Body Composition In Children Research Articles

Longitudinal Assessment of Body Composition in Children with Lymphoma

Introduction: Five-year overall survival after childhood lymphoma has steadily increased; however, patients continue to experience chemotherapy-related toxicities (chemotoxicities). We have previously demonstrated that lower skeletal muscle density (SMD) at diagnosis is associated with greater odds of ≥grade 4 hematologic toxicity (Wadhwa, Cancer 2021) in children with lymphoma and rhabdomyosarcoma. Body composition is likely to change after cancer diagnosis; however, the longitudinal trajectory of body composition after cancer diagnosis and the association of the change in body composition with chemotoxicity remains unknown. We examined these gaps in knowledge in a cohort of 87 children with lymphoma (Hodgkin lymphoma [HL]: n=45 and non-Hodgkin lymphoma [NHL]: n=42) treated at a single center between 2000 and 2015. Methods: We used two consecutive computed tomography [CT] scans (first scan at diagnosis) to measure body composition (automated module [ABACS] of sliceOmatic [Tomovision, Quebec, Canada]). Using a single cross-sectional slice at the third lumbar vertebra, we calculated skeletal muscle index (SMI in cm2/m2), SMD (in Hounsfield Units) and height-adjusted total adipose tissue (hTAT, in cm2/m2) at both time points. Body-mass index (BMI, converted into percentile using CDC growth charts, BMI%ile) and body surface area (BSA) were also calculated at each time point. Demographics and clinical details including chemotoxicities (hematologic and non-hematologic, graded using CTCAE v5) during the first six months post-diagnosis were abstracted from electronic medical records. Changes in body composition from baseline to follow up CT scan were analyzed using generalized linear regression models adjusting for time between scans, age at cancer diagnosis, sex, race/ethnicity, primary cancer diagnosis and disease-specific risk stratification. Association between changes in body composition and chemotoxicity was evaluated using linear regression models. Results: Median age at diagnosis for the cohort was 12.9y (range 2-18.6). The majority of patients were non-Hispanic white (59.8%) and male (60.9%). Of the 87 patients with available baseline CT scan (scan 1), 62 (71%) had a follow-up scan (scan 2); the median interval between the two scans was 45 days (range, 8-207). Longitudinal change in body composition: Figure highlights changes in body composition (BMI%ile, BSA, SMI, SMD and hTAT) after adjusting for covariates. SMD showed a significant decline from scan 1 to scan 2 (βscan1_scan2= -4.8, SE=1.4, P=0.002). hTAT showed a non-significant increase (βscan1_scan2=6.4, SE=3.7, P=0.08), as did BMI%ile (βscan1_scan2=7.6, SE=4.5, P=0.1). BSA and SMI did not show a change between scans 1 and 2. Prevalence and risk of chemotoxicity: With a median of 158 days from diagnosis (range, 66-223), we observed ≥grade 4 hematologic toxicities in 60% of the cycles and ≥grade 3 non-hematologic toxicities in 23.6% of the cycles. Per unit decline in SMD between scan 1 and scan 2 was associated with an increase in risk of ≥grade 3 non-hematologic toxicity (β=1.37; 95%CI=0.2-2.4, P=0.02) after adjusting for sex and race/ethnicity. We did not identify an association between change in SMD and hematologic toxicities (β=0.2; 95%CI=-0.9-1.3, P=0.7). We did not identify any association between other body composition metrics and chemotoxicity. Conclusions: Children with lymphoma undergo a significant decline in SMD during early treatment, which may be associated with increased risk of chemotoxicities. Importantly, BSA (and hence chemotherapy dosing) remains stable, suggesting that other body composition metrics may need to be incorporated into chemotherapy dosing to optimize survival while reducing the risk of toxicity. Further validation of these findings in larger cohorts of uniformly treated patients with lymphoma across clinical trials is currently underway. Figure 1View largeDownload PPTFigure 1View largeDownload PPT Close modal

Birthweight, childhood body size, and timing of puberty and risks of breast cancer by menopausal status and tumor receptor subtypes

