-week exercise programme on cardiovascular risk and body composition in men receiving androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer.

e17088Background: Androgen Deprivation Therapy (ADT) is the main stay of systemic therapy for prostate cancer. However, ADT also predisposes individuals to harmful changes in body composition and c...

Effect of whey protein supplementation on body composition changes in women: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

A preponderance of evidence supports the beneficial effects of whey protein (WP) supplementation on body composition in men; however, there is currently insufficient evidence to make an equivalent claim in women. This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the effects of WP supplementation with or without energy restriction (ER) and resistance training (RT) on changes in body mass, lean mass, and fat mass in women. Pubmed, Scopus, Cochrane, and CINAHL were searched using the keywords "whey protein," "body composition," and "lean mass." Two researchers independently screened 1845 abstracts and extracted 276 articles. Thirteen randomized controlled trials with 28 groups met the inclusion criteria. Globally, WP supplementation increased lean mass (WMD, 0.37 kg; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.06 to 0.67) while not influencing changes in fat mass (-0.20 kg; 95%CI, -0.67 to 0.27) relative to non-WP control. The beneficial effect of WP on lean mass was lost when only studies with RT were included in the analysis (n = 7 comparisons; 0.23 kg; 95%CI, -0.17 to 0.63). The beneficial effect of WP on lean mass was more robust when only studies with an ER component were included (n = 6 comparisons; 0.90 kg; 95%CI, 0.31 to 1.49). There was no effect of WP on lean mass in studies without ER (n = 9 comparisons; 0.22 kg; 95%CI, -0.12 to 0.57). Whey protein supplementation improves body composition by modestly increasing lean mass without influencing changes in fat mass. Body composition improvements from WP are more robust when combined with ER .

The complex association between metabolic syndrome and male hypogonadism

BackgroundThe complex association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and male hypogonadism is well established. A number of observational studies show that low testosterone is associated with insulin resistance and an increased risk for diabetes mellitus and MetS in men. AimsTo elucidate the association between MetS and male hypogonadism, present epidemiological data on the co-existence of the two comorbidities, enlighten the underlying pathophysiology and appraise the effects of testosterone supplementation therapy (TTh) and lifestyle modifications on MetS and body composition in men. Materials and MethodsSystematic search to PubMed and Medline databases for publications reporting data on association between MetS and male hypogonadism. ResultsBoth MetS and male hypogonadism have a high prevalence in the general population and are frequently co-existing e.g. in males with diabetes. Accumulating evidence from animal and human studies suggests that MetS is involved in the pathogenesis of hypogonadism in males as well as the other way around. On the other hand, there is evidence for a favorable effect of testosterone supplementation in testosterone deficient men with MetS and/or diabetes mellitus. ConclusionsStudies with superior methodological characteristics are needed in order to establish a role for testosterone supplementation in men with MetS and/or diabetes mellitus.

Relationship between Neurocognitive Performance and Body Composition of Men and Women Exposed to Organic Solvents

Relationship between Neurocognitive Performance and Body Composition of Men and Women Exposed to Organic Solvents

Sex differences in physical performance and body composition adaptations to British Army basic military training

Introduction: There are inherent differences in the physical performance and body composition of men and women. However, it is unclear whether there are any sex differences in the adaptations of these outcomes to basic military training.

Higher dietary intake of vitamin D may influence total cholesterol and carbohydrate profile independent of body composition in men with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury

