Body Composition Factors Research Articles

Associations among Maturity, Accumulated Workload, Physiological, and Body Composition Factors in Youth Soccer Players: A Comparison between Playing Positions.

The purposes of this study were: (i) to analyze the correlation between accumulated workload (AW)-based on season periods-with maturity, linear sprints, maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max), maximum heart rate, and body composition; and (ii) to compare the playing positions based on the mentioned parameters. Twenty-one elite soccer players under the age of 14 participated in the study. They were divided into five groups based on playing positions. The in-season weekly AW was recorded for 26 weeks into two separated periods of 13 weeks (AW-1 and AW-2). Similarly, the following parameters were assessed: body mass, standing and sitting height, body mass index, body fat percentage, maturity offset, age at peak height velocity (PHV), sprinting ability (10 m and 30 m), and VO2max. The main significant differences between playing positions were found for weight, height, sitting height, and sprinting at 10 m and 30 m. No correlation was observed between AW (based on periods) and maturity or between VO2max and AW-2. AW-1 denoted a large positive correlation with AW-2. AW-1 had a moderate negative correlation with VO2max, whereas PHV and maturity presented a strong negative correlation. Young soccer players' maturity statuses and fitness levels do not imply differences between AW-1 and AW-2. However, the higher the AW in the first half of the season, the higher the AW in the second half. The absence of significant differences between player positions could be associated with the similar training regardless of the playing position. Moreover, soccer positively influences performance in short sprints (10 m), midfielders being the fastest.

Early Time-Restricted Eating Reduces Weight and Improves Glycemic Response in Young Adults: A Pre-Post Single-Arm Intervention Study

Introduction: Time-restricted eating (TRE) has cardiometabolic health benefits by optimizing circadian rhythms. However, limited data are available on the effect of early TRE in young adults. The objective of this pre-post single-arm trial was to test the effect of TRE on body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors and to evaluate changes in meal and sleep timing by TRE among young adults with typically late bedtime. Methods: This 4-week intervention was conducted in healthy young adults aged 18–39 years. Dietary records with time logs were collected before and during the intervention, and nutrient intake and meal timing were evaluated. Snack packages containing 20 g of protein per day were provided weekly. Body composition was measured weekly using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Blood samples were collected before and after the intervention, and cardiometabolic parameters were evaluated. Results: Of the 36 screened participants, 34 completed the study (completion rate 94.4%). The average age was 23.4 ± 2.9 years with 64.7% female. The mean wake-up time and bedtime were 09:16 ± 01:26 and 01:51 ± 01:39 with average sleep duration of 7.4 ± 1.4 h. Body weight and fat mass, excluding muscle mass, were significantly reduced over 4 weeks compared to baseline only in the early TRE group starting before noon. The early TRE group also showed significantly reduced fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and serum triglyceride (TG) levels after 4 weeks. However, the late TRE group starting after noon showed no significant changes except a reduced TG level. The meal timing was changed by TRE, where the first meal was delayed and the last meal was shifted. Neither sleep duration nor timing was significantly changed by TRE. Energy intakes were not different, but protein intake increased from 19.2% to 22.6% due to snack packages during intervention. However, no significant correlation between nutrient intakes and body composition changes was found. There were no adverse events related to study participation. Conclusions: An early TRE regimen may be a feasible and effective strategy to manage body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors in young adults without altering the sleep-wake cycle.