BackgroundAssociations of birthweight, childhood body size and pubertal timing with breast cancer risks by menopausal status and tumor receptor subtypes are inconclusive. Thus, we investigated these associations in a population-based cohort of Danish women.MethodsWe studied 162,419 women born between 1930 and 1996 from the Copenhagen School Health Records Register. The register includes information on birthweight, measured childhood weights and heights at the age of 7–13 years, and computed ages at the onset of the growth spurt (OGS) and at peak height velocity (PHV). The Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group database provided information on breast cancer (n = 7510), including estrogen receptor (ER), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and menopausal status. Hormone replacement therapy use came from the Danish National Prescription Registry. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated by Cox regression.ResultsWe found that birthweight was not associated with any breast cancer subtypes. While childhood BMI was not statistically significantly associated with ER+ tumors nor consistently with ER− tumors among pre-menopausal women, consistent inverse associations were found among postmenopausal women. At the age of 7 years, the HRs for postmenopausal ER+ and ER− tumors were 0.90 (95% CI 0.87–0.93) and 0.84 (95% CI 0.79–0.91) per BMI z-score, respectively. Similarly, childhood BMI was inversely associated with pre- and postmenopausal HER2− tumors, but not with HER2+ tumors. Childhood height was positively associated with both pre- and postmenopausal ER+ tumors, but not with ER− tumors. At the age of 7 years, the HRs for postmenopausal ER+ and ER− tumors were 1.09 (95% CI 1.06–1.12) and 1.02 (95% CI 0.96–1.09) per height z-score, respectively. In general, childhood height was positively associated with HER2+ and HER2− tumors among pre- and postmenopausal women. Ages at OGS and PHV were not associated with any breast cancer subtypes.ConclusionsWe showed that a high BMI and short stature in childhood are associated with reduced risks of certain breast cancer subtypes. Thus, childhood body composition may play a role in the development of breast cancer.

Maternal and child FUT2 and FUT3 status demonstrate relationship with gut health, body composition and growth of children in Bangladesh

Fucosyltransferase 2 (FUT2) and 3 (FUT3) may influence host biological functions. We aim to assess the relationship between maternal and child FUT2 (Secretor) and FUT3 (Lewis) status with growth, body composition, gut health and histologic features in Bangladeshi children. We conducted a case–control study where secretor and Lewis status were ascertained from saliva samples of 408 mother–child dyads. Upper-arm fat area estimate (UFE) and total upper arm area (TUA) were found higher among children of Lewis negative mothers (p = 0.01 and p = 0.07, respectively). Changes in UFE after nutrition intervention were significantly greater among Lewis positive children than those of negative for Lewis (p = 0.05). Significant differences were observed for child UFE based on secretor and Lewis status of the mothers (p = 0.04). Lewis positive children had greater changes in WAZ (p = 0.07) and WLZ (p = 0.02) than Lewis negative children at the end of nutrition intervention. Fecal Reg1B was elevated in secretor positive children compared to their counterparts (p = 0.03). Lewis negative children had higher concentrations of MPO compared to Lewis positive children (p = 0.08). We also observed a higher frequency of subtotal villous atrophy among secretor negative and Lewis positive children (p = 0.09 and p = 0.01, respectively) than those of their counterparts. The findings provide insights for further studies to elucidate causal influences.

RF02 | PSAT110 Resting Energy Expenditure and Body Composition in Children and Adolescents with Genetic, Hypothalamic, Medication-Induced or Multifactorial Severe Obesity