Study Design: A case-control design.Objectives: To determine the effects of dietary vitamin D intake on insulin sensitivity (Si), glucose effectiveness (Sg), and lipid profile in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI).Methods: 20 male, paraplegic (T3-L1) with chronic (> one year) motor complete SCI (AIS A or B) were recruited. Three-day dietary records were analyzed for dietary vitamin D (calciferol), and participants were assigned to one of two groups, a high vitamin D intake group and a low vitamin D intake group based on the mid-point of vitamin D frequency distribution. Individuals in both groups were matched based on age, weight, time since injury and level of injury. Sg, Si and lipid profiles were measured of the two groups.Results: The high vitamin D group had an average intake of 5.33 ± 4.14 mcg compared to low vitamin D group, 0.74 ± 0.24 mcg. None of the 20 participants met the recommended guidelines for daily vitamin D intake. The higher vitamin D group had a significantly lower (P = 0.035) total cholesterol (148.00 ± 14.12 mg/dl) than the lower vitamin D group (171.80 ± 36.22 mg/dl). Vitamin D adjusted to total dietary intake was positively correlated to improvement in Si and Sg (P<0.05).Conclusion: The findings suggest that persons with SCI consume much less than the recommended guidelines for daily vitamin D intake. However, a higher dietary intake of vitamin D may influence total cholesterol and carbohydrate profile as demonstrated by a significant decrease in total cholesterol and improvement in glucose homeostasis independent of body composition changes after SCI.

Irisin and Testosterone in Men with Metabolic Syndrome.

The beneficial effects of testosterone on the metabolism and body composition of men are well established but the exact mechanisms of these effects are not clearly understood. A potential explanation might lie in the hormones, secreted from skeletal muscles, named "myokines". One such myokine, irisin, has been shown to also have potential beneficial metabolic effects. The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the association of serum testosterone with circulating serum irisin levels in men with metabolic syndrome. A total 128 men with metabolic syndrome (MS) based on the IDF criteria participated in the study. Irisin serum concentration was determined by means of ELISA. Mean age±SD of the study participants was 51.8±8.3 years. Seventy percent of the subjects had type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulating irisin was inversely associated with serum testosterone (r=-0.279, p<0.01) and was significantly higher in subjects with hypogonadism - mean±SD 252.0±147.1 vs.172.9±92.2 ng/ml (p=0.002). ROC analysis of serum irisin value was determined for distinguishing subjects with hypogonadism (AUC=0.670). In a multiple linear regression model with BMI, FPG, age, and irisin, only BMI (β=-0.228, p=0.004) and irisin (β=-0.170, p=0.045) were variables independently associated with testosterone concentrations. Irisin is negatively associated with serum testosterone in our population sample of men with MS. This might suggest a possible involvement of myokines and testosterone with regards to the human metabolism. As no such data on this association has been reported in the literature thus far, further prospective studies are required to elucidate this correlation.

Validity of Selected Bioimpedance Equations for Estimating Body Composition in Men and Women: A Four-Compartment Model Comparison.

Nickerson, BS, Esco, MR, Bishop, PA, Schumacker, RE, Richardson, MT, Fedewa, MV, Wingo, JE, and Welborn, BA. Validity of selected bioimpedance equations for estimating body composition in men and women: a four-compartment model comparison. J Strength Cond Res 31(7): 1963-1972, 2017-The purpose of this study was to compare body fat percentage (BF%) and fat-free mass (FFM) values from bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) equations to values determined from a 4-compartment (4C) model. Eighty-two adults (42 men and 40 women) volunteered to participate (age = 23 ± 5 years). Body fat percentage and FFM were estimated from previously developed BIA equations by Chumlea et al. (BIACH), Deurenberg et al. (BIADE), Kyle et al. (BIAKYLE), and Sun et al. (BIASUN). Four-compartment model body composition was derived from underwater weighing for body density, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for bone mineral content, and bioimpedance spectroscopy for total body water. The standard error of estimate (SEE) for group BF% and FFM ranged from 3.0 to 3.8% and 2.1 to 2.7 kg, respectively. The constant error (CE) was significantly higher and lower for BF% and FFM (p < 0.001), respectively, for 3 BIA equations (BIACH, CE = 3.1% and -2.2 kg; BIADE, CE = 3.7% and -2.9 kg; BIAKYLE, CE = 2.3% and -1.9 kg), but was not significant for BF% (p = 0.702) and FFM (p = 0.677) for BIASUN (CE = -0.1% and 0.1 kg). The 95% limits of agreement were narrowest for BIACH (±5.9%; ±4.2 kg) and largest for BIADE (±7.4%; ±6.2 kg). The significant CE yielded by BIACH, BIADE, and BIAKYLE indicates these equations tend to overpredict group BF% and underestimate group FFM. However, all BIA equations produced low SEEs and fairly narrow limits of agreement. When the use of a 4C model is not available, practitioners might consider using one of the selected BIA equations, but should consider the associated CE.