Chemotherapy dose per kilogram lean body mass increased dose-limiting toxicity event in male head and neck cancer with taxane and platinum-based induction therapy

BackgroundThis study aimed to determine whether drug doses per kilogram of lean body mass (LBM) were associated with dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) events in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study included 179 HNC patients who underwent induction chemotherapy (IC) at a medical center from May 1, 2014, to May 31, 2021. HNC patients’ characteristics, tumor factors, IC regimen and dose, laboratory data, and body composition factors, including lean body mass (LBM) and skeletal muscle index (SMI), derived from CT, MRI, or PET scan images and drug dose per kilogram LBM were recorded. Dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) events were regarded as the primary outcome. Multivariate logistic regression was used to establish a novel risk score for DLT events by the abovementioned variables. The above-mentioned risk score was validated in another cohort.ResultsThe overall DLT events during the first cycle of IC for 179 HNC patients was 24%. After stratifying by gender, docetaxel per kilogram LBM > 2.52 mg/kg (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 3.18; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.25–8.09), pre-treatment glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) > 40 U/L (aOR, 2.61; 95% CI, 1.03–6.64), and history of chronic liver diseases (aOR, 3.98; 95% CI, 1.03–15.46) were significant variables in male HNC patients. The DLT events risk was categorized by summation of the above-mentioned risk factors for male HNC patients. Three risk groups were stratified by overall event of 17.6%, 25.8%, and 75%. The above-mentioned risk score had an acceptable discriminatory ability in another validation cohort.ConclusionsAmong male HNC patients treated with IC, docetaxel per kilogram LBM more than 2.52 mg/kg, pre-treatment GPT > 40 U/L, and history of chronic liver disease were significant risk factors for DLT events. Identifying high-risk patients could help physicians prevent severe/fatal complications among HNC patients undergoing IC, especially for the male individuals.

Relationship between liver fat content and lifestyle factors in adults with metabolic syndrome

The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between liver fat content (LFC), sedentary behaviour (SB), physical activity (PA), fitness, diet, body composition, and cardiometabolic risk factors in adults with metabolic syndrome. A total of 44 sedentary adults (mean age 58 [SD 7] years; 25 women) with overweight or obesity participated. LFC was assessed with magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging, SB and PA with hip-worn accelerometers (26 [SD 3] days), fitness by maximal bicycle ergometry, body composition by air displacement plethysmography and nutrient intake by 4-day food diaries. LFC was not independently associated with SB, PA or fitness. Adjusted for sex and age, LFC was associated with body fat%, body mass index, waist circumference, triglycerides, alanine aminotransferase, and with insulin resistance markers. There was and inverse association between LFC and daily protein intake, which persisted after further adjusment with body fat%. LFC is positively associated with body adiposity and cardiometabolic risk factors, and inversely with daily protein intake. SB, habitual PA or fitness are not independent modulators of LFC. However, as PA is an essential component of healthy lifestyle, it may contribute to liver health indirectly through its effects on body composition in adults with metabolic syndrome.

Resistance Training Combined With Cognitive Training Increases Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Improves Cognitive Function in Healthy Older Adults.

BackgroundThe present study compared the effects of a traditional resistance training (TRT) and resistance training combined with cognitive task (RT + CT) on body composition, physical performance, cognitive function, and plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BNDF) levels in older adults.MethodsThirty community-dwelling older adults were randomized into TRT (70.0 ± 8.1; 25% men) and RT + CT (66.3 ± 4.6; 31% men). Exercise groups performed a similar resistance training (RT) program, twice a week over 16 weeks. Cognitive Training involved performing verbal fluency simultaneously with RT. Exercise sessions (eight resistance exercises) were performed 2–3 sets, 8–15 repetitions at 60%–70% of 1-repetition maximum (1RM). Body composition, physical function, cognitive performance, and BDNF levels were assessed before and after intervention period.ResultsThe physical performance was similarly improved in response to both TRT and RT + CT (p = 0.001). However, exclusive improvements on cognitive function (p < 0.001) and BDNF levels (p = 0.001) were observed only after RT + CT.ConclusionThe RT program associated with a cognitive task, improved physical and cognitive performance in healthy older adults.

Mapping knowledge structure and global status of sarcopenia in geriatric hip fractures: A bibliometric and visualized study.