Abstract Background Pediatric obesity is a multifactorial disease characterized by a prolonged imbalance between energy intake and expenditure. In rare cases, it is caused by underlying medical disorders arising from disruptions in the leptin-melanocortin pathway which regulates satiety and energy expenditure. Aim To investigate and compare resting energy expenditure (REE) and body composition characteristics of children and adolescents with severe obesity with and without underlying medical causes. Methods This prospective observational study included pediatric patients who underwent an extensive diagnostic workup in our academic center in which endocrine, non-syndromic and syndromic genetic, hypothalamic, and medication-induced causes of obesity were evaluated. Patients in whom no underlying medical cause was identified were classified as multifactorial obesity. REE was assessed by indirect calorimetry; body composition by air displacement plethysmography. The ratio measured REE (mREE) vs predicted REE (Schofield equations) was expressed as REE%, with decreased mREE defined as REE% ≤90% and elevated mREE as ≥110%. Additionally, the ratio mREE vs fat-free-mass (FFM) was calculated. Results We included 292 patients, of which 218 (75%) patients had multifactorial obesity and 74 (25%) had an underlying medical cause: non-syndromic and syndromic genetic (n= 29 and 28, respectively), hypothalamic (n= 10), and medication-induced (n= 7) obesity. Mean age was 10.8 ± 4.3 years, 59% were female, mean BMI SDS was 3.8 ± 1.1, indicating severe obesity. Mean REE% was higher in children with non-syndromic genetic obesity (107.4% ± 12.7) and lower in children with hypothalamic obesity (87.6% ± 14.2) compared to multifactorial obesity (100.5% ± 12.6, both p<0.01). Measured REE was decreased in 60 (21%) patients (corresponding to an average overprediction of daily caloric needs of 341 kcal/day) and elevated in 69 (24%) patients. Only in hypothalamic obesity, a larger proportion of patients showed a decreased REE compared to multifactorial obesity (6/10 vs 41/218, p<0.01). FFM was higher in children with non-syndromic obesity compared to multifactorial obesity (+7.5kg, p<0.001), but lower in syndromic obesity (-5.2kg, p=0.03), hypothalamic obesity (-12.6kg, p<0.001), and similar in medication-induced obesity (+1.5kg FFM, p=0.80). Mean mREE/FFM was 46.5 ± 10.6 kcal/day/kg FFM and did not differ between patients with underlying medical causes compared to multifactorial obesity (all p>0.05). Conclusion In this cohort of children with severe obesity due to various etiologies, large inter-individual differences in mREE were found. Almost half of patients had decreased or elevated mREE. When relating mREE to FFM, no differences were found between children with underlying medical causes versus multifactorial obesity. Thus, our study underlines the importance of measuring REE and relating mREE to FFM in children with early-onset severe obesity with or without underlying medical causes. This knowledge is important for patient-tailored treatment, e.g. personalized dietary or physical activity interventions and consideration of pharmacotherapy affecting central energy expenditure regulation in children with decreased mREE. Presentation: Saturday, June 11, 2022 1:00 p.m. - 3:00 p.m., Saturday, June 11, 2022 1:18 p.m. - 1:23 p.m., Saturday, June 11, 2022 1:18 p.m. - 1:23 p.m.

Altered bone and body composition in children and adolescents with confirmed prenatal alcohol exposure.

Prenatal alcohol exposure can contribute to long term adverse health outcomes. Development of the skeletal system begins at the early embryonic stage and continues into early adulthood but the effect of prenatal alcohol exposure on skeletal growth is relatively unexplored in a clinical population. Here, we performed dual X-ray absorptiometry to examine bone, fat, and muscle accrual in children and adolescents diagnosed with, or at risk of, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). Children (aged 4-9years) with FASD or at risk of FASD (n=10) had similar growth to age matched controls (n=27). By adolescence (aged ≥10years), those with FASDs (n=13) were shorter and had lower areal bone mineral density and lean tissue mass than typically developing peers (n=29). Overall, adolescents diagnosed with FASDs had greater odds of impairments to bone and body composition. These findings highlight the importance of early FASD diagnosis and appropriate post-diagnostic medical follow-up to enable timely, effective interventions to optimize bone and body composition during paediatric growth.

The roles of sleep and eating patterns in adiposity gain among preschool-aged children

Short sleep durations are related to risks for obesity in preschool children. However, the underlying mechanism or mechanisms are not clear. We evaluated the relationships between sleep characteristics and body composition, energetics, and weight-regulating behaviors in preschool-aged children, as well as the longitudinal associations between children's sleep and eating patterns and body composition at a 1-year follow-up. Data were drawn from a longitudinal study of 118 children aged 3-5 years. Sleep (duration, midpoint, regularity) and physical activity (PA) were measured by accelerometry over 6 consecutive days; total energy expenditure (TEE) was measured using the doubly labeled water method; body composition (fat mass, fat-free mass, and percent body fat) was measured by DXA; and dietary intake (energy intake, timing) was measured using two 24-hour recalls. Multivariable regression was used to estimate interindividual associations of sleep parameters with body composition, PA, TEE, and dietary outcomes and to examine the relationships between sleep and dietary behaviors and body composition 1 year later. Cross-sectionally, later sleep midpoint is associated with having a greater fat mass (0.33; 95% CI: 0.05, 0.60) and a higher percent body fat (0.92; 95% CI: 0.15, 1.70). Later sleep midpoint was associated with delayed morning mealtimes (0.51; 95% CI: 0.28, 0.74) and evening mealtimes (0.41; 95% CI: 0.29, 0.53), higher nighttime energy intakes (45.6; 95% CI: 19.7, 71.4), and lower morning energy intakes (-44.8; 95% CI: -72.0, -17.6). Longitudinally, shorter sleep duration (-0.02; 95% CI: -0.03, 0.00) and later meal timing (0.83; 95% CI: 0.24, 1.42) were associated with higher percent body fat measurements 1 year later. Shorter sleep duration and later meal timing are associated with adiposity gains in preschoolers.