Express Estimation of the Biological Age by the Parameters of Body Composition in Men and Women over 50 Years.

Original formulas for rapid assessment of biological age in men and women over 50 were developed using factor analysis. The proposed technique is mainly based on the parameters of the body component composition (fat, musculoskeletal, and active cell mass, and specific metabolism) obtained using bioimpedance recording widely used in modern medicine and anthropology. The proposed formulas were tested on other samples (481 examined subjects). The developed method of express estimation of biological age differs from other models by its convenience, simplicity, low financial and time costs, and the possibility of using it in mass medico-anthropological examinations for identification of individuals/groups with accelerated rates of aging.

The effects of testosterone on body composition in obese men are not sustained after cessation of testosterone treatment

Testosterone treatment in obese dieting men augments the diet-associated loss of fat mass, but protects against loss of lean mass. We assessed whether body composition changes are maintained following withdrawal of testosterone treatment. We conducted a prespecified double-blind randomized placebo-controlled observational follow-up study of a randomized controlled trial (RCT). Participants were men with baseline obesity (body mass index >30kg/m2 ) and a repeated total testosterone level <12nmol/L, previously enrolled in a 56-week testosterone treatment trial combined with a weight loss programme. Main outcome measures were mean adjusted differences (MAD) (95% confidence interval), in body composition between testosterone- and placebo-treated men at the end of the observation period. Of the 100 randomized men, 82 completed the RCT and 64 the subsequent observational study. Median [IQR] observation time after completion of the RCT was 82weeks [74; 90] in men previously receiving testosterone (cases) and 81weeks [67;91] in men previously receiving placebo (controls), P=.51. At the end of the RCT, while losing similar amounts of weight, cases had, compared to controls, lost more fat mass, MAD -2.9kg (-5.7, -0.2), P=.04, but had lost less lean mass MAD 3.4kg (1.3, 5.5), P=.002. At the end of the observation period, the former between-group differences in fat mass, MAD -0.8kg (-3.6, 2.0), P=1.0, in lean mass, MAD -1.3kg (-3.0, 0.5), P=.39, and in appendicular lean mass, MAD -0.1kg/m2 (-0.3, 0.1), P=.45, were no longer apparent. During observation, cases lost more lean mass, MAD -3.7kg (-5.5, -1.9), P=.0005, and appendicular lean mass, MAD -0.5kg/m2 (-0.8, -0.3), P<.0001 compared to controls. The favourable effects of testosterone on body composition in men subjected to a concomitant weight loss programme were not maintained at 82weeks after testosterone treatment cessation.

Poster 61 Higher Dietary Intake of Vitamin D May Influence Cholesterol and Insulin Sensitivity Independent of Body Composition in Men with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury.

Poster 61 Higher Dietary Intake of Vitamin D May Influence Cholesterol and Insulin Sensitivity Independent of Body Composition in Men with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury.

The Body and the Beautiful: Health, Attractiveness and Body Composition in Men's and Women's Bodies.