BackgroundSarcopenia in geriatric hip fractures is attracting increased attention in recent years. This study aimed to explore the bibliometric characteristics and current status of sarcopenia research in hip fractures of older patients.MethodsPublications related to sarcopenia in geriatric hip fracture published between January 2000 and July 2022 were extracted from the Science Citation Index Expanded, and bibliometric and visualized studies were performed by VOSviewer, Citespace, and R.ResultsThe 1,223 articles used in our study were written by 6,326 authors from 1,879 organizations in 60 countries, published in 388 journals, and cited 37,198 references from 5,422 journals. The United States contributed the most publications (288 publications). The journal with the largest number of papers was Osteoporosis International (62 publications), and the Journals of Gerontology Series A - Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences had been more cited than any other journals in this field (3,302 citations). The University of Melbourne published the biggest number of papers (72 publications) focusing on sarcopenia in geriatric hip fractures while the California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute had the largest citations (4,239 citations). Cawthon PM was the most productive and influential author in the field. keywords were classified into 6 clusters: Cluster 1 (sarcopenia in aging), Cluster 2 (osteoporosis), Cluster 3 (bone density), Cluster 4 (body composition), Cluster 5 (physical performance), and Cluster 6 (risk factor).ConclusionGeriatric hip fracture is one of the most significant health issues in the aging society. In the past 20 years, an increasing number of studies were performed to explore the relationship between sarcopenia and hip fracture in older adults. The United States showed the strongest influence in this field, including publication numbers, citations, institutions, funding agencies, and authorship. Sarcopenia in aging, osteoporosis, bone density, body composition, physical performance, and risk factors may become the future hotspots in this field.

Prediction of activity-related energy expenditure under free-living conditions using accelerometer-derived physical activity

The purpose of the study was to develop prediction models to estimate physical activity (PA)-related energy expenditure (AEE) based on accelerometry and additional variables in free-living adults. In 50 volunteers (20–69 years) PA was determined over 2 weeks using the hip-worn Actigraph GT3X + as vector magnitude (VM) counts/minute. AEE was calculated based on total daily EE (measured by doubly-labeled water), resting EE (indirect calorimetry), and diet-induced thermogenesis. Anthropometry, body composition, blood pressure, heart rate, fitness, sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, PA habits and food intake were assessed. Prediction models were developed by context-grouping of 75 variables, and within-group stepwise selection (stage I). All significant variables were jointly offered for second stepwise regression (stage II). Explained AEE variance was estimated based on variables remaining significant. Alternative scenarios with different availability of groups from stage I were simulated. When all 11 significant variables (selected in stage I) were jointly offered for stage II stepwise selection, the final model explained 70.7% of AEE variance and included VM-counts (33.8%), fat-free mass (26.7%), time in moderate PA + walking (6.4%) and carbohydrate intake (3.9%). Alternative scenarios explained 53.8–72.4% of AEE. In conclusion, accelerometer counts and fat-free mass explained most of variance in AEE. Prediction was further improved by PA information from questionnaires. These results may be used for AEE prediction in studies using accelerometry

Gait Characteristics of Dynapenia, Sarcopenia, and Presarcopenia in Community-Dwelling Japanese Older Women: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Age-related decline in skeletal muscle mass and function are risk factors for reduced walking ability. This study aimed to understand the characteristic gait parameters of presarcopenia (low muscle mass only), dynapenia (low muscle function only), and sarcopenia (low muscle mass and function), which have differing skeletal muscle characteristics. Skeletal muscle mass, grip strength, and gait parameters (walking speed, cadence, step length, step width, gait angle, foot angle, stance time, swing time, and double stance time) were evaluated in 307 older Japanese women. Low muscle function was determined by grip strength and normal walking speed. Participants were assessed and divided into the normal (60.9%, n = 187), presarcopenia (25.7%, n = 79), dynapenia (5.2%, n = 16), and sarcopenia (8.1%, n = 25) groups. When compared to the normal group, the sarcopenia group had significantly slower walking speed and shorter step length (p < 0.05); the dynapenia group had significantly slower walking speed, smaller cadence, shorter step length, wider step width, and longer stance time (p < 0.05); and the presarcopenia group showed no differences. Skeletal muscle function may therefore be more strongly related to reduced walking function in older adults than body composition factors. The decrease in walking function was most pronounced in older women with dynapenia.