Childhood BMI and other measures of body composition as a predictor of cardiometabolic non-communicable diseases in adulthood: a systematic review.

There is growing evidence that childhood malnutrition is associated with non-communicable diseases (NCD) in adulthood and that body composition mediates some of this association. This review aims to determine if childhood body composition can be used to predict later-life cardiometabolic NCD and which measures of body composition predicts future NCD. Electronic databases were searched for articles where: children aged under 5 years had body composition measured; cardiometabolic health outcomes were measured a minimum of 10 years later. The databases Embase, Medline and Global Health were searched through July 2020. Children aged under 5 years with a follow-up of minimum 10 years. Twenty-nine studies met the inclusion criteria. Though a poor proxy measure of body composition, body mass index (BMI) was commonly reported (n 28, 97 %). 25 % of these studies included an additional measure (ponderal index or skinfold thickness). Few studies adjusted for current body size (n 11, 39 %). Many studies reported that low infant BMI and high childhood BMI were associated with an increased risk of NCD-related outcomes in later life but no conclusions can be made about the exact timing of child malnutrition and consequent impact on NCD. Because studies focussed on BMI rather than direct measures of body composition, nothing can be said about which measures of body composition in childhood are most useful. Future research on child nutrition and long-term outcomes is urgently needed and should include validated body composition assessments as well as standard anthropometric and BMI measurements.

Body composition, physical fitness and physical activity in Mozambican children and adolescents living with HIV.

As a result of the effectiveness of antiretroviral drugs (ART), HIV/AIDS has become a chronic disease, which has enabled children living with HIV to reach adolescence and adulthood. However, the long exposure to both the disease and ART has caused undesirable effects that compromise the physiological functioning and the quality of life of the subjects. To determine the body composition, physical fitness and habitual physical activity of children and adolescents living with HIV on ART. A total of 79 subjects of both genders aged 8-14 years, living with HIV in ART, selected by convenience participated in the study. The subjects underwent anthropometric assessment, physical fitness assessment and physical activity assessment. Relative to reference norms, the values of the anthropometric indicators fell below 50th percentile (height/age = 92.4%; BMI/age 72.2%; sum of skinfolds = 51.9%; arm circumference = 63.3%). The prevalence of "low height/age" and "low weight/age" was 34.9% and 9.3%, respectively for boys, and 27.9% and 11.1%, respectively for girls. With the exception of trunk flexibility (12.3%), most subjects were considered unfit in the physical fitness tests (abdominal resistance = 76.4%; handgrip strength = 75.4%; lower limb power = 66.4%). The percentage of subjects with insufficient physical activity was 45.5% for boys and 77.8% for girls. The values for all variables were consistently and significantly lower when compared with studies done in Mozambicans boys and girls without HIV+ from both urban and rural areas. The subjects participants in the study living with HIV and undergoing ART had impaired growth, low physical fitness and low levels of habitual physical activity in relation to the reference values of their peers without HIV, which compromised their physiological functioning and their quality of life.