The dominant evolutionary theory of physical attraction posits that attractiveness reflects physiological health, and attraction is a mechanism for identifying a healthy mate. Previous studies have found that perceptions of the healthiest body mass index (weight scaled for height; BMI) for women are close to healthy BMI guidelines, while the most attractive BMI is significantly lower, possibly pointing to an influence of sociocultural factors in determining attractive BMI. However, less is known about ideal body size for men. Further, research has not addressed the role of body fat and muscle, which have distinct relationships with health and are conflated in BMI, in determining perceived health and attractiveness. Here, we hypothesised that, if attractiveness reflects physiological health, the most attractive and healthy appearing body composition should be in line with physiologically healthy body composition. Thirty female and 33 male observers were instructed to manipulate 15 female and 15 male body images in terms of their fat and muscle to optimise perceived health and, separately, attractiveness. Observers were unaware that they were manipulating the muscle and fat content of bodies. The most attractive apparent fat mass for female bodies was significantly lower than the healthiest appearing fat mass (and was lower than the physiologically healthy range), with no significant difference for muscle mass. The optimal fat and muscle mass for men’s bodies was in line with the healthy range. Male observers preferred a significantly lower overall male body mass than did female observers. While the body fat and muscle associated with healthy and attractive appearance is broadly in line with physiologically healthy values, deviations from this pattern suggest that future research should examine a possible role for internalization of body ideals in influencing perceptions of attractive body composition, particularly in women.

Front cover: Erythrocyte linoleic acid, but not oleic acid, is associated with improvements in body composition in men and women

Front cover: Erythrocyte linoleic acid, but not oleic acid, is associated with improvements in body composition in men and women

Effects of nucleos(t)ide analogs on body composition in HBV-infected men: An age- and BMI-matched, cross-sectional study

ObjectiveChronic hepatitis B (CHB) requires long-term treatment with nucleos(t)ide analogs (NAs). The goal of the present study was to evaluate the effects of long-term treatment with NAs on body composition in men with CHB. MethodWe performed a cross-sectional study of men infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) who have never been on NAs with high HBV-DNA (naïve group; n = 30), those on NAs for 7 y with virologic suppression (NA-treated group; n = 50), and healthy men (control group; n = 30) matched by age and body mass index (BMI) to evaluate whether body composition differed. Body composition was assessed by multiple-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis. All patients and healthy controls underwent anthropometric measures, dietary intake, and physical activity level survey. ResultsBody fat mass (BFM) and visceral fat area (VFA) were significantly lower in HBV-infected men naïve to NAs than in controls (P < 0.05). With virology suppression after treatment with NAs, BFM, VFA, and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were significantly increased in the NA-treated group compared with the naïve group (P < 0.05). Although there were no significant differences in BFM, VFA, and WHR between NA-treated men and controls (P > 0.05), WHR in the NA-treated group was 0.94 ± 0.06, indicating central obesity. Liver function, liver stiffness measurement, dietary intake, and physical activity level were the same between NA-treated and naïve men with CHB. ConclusionsBFM and VFA is elevated in CHB men on NAs with virologic suppression compared with age and BMI-matched NA-naïve CHB men, which suggests that NAs may increase BFM and VFA of CHB men by virologic suppression. Further study is needed to clarify the adverse effects related to metabolic complications of lipid metabolism due to NA therapy.

Dysregulation Of The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Increases Central Body Fat Accumulation In Males Affected By Diabetes Mellitus And Late-Onset Hypogonadism

Functional hypercortisolism (FH) is a condition which occurs in some clinical states, such as major depression, eating disorders, numerous psychiatric conditions, and diabetes mellitus (DM) and which exerts several negative systemic effects. No data exist on the potentially harmful role of FH on body composition. In this retrospective study, we evaluated the influence of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation on body composition in men affected by DM-associated late-onset hypogonadism (LOH). Fourteen subjects affected by FH (FH-LOH) and 18 subjects not affected (N-LOH) were studied. Clinical, hormonal, and body composition measures were considered. The 2 groups had comparable age and weight. FH-LOH patients had lower levels of total (2 ± 0.27 ng/mL versus 2.31 ± 0.26 ng/mL; P = .003) and free (39.5 ± 6.44 pg/mL versus 46.8 ± 7.23 pg/mL; P = .005) (median, 38.7 [interquartile range, 36.1 to 41.3] pg/mL versus median, 46.1 [interquartile range, 40.4 to 52.7] pg/mL) testosterone compared to N-LOH patients. Abdominal fat amount was greater in FH-LOH than in N-LOH patients, even after adjustment for total testosterone. None of the bivariate correlations between body composition measures and hormonal variables were significant in N-LOH. Conversely, in FH-LOH, cortisol area under the curve (AUC) was found to be positively and significantly correlated with trunk (r = 0.933; P<.001) and abdominal fat (r = 0.852; P<.001) and negatively with lean leg (r = -0.607; P = .021). All of these associations were further confirmed upon linear regression analysis in FH-LOH (respectively, unstandardized β = 10.988 [P<.001]; β = 1.156 [P<.001]; β = -7.675 [P = .021]). Multivariate regression analysis confirmed AUC cortisol as a predictor of trunk and abdominal fat in FH-LOH. Dysregulation of the HPA axis in LOH-associated DM seems to be involved in abdominal fat accumulation.