Effects and dose-response relationship of exercise training on cardiometabolic risk factors in children with obesity.

To explore the dose-response relationship between physical activity and the improvement of cardiometabolic risks in children with obesity, and provide a reference for the recommendation of physical activity for obese children. A total of 96 children with obesity were recruited to participate in an exercise intervention program. An ActiGraph GT3X+ three-axis accelerometer was used to measure their physical activity. The dose groups (Q1∼Q4) were divided based on the quartiles of physical activity. The analysis of variance was used to compare the changes in body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors before and after the intervention. All intervention groups showed a significant reduction in weight, body mass index, body fat percent, fat mass, fat free mass, and skeletal muscle mass (p<0.01), andthe change in the Q4 and Q3 groups was greater than intheQ2 and Q1 groups. Triglyceride, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were significantly reduced after intervention in all groups (p<0.01), and the change in SBP, and DBP in the Q4 group was higher than in the Q1 group (p<0.05). Exercise interventions could effectively improve body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors. A higher exercise dose is associated with significant improvements in body composition, and cardiometabolic health.

Analysis of Body Composition Factors That Affect Trunk Muscle Mass in Late Adolescence

Adolescent nutritional status can be assessed by body mass index (BMI). BMI is related to muscle mass. It is associated with the overall body composition such as muscle mass, bone mass, and fat mass, and is packaged in a formula involving weight (BW) and height. Body composition can be different for each individual. The development of muscle mass is usually followed by an increase in muscle strength in adolescents. This study aimed to determine the body composition factors that affect trunk muscle mass in late adolescent males and females. This was an analytical observational study with a cross-sectional approach involving 50 male and female respondents, respectively, who were students at Muhammadiyah Malang University, selected using purposive sampling. The data recorded were height, BW, BMI and trunk muscle mass. The data obtained were analyzed using bivariate analysis through the Pearson correlation test (BW) and ANOVA (BMI), while multivariate analysis was conducted with linear regression. A significant correlation was found between BW and trunk muscle mass in the late adolescent males (p &lt; 0.05, correlation coefficient = 0.939) and females (p &lt; 0.05, correlation coefficient = 0.698). The findings also showed that for late adolescent males, the coefficient score for BW and BMI was 0.920, while for the late adolescent females it was 0.499. Weight and BMI had a correlation with muscle mass with a contribution of 92% in the males and 49% in the females.&#x0D; Keywords: muscle mass, body height, body weight, adolescent, late adolescent

Characteristics of Japanese Older Adults Whose Trunk Muscle Mass Decreased during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic significantly affected the physical and mental functions in older adults, resulting in “corona-frailty”. This 2-year prospective study characterized changes in quantitative measures and corona-frailty among a cohort of community-dwelling older women. Changes were evaluated using face-to-face interactions with 39 Japanese women (mean age: 76.1 ± 5.9) in 2019 (pre-pandemic baseline) and 2021 (follow-up during the pandemic). Quantitative measurements of handgrip strength, walking speed, calf circumference, body composition, and background factors were evaluated. Body weight and trunk muscle mass significantly decreased at follow-up. Multiple regression analysis, using change in trunk muscle mass as the dependent variable and background factors as independent variables, identified that decrease in trunk muscle mass was associated with “being robust at baseline” and answering “Yes” to the question of “Do you go out less frequently compared with last year”? The 2-year trunk muscle mass change for each baseline frailty stage showed a significant decrease only in the robust group (−8.0%). The decrease in trunk muscle mass might be related to pandemic-induced lifestyle restraint, suggesting that robust older adults who are healthy and active should take measures that focus on trunk muscles to avoid “corona-frailty”.