Insular cortex activity during food-specific inhibitory control is associated with academic achievement in children

Background/objectivesInhibitory control (IC) is usually poorer in children with overweight and obesity and has been associated with unhealthy eating behaviors and lower academic achievement. Food-specific IC tasks depicting salient unhealthy foods may be more sensitive to predicting fat accumulation and unhealthy behaviors than traditional IC tasks. However, the neural activation patterns in response to food-specific IC remain unclear, especially in developing children`s brains. Here, we investigated brain activity associated with food-specific IC in children with accumulated fat mass. Subjects/Methods36 children with overweight and obesity performed a food-specific Go/No-Go task in an MRI scanner. We assessed the children's body composition with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, academic achievement, somatic maturation, and cardiorespiratory fitness. ResultsThe left insular cortex was significantly activated during successful inhibition of palatable food cues and was associated with higher academic achievement. Also, linear regression showed that academic achievement correlated with insular cortex activation even when controlling for somatic maturation, cognitive performance, and cardiorespiratory fitness. ConclusionOur results indicate that insular cortex activation, an area known for rational and emotional processing, is associated with successful inhibitory control in response to food images in children with overweight and obesity, while academic performance seems to play a role in the magnitude of this activation.

Correlation between Gross Motor Proficiency and Body Composition in Children with Down Syndrome

Correlation between Gross Motor Proficiency and Body Composition in Children with Down Syndrome

198 Weight and body composition of school-aged children with cystic fibrosis and extended modulator therapy

198 Weight and body composition of school-aged children with cystic fibrosis and extended modulator therapy

Influence of allergic rhinitis and obesity on body composition in primary school children

Influence of allergic rhinitis and obesity on body composition in primary school children

Sociodemographic and Socioeconomic Factors Influencing the Body Mass Composition of School-Age Children.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the components of overweight, obesity, and body mass components among children aged 7 to 13 years against important sociodemographic factors. The analyses considered 315 school-age children from 7 to 13 years of age (164 boys and 151 girls). Each subject was assessed for body weight and height, body weight category, and main sociodemographic factors. Body mass components of body mass (body-fat percentage (BFP), muscle tissue, fat-free mass (FFM), and total body water (TBW) levels) were evaluated using the electrical bioimpedance method (BIA) and the TANITA 780 MC analyzer. A statistical analysis showed significant differences between the body composition of children living in cities in relation to children living in small towns and villages, and no significant differences were found between the results of children living in small towns and children living in villages. The presence of statistically significant differences between the values of the parameters of body composition of the studied children was demonstrated depending on the level of education of their fathers. The presence of statistically significant relationships between BMI of mothers and BFP of their children (p = 0.003), FFM (p = 0.003), muscle tissue (p = 0.001), and TBW (p = 0.001) has been demonstrated. The higher content of adipose tissue in children is strongly dependent on the higher BMI and body mass category of the mother, as well as the lower level of education of the father. The place of residence also significantly affects both the body fat content and the total body water content of body hydration. Living in the city is associated with better body composition.

Changes in Body Composition and Physical Performance in Children with Excessive Body Weight Participating in an Integrated Weight-Loss Programme.

The problem of overweight and obesity is a growing phenomenon in the entire population. Obesity is associated with many different metabolic disorders and is directly associated with an increased risk of death. The aim of the study was to assess the changes in body composition and physical fitness in children participating in an integrated weight-loss programme and to analyse the possible relationship between changes in body composition and improvements in fitness. Participants of the study were recruited from the “6–10–14 for Health”-multidisciplinary intervention programme for children aged 6 to 15 years old. A total of 170 patients qualified for the study, and 152 patients were enrolled. Statistically significant changes in body composition were found after the end of the intervention program, as measured by both BIA (bioimpedance) and DXA (Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry). The differences in KPRT (Kasch Pulse Recovery Test) results at baseline and after intervention are positively correlated with the difference in fat mass between baseline and the after-intervention measure. Improving physical fitness is positively correlated with a decrease in FM (fat mass) and an increase in FFM (fat-free mass) measured in both absolute values and %. Both BIA and DXA methods proved to be equally useful for measuring body composition.

Probabilistic prediction of segmental body composition in Iranian children and adolescents