Erythrocyte linoleic acid, but not oleic acid, is associated with improvements in body composition in men and women.

Supplementation with linoleic acid (LA; 18:2Ω6)-rich oils increases lean mass and decreases trunk adipose mass in people. Erythrocyte fatty acids reflect the dietary pattern of fatty acid intake and endogenous metabolism of fatty acids. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship of erythrocyte LA, with aspects of body composition, insulin resistance, and inflammation. Additionally, we tested for relationships of oleic acid (OA) and the sum of long chain omega-three fatty acids (LC-Ω3-SUM), on the same outcomes. Men and women (N = 139) were evaluated for body composition, insulin resistance, and serum inflammatory markers, IL-6, and c-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte fatty acid composition after an overnight fast. LA was positively related to appendicular lean mass/body mass index and inversely related to trunk adipose mass. Additionally, LA was inversely related to insulin resistance and IL-6. While there was an inverse relationship between OA or LC-Ω3-SUM with markers of inflammation, there were no relationships between OA or LC-Ω3-SUM with body composition or HOMA-IR. Higher erythrocyte LA was associated with improved body composition, insulin resistance, and inflammation. Erythrocyte OA or LC-Ω3-SUM was unrelated to body composition and insulin resistance. There is much controversy about whether all unsaturated fats have the same benefits for metabolic syndrome and weight gain. We sought to test the strength of the relationships between three unsaturated fatty acid in erythrocytes with measurements of body composition, metabolism, and inflammation in healthy adults. Linoleic acid, but not oleic acid or the sum of long-chain omega 3 fatty acids (w3), was associated with increased appendicular lean mass and decreased trunk adipose mass and insulin resistance.

A randomized trial of high-dairy-protein, variable-carbohydrate diets and exercise on body composition in adults with obesity.

This study determined the effects of 16-week high-dairy-protein, variable-carbohydrate (CHO) diets and exercise training (EXT) on body composition in men and women with overweight/obesity. One hundred and eleven participants (age 47 ± 6 years, body mass 90.9 ± 11.7 kg, BMI 33 ± 4 kg/m(2) , values mean ± SD) were randomly stratified to diets with either: high dairy protein, moderate CHO (40% CHO: 30% protein: 30% fat; ∼4 dairy servings); high dairy protein, high CHO (55%: 30%: 15%; ∼4 dairy servings); or control (55%: 15%: 30%; ∼1 dairy serving). Energy restriction (500 kcal/day) was achieved through diet (∼250 kcal/day) and EXT (∼250 kcal/day). Body composition was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry before, midway, and upon completion of the intervention. Eighty-nine (25 M/64 F) of 115 participants completed the 16-week intervention, losing 7.7 ± 3.2 kg fat mass (P < 0.001) and gaining 0.50 ± 1.75 kg lean mass (P < 0.01). There was no difference in the changes in body composition (fat mass or lean mass) between groups. Compared to a healthy control diet, energy-restricted high-protein diets containing different proportions of fat and CHO confer no advantage to weight loss or change in body composition in the presence of an appropriate exercise stimulus.