Effects Of A Lifestyle Intervention On Trimethylamine N-oxide (tmao) Concentrations In Overweight And Obese Adults

PURPOSE: Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO), a metabolite produced by gut microbiota and flavin-containing monooxygenase-3 (FMO3) of the liver, is found in foods high in carnitine, choline, and lecithin (e.g., egg yolks and full-fat dairy). The oxidation of choline that leads to betaine production also contributes to increased TMAO levels. Epidemiological studies have related TMAO concentrations to obesity and cardiovascular disease, yet few data exist on the effects of combined diet and exercise interventions on TMAO. METHODS: Twenty-six sedentary, overweight or obese adults (Age: 47.4 ± 10.7 yrs.; Weight: 95.1 ± 13.1 kg; BMI: 34.1 ± 3.2 kg/m2) completed a 10-week exercise and hypocaloric diet intervention to obtain clinically significant weight loss of ≥7%. Aerobic exercise volume began at 300 MET min per week and increased 50 MET min weekly until 700 MET min per week was reached. For 8 weeks, the OPTIFAST program included full meal replacement (~800 daily kcal). The last 2 weeks participants could replace 2 products with whole foods and increase intake (~1400 daily kcal). Weekly classes on behavior modification were also offered. Plasma blood samples were collected at baseline and follow-up and analyzed via nuclear magnetic resonance. RESULTS: At baseline, TMAO correlated with body weight (r = 0.40, p = 0.046), waist circumference (r = 0.40, p = 0.044), and RMR (r = 0.50, p = 0.009). Waist circumference (-7.6 cm), BMI (-3.1 kg/m2), body weight (-8.5 kg, -9.0%), total body fat (-1.7%), and triglycerides (-31.7 mg/dL) (all ps < 0.001) decreased following the intervention, however, there were no changes in TMAO (-0.3 μM, p = 0.292) or betaine (0.3 μM, p = 0.838) levels. Changes in TMAO were correlated with waist circumference (r = 0.50, p = 0.010), but not with change in body weight, body composition (lean mass, visceral mass, total fat mass), fitness, or cardiometabolic risk factors (all ps > 0.05), while changes in betaine were correlated with average RMR changes (r = -0.42, p = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS: Weight loss from a hypocaloric diet with aerobic exercise did not decrease TMAO, however, improvements in TMAO were associated with reductions in waist circumferenc in previously sedentary overweight and obese adults. Future studies should evaluate predictors of changes in TMAO during weight maintenance.

Tai Chi Softball Improves Inflammatory Factors In Overweight And Obese Female College Students

PURPOSE: The theory of "inflammatory response to obesity" is a new theory based on the new understanding of obesity mechanism in recent years, which reveals that obesity is not only accumulation of fat, but also a pathological mechanism of "chronic low-grade inflammatory state". We aimed to observe 8-week intervention of Tai Chi softball on the inflammatory response of overweight and obese female college students. METHODS: Eight overweight and obese volunteers were recruited. The intervention lasted 8 weeks, 4 times a week and 70 minutes each time(15 minutes warm-up, 40 minutes formal exercise, 15 minutes stretching). The average heart rate was monitored during exercise. Body composition and inflammatory factors including NF-κB, IL-6, SOCS-3 and TNF-α were compared before and after testing using an independent samples t-test. RESULTS: The mean heart rate of the subjects during exercise during intervention was 120.76 b/min. It means that the exercise is moderate intensity exercise;The subjects' weight, BMI and body fat percentage all showed a trend of decrease after the intervention, but no statistical differences(Body weight: 67.77 ± 13.31 vs. 68.51 ± 13.9 kg; BMI: 24.09 ± 4.00 vs 24.21 ± 4.18 kg/m2 ; body fat percentage: 32.88 ± 6.84 vs. 34.58 ± 8.37%, P > 0.05); Subjects showed different degrees of changes in peripheral blood inflammatory factors after intervention, with highly significant decrease in NF-κB (243.08 ± 89.97 vs 378.11 ± 117.52 ng/ml) and IL-6 (8.98 ± 2.26 vs 12.02 ± 3.03 pg/ml) compared to pre-intervention (P < 0.01) and SOCS-3 (277.94 ± 111.90 vs 366.23 ± 113.90 pg/ml) and TNF-α (16.29 ± 4.79 vs 20.69 ± 2.15 pg/ml) showed a significant decline (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The 8-week Tai Chi softball intervention had no significant effect on body composition, but significantly reduced NF-κB, IL-6, SOCS-3 and TNF-α inflammatory factor-related indexes in female college students.