BackgroundAdolescents' body composition is considered an important measure to evaluate health status. An examination of any of the segmental compartments by anthropometric indices is a more usable method than direct methods.ObjectivesTo propose a method based on the network approach for predicting segmental body composition components in adolescent boys and girls using anthropometric measurements.MethodsA dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) dataset in the south of Iran, including 476 adolescents (235 girls and 241 boys) with a range of 9–18 years, was obtained. Several anthropometric prediction models based on the network approach were fitted to the training dataset (TRD 80%) using bnlearn, an R add-in package. The best fitted models were applied to the validation dataset (VAD 20%) to assess the prediction accuracy.ResultsPresent equations consisting of age, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), and hip circumference accounted for 0.85 (P < 0.001) of the variability of DXA values in the corresponding age groups of boys. Similarly, reasonable estimates of DXA values could be obtained from age, weight, height, and BMI in girls over 13 years, and from age, weight, height, BMI, and waist circumference in girls under 13 years, respectively, of 0.77 and 0.83 (P < 0.001). Correlations between robust Gaussian Bayesian network (RGBN) predictions and DXA measurements were highly significant, averaging 0.87 for boys and 0.82 for girls (P < 0.001).ConclusionsThe results revealed that, based on the present study’s predictive models, adolescents' body composition might be estimated by input anthropometric information. Given the flexibility and modeling of the present method to test different motivated hypotheses, its application to body compositional data is highly appealing.

Effects Of Resistance Training On Body Composition In Obese Youth: Systematic Review And Meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Resistance training may serve as an alternative intervention modality to address body composition in children and adolescents with overweight/obesity (OWOB). Several studies have been conducted to date, yet it is unclear what the overall impact of resistance training (RT) interventions is on measures of body composition (BC) in this population. PURPOSE: The purpose of this meta-analysis was to examine the effects of RT-exclusive interventions, compared to alternative exercise modalities (e.g., aerobic exercise, combined exercise) on BC in youth with OWOB. METHODS: In September 2021, Web of Science, EMBASE, Ebscohost, PubMed/Medline, OVID, and Science Direct were systematically searched using keyword and controlled vocabulary terms to identify studies examining RT in OWOB pediatric populations (≤18 yrs). Markers of BC (e.g., % body fat, lean body mass, waist circumference) were extracted from full-text articles meeting a priori inclusion/exclusion criteria. Fixed effects difference in means and 95% confidence intervals (95CI) were calculated. RESULTS: 2229 titles/abstracts were screened by two independent reviewers from 3307 records, resulting in 17 RT studies in the final sample. Percent body fat (%BF) decreased by 2.02% (95%CI = 1.70, 2.34) for RT, 2.455% (95CI = 2.100, 2.810) with aerobic training (AT), and 1.893% (95CI = 1.529, 2.258) with combined training (CT). Skeletal muscle mass increased by 0.822 kg (95%CI = 0.702, 0.943) with RT and 1.122 kg (95CI = 0.938, 1.306) with CT, but did not significantly increase with AT (0.289 kg, 95CI = 0.255, 0.833). Waist circumference decreased by 1.578 cm (95CI = 1.191, 1.965) with RT, 3.186 cm (95CI = 2.798, 3.574) with AT, and 1.630 cm (95CI = 1.240, 2.019) with CT. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis provides insight into the effectiveness of RT-exclusive interventions on BC of children and adolescents with OWOB. RT, when performed exclusively and when combined with AT, has a positive effect on BC in children and adolescents with OWOB and should be furthered examined to evaluate its feasibility characteristics and metabolic risk factors.

P8.037: Changes in Body Composition After Renal Transplant in Children

Introduction: Due to the relationship between adipose tissue and cardiovascular outcomes, it is important to monitor the changes in body composition after renal transplant. The aim of the study was to describe the changes in body composition in children during the first-year post- renal transplant. Methods: We included a cohort of patients aged 5-18 years transplanted between 2014-2017, all signed informed consent/assent. A dual-energy X ray absorptiometry (DXA) and anthropometric measurement was performed in the first three months after renal transplant and 12 months afterwards. Bone mineral content (BMC, fat mass (FM), non-bone lean mass (LM) and the index lean mass/Fat mass was calculated to evaluate the proportion of lean mass related to fat. Results: 50 patients were included, 51% males, 69% adolescents. At baseline low height was found in 78%; by body mass index 69% were normal, 14% had overweight, 4% obesity and 12% were emaciated. By body composition median FM was 26% for female children, 27% for males; in adolescents it was 34% for females and 22% for males. At 12 months the frequency of subjects with normal weight increased to 80%, diminishing the frequency of overweight to 12% and obesity to 2%, only 6% continue emaciated. The changes in the body fat percentage in males was -0.01% whereas in females increased 0.03%, p>0.05. Conclusions: It is important to evaluate body composition changes in pediatric renal transplant receptors, we found that they continue with low height. No significant changes were found at 12 months in BF- LM in Mexican transplanted -children. Adolescent women tend to acquire more fat. Financed by Fondos Federales 2014/009.