Intrastrain Variation in Exercise Trainability is Linked to Changes in Body Weight in HET3 Mice

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to characterize endurance trainability in the genetically heterogenous HET3 aging mouse model by assessing change in exercise capacity after completing a standardized treadmill training protocol. Secondarily, we also aimed to assess the association between exercise capacity changes with body composition measures in response to the training. METHODS: We randomly assigned 40-week-old male mice to endurance training (ET, n = 23) or sedentary control (SED, n = 20) groups. Both groups underwent a graded treadmill exercise capacity test before and after four weeks of exercise training. ET mice trained five days per week for four weeks at 65% of the maximal work output calculated in joules (J = kg*gravity*vertical speed*time). Additionally, we analyzed training-induced changes in body composition (total body weight, lean mass, and fat mass). We employed an independent sample t-test to compare changes in total work and regression analysis to assess the association between post-training exercise work and body composition measures (body weight, fat mass, and lean mass) and exercise work (alpha level = 0.05). RESULTS: While we found the mean change in exercise work was significantly greater in ET versus SED mice (ET: 483.3 ± 48.8 joules, SED: 194.7 ± 52.0 joules; p = 0.0003), there was considerable variance in change within each group (Range: ET = 74.4 - 925.4 joules; SED = 85.1 - 432.0 joules). In the ET mice, change in work was positively correlated with post-training body weight (37.3 ± 1.3 gms, p = 0.004) and the change in body weight (-9.5 ± 1.8 gms, p = 0.01) but no other pre- or post-training body composition factors. We did not find associations between body composition measures and exercise work in the untrained animals. CONCLUSIONS: While the standardized treadmill training protocol increased exercise capacity in HET3 ET mice, these changes were variable. Interestingly, greater declines in body weight with training were associated with lower exercise capacity that was not linked to pre-training body weight, possibly suggesting food consumption and/or spontaneous cage activity may have influenced results. Taken together, the variable responses in exercise capacity and factors contributing to change in body weight may be, at least partially, explained by their heterogeneous nature.

Perioperative Oral β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate Supplementation Ameliorates Sarcopenia in Rats Undergoing Major Hepatectomy.

β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB), a metabolite of leucine, is known to increase muscle mass and strength. However, the effect of perioperative HMB supplementation in liver surgery is unclear. Moreover, the impact of HMB on the skeletal muscle fiber type also remains unclear. We investigated the impact of HMB on the body composition and skeletal muscle fiber type in sarcopenic rats undergoing major hepatectomy. Nine-week-old male F344/NSlc rats were maintained in hindlimb suspension (HLS) and were forcedly supplemented with HMB calcium salt (HMB-Ca, 0.58 g/kg×2 times) or distilled water in addition to free feeding. After 2 wk of HLS, the rats underwent 70% hepatectomy and were sacrificed 3 d after surgery. Body composition factors and the proportion of slow-twitch fibers in hindlimb muscles were evaluated. HMB maintained the body composition and hindlimb force and acted against their deterioration in sarcopenic rats, exerting a particular effect on lean mass weight, which was significant. In the histological study, HMB significantly increased the proportion of slow-twitch fibers in the soleus (p=0.044) and plantaris (p=0.001) of sarcopenic rats. HMB ameliorated deterioration of the body composition and increased the proportion of slow-twitch fibers in sarcopenic rats undergoing major hepatectomy.

Body fat, cardiovascular risk factors and polymorphism in the FTO gene: randomized clinical trial and different physical exercise for adolescents

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of different physical exercise programs and polymorphisms of the FTO (fat mass and obesity-associated gene) on body composition and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents with overweight and obesity. MethodsA randomized, parallel, double-blind clinical trial consisting of the adolescent overweight from the state public network, in a simple representative random sample, who participated in an aerobic exercise or weight training intervention for 10 weeks. Anthropometry, body composition, biochemical markers, sexual maturation, and rs9939609 polymorphism in the FTO gene were assessed. 347 adolescents had their characterization of nutritional status. 72 individuals with overweight and obesity were invited to participate. 39 remained for the start of the program and were randomly allocated to both types of intervention. In the end, 26 subjects participated in the intervention programs, with 12 and 14 in the aerobic and weight training programs, respectively. ResultsHeterozygous and homozygous bearers of risk allele A participating in the aerobic program showed improvements in glycemia (p = 0.002) and total cholesterol (p = 0.023) and a reduction in body fat mass (p = 0.041). The weight training program reduced glycemia in patients with the risk allele A (p = 0.027). Cameron's stage four sexual maturation participants were 2.1 times more likely to improve their body fat (CI = 1.31-3.39). ConclusionAerobic exercises produced exclusively a significant decrease in fat mass and total cholesterol in patients with risk allele A. Distinct physical exercise programs may cause diverse changes in risk variables related to the health of adolescents.

A compositional analysis study of body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors.

This cross-sectional study used compositional data analysis (CoDA) to do the following: 1) analyze the relative associations between fat and lean tissues with cardiometabolic risk factors; and 2) estimate how these risk factors would change if equivalent mass was displaced from one tissue to another. Differences between CoDA and traditional regression were explored. A total of 397 adults with overweight or obesity were studied. Body composition consisted of visceral fat, abdominal subcutaneous fat, peripheral subcutaneous fat, other fat depots, skeletal muscle, and other lean tissues. The outcomes were a continuous metabolic syndrome score (primary outcome) and eight other cardiometabolic risk factors (secondary outcomes). Associations were examined using CoDA and traditional linear regression. Visceral fat mass, relative to the mass of the remaining tissues, was significantly associated with the metabolic syndrome score and five of eight remaining risk factors (p < 0.05). The relative contribution of the remaining tissues was not consistently associated with the study outcomes. Displacing equivalent mass from visceral fat into the remaining tissues was associated with meaningful decreases in the metabolic syndrome score. Regression estimates for CoDA and traditional regression differed in size and statistical significance. These CoDA findings reinforce that excess visceral fat contributes to less-favorable cardiometabolic risk factors.

Evaluation of 10-Week Neuromuscular Training Program on Body Composition of Elite Female Soccer Players.