Effects of Aquatic Training on Waist Circumference and Body Composition among Children: A Meta-analysis

PURPOSE: Aquatic training assists in reducing the risk of exercise on joints among children. This systematic review evaluated the effectiveness of aquatic training for children from the perspective of body composition.METHODS: A meta-analysis was performed to determine the potential impact of aquatic training in children. Four databases, namely Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and EBSCO, were used for the systematic search from September 2010 to November 2021. The mean differences in the data were analyzed using Stata 15.1 software with a 95% confidence interval. Outcome measures included weight, body mass index (BMI), fat percentage (Fat%), and waist circumference.RESULTS: Eleven studies, comprising eight randomized controlled trials (RCT) and three non-RCT studies, evaluating the effect of aquatic training on children were analyzed and reported. Aquatic training significantly improved the BMI (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;&lt;.01) and Fat% (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;&lt;.01) in children (ES (95% CI)=-0.23 (-0.38, -0.08) and ES (95% CI)=-0.27 (-0.45, -0.08). However, aquatic training had no significant effect on weight (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;=.41), ES (95% CI)=-0.07 (-0.25, 0.10), and waist circumference (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;=.11) in children, ES (95% CI)=-0.33 (-0.74, 0.08).CONCLUSIONS: Aquatic training can improve children’s BMI and body fat% but nottheir weight, waist circumference, and muscle mass. Aquatic training may be a potential exercise program for improving body composition in children.

Effect of 5-weeks participation in The Daily Mile on cognitive function, physical fitness, and body composition in children

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of 5-weeks participation in The Daily Mile on cognitive function, physical fitness, and adiposity in primary school children. In a quasi-experimental study, one class from each school completed The Daily Mile (n = 44) or acted as a control group (n = 35). Baseline measures included cognitive function tests (Stroop test, Sternberg paradigm, Flanker task), physical fitness (multi-stage fitness test) and body composition (BMI percentile, waist:hip circumference, sum of skinfolds). The intervention group completed 5-weeks of The Daily Mile. Follow-up measurements were completed within 48-h of the last training session. Data were analysed via ANCOVA, examining between group differences at follow-up, controlling for baseline values. Response times on the complex Stroop test were faster at follow-up in the intervention group (Intervention: 1357 ms [1280–1400 ms]; Control: 1463 ms, [1410–1523 ms], d = 0.31, p = 0.048). There was no effect of The Daily Mile on the Sternberg paradigm or Flanker test. Physical fitness was greater at follow-up in the intervention group (Intervention: 880 m, [820–940 m]; Control: 740 m, [680–800 m], d = 0.39, p = 0.002). There was no effect of the intervention on adiposity. In conclusion, five-weeks of The Daily Mile enhanced inhibitory control and physical fitness in children, but did not affect working memory, attention, or adiposity.

Body composition at 4 to 7 years of age in children born

BackgroundSmall for gestational age preterm infants show differences in body composition when compared to those appropriate for gestational age at term, which have consequences on metabolism. AimTo compare growth and body composition of children born small and appropriate for gestational age between 4 and 7 years. MethodA Cohort of small and appropriate for gestational age infants <32 weeks or 1500 g were followed at term and 3 months corrected ages and at 4 to 7 years. Body composition assessment by air displacement plethysmography and anthropometry were performed at all moments. Differences between the two groups were assessed using t-student and Chi-square tests. ResultsNinety-four infants were included at term (26 small and 68 appropriate for gestational age); 88 at 3 months (24 small and 64 appropriate for gestational age) and 47 between 4 and 7 years (11 small and 36 appropriate for gestational age). At term, small for gestational age infants had lower fat-free mass, fat mass, weight and length compared with those appropriate for gestational age (p < 0.001). At 3 months, fat-free mass (grams) remained lower in small for gestational age group (p < 0.001). Between 4 and 7 years, body composition and anthropometry were similar between the groups. ConclusionBetween 4 and 7 years, children born small and appropriate for gestational age had similar body composition. New long-term longitudinal studies are necessary to understand the influence of fat-free mass and fat mass in the first months of age on body composition throughout life.