Simple SummarySoccer performance is complex, requiring mastery of sport specific technical and tactical skills with ideal physical fitness (i.e., includes sprints, hops, accelerations, changes of directions, and so on) and body composition (i.e., increase lean muscle mass and decrease fat mass). In the last decades, performance models have helped to understand the multifactorial mechanisms involved in physical performance in sports. Hence, we tested the hypothesis that a neuromuscular training (NMT) program has an effect on body composition parameters in elite female soccer players. The result showed that implementation of 10-week with thrice-weekly NMT program improves body composition in elite female soccer players.(1) Background: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of a 10-week neuromuscular training program (NMT) on the sum of six skinfolds (Σ6S) and body composition variables in elite female soccer players. (2) Methods: Forty-four Spanish elite female soccer players (age: 24.0 ± 4.2 years; height: 164.3 ± 5.5 cm; body mass: 60.4 ± 5.5 kg; body mass index (BMI): 22.4 ± 2.2 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to a control group (CG) or to an experimental group (EG). Participants in the EG completed a specific NMT program of 24 min, three times per week, which included exercises from six different categories (mobility, dynamic stability, anterior chain strength, lumbopelvic control, posterior chain strength, and change of direction). The CG followed their normal strength and conditioning program. Pre- and post-intervention assessments included anthropometric measurements (weight, height, limb circumferences, and bone breadths), and subsequently, body composition factors BMI, Σ6S, body mass, muscle mass, and lean body mass were calculated. Nutrition was standardized by a nutritionist and also load monitored. (3) Results: A two-way mixed analysis of variance (group × time) revealed that there was a significant (p ≤ 0.001) group × time interaction between body mass, fat mass, and Σ6S in favor of NMT. A significant interaction was also observed for body skeletal muscle mass and lean body mass favoring NMT. (4) Conclusions: The application of an NMT program seems to be a useful strategy to improve body composition in elite female soccer players.

Transient Elastography Measures of Hepatic Steatosis and Fibrosis Are Associated With Body Composition Among US Adolescents.

Obesity-related fatty liver disease impacts long-term adolescent liver health. We examined transient elastography assessed hepatic steatosis and fibrosis distributions and relationships with body composition and lifestyle factors in a United States national adolescent population sample. Liver stiffness and controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) were assessed on 1080 non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, non-Hispanic Asian, and Hispanic boys and girls aged 12-19 years in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017-2018. Participants underwent anthropometry and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Compared with girls, boys had higher mean CAP (223.7 dB/m vs 215.3 dB/m) and liver stiffness (5.1 kPa vs 4.9 kPa). CAP and liver stiffness increased markedly with body mass index (BMI). In multivariable-adjusted analysis, CAP in the upper quartile was associated with Hispanic and non-Hispanic Asian ethnicity and increased BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, systolic blood pressure, and sedentary time, and decreased physical activity and Healthy Eating Index-2015 score. In multivariable-adjusted analysis, liver stiffness in the upper quartile was associated with male sex, non-Hispanic black ethnicity, and increased BMI, alanine aminotransferase, CAP, and serum cotinine. DXA total percent fat and trunk fat percent were positively related to CAP ( P &lt; 0.001 for each), but not to liver stiffness with multivariable adjustment. Results were similar with CAP and liver stiffness as continuous characteristics. In US adolescents, increased anthropometric and DXA body composition measures and lifestyle factors were associated with higher CAP and liver stiffness. Transient elastography and similar noninvasive markers may be utilized for early detection of liver disease in high-risk pediatric populations.

Are models of plantar heel pain suitable for competitive runners? A narrative review

BackgroundPlantar heel pain (PHP), or plantar fasciopathy, is a common condition in active and sedentary populations, contributing to short- and long-term reductions in quality of life. The condition's aetiology and pathophysiology are the subjects of a significant body of research. However, much of this research has been conducted with sedentary participants, and comparatively little research exists in a population of highly-trained athletes focused on performance outcomes. Models for PHP and proposed mechanisms, such as high body mass index or systemic disease, are mostly absent from an athletic population. Even less is known about the origins of pain in PHP. Pain is believed to be a complex multifactorial process and may be experienced differently by sedentary and highly active populations, particularly endurance athletes. Consequently, conservative through to surgical treatment for athletes is informed by literature for a different population, potentially hindering treatment outcomes. AimsThe aim of this review, therefore, is to summarise what is known about PHP in athletic populations and propose potential directions for future research. MethodsEmbase, PubMed, and Scopus using MeSH search terms for PHP and competitive sport and common synonyms. DiscussionTwo explanatory models for PHP were found. These primarily propose mechanical factors for PHP. It remains unclear how gait, body composition, and psychological factors may differ in an athletic population with and without PHP. Therefore, research in these three areas is needed to inform clinical and training interventions for this population.