Body-centered Cubic Phase Research Articles

Effects of Nb on deformation-induced transformation and mechanical properties of HfNbxTa0.2TiZr high entropy alloys

Body-centered cubic (BCC) refractory HEAs which have shown interesting properties at elevated temperatures such as outstanding high-temperature strength, high oxidation and corrosion resistance, nevertheless, they are generally brittle at ambient temperature, which limits their practical uses. Application of the transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) concept into these BCC HEAs like HfTaTiZr has confirmed to be an effective approach to addressing this critical challenge. To further reveal the underlying mechanisms and improve the overall properties, in this work, we attempted to reveal the interplay between the phase stability, strain-induced transformation and deformation in HfNbxTa0.2TiZr (x = 0, 0.15, 0.20 and 0.25) HEAs. It was found that proper addition of Nb could not only enhance the TRIP effect due to the reduced phase stability of the prior BCC phase, but also facilitate twinning in the product HCP (hexagonal close packing) phase at the late stage of deformation. As a result, the HfNb0.2Ta0.2TiZr HEA shows much enhanced mechanical properties, i.e., pronounced work hardening behavior and large uniform ductility of up to 26%, which surmounts most of refractory BCC HEAs reported previously. Our findings are important not only for understanding the deformation mechanism of the TRIP reinforced HEAs, but also for the future development of other high-performance HEAs.

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a New Refractory Equiatomic CrHfNbTaTi High-Entropy Alloy

A novel refractory CrHfNbTaTi high-entropy alloy, derived by replacement of Zr by Cr in HfNbTaTiZr, has been prepared by vacuum arc-melting. Its phase components, microstructure, and compressive properties at room temperature in as-cast and as-homogenized condition were investigated. The results show that the phase structure of CrHfNbTaTi changes from the single body-centered cubic (BCC) phase of HfNbTaTiZr alloy to multiple phases, composed of one face-centered cubic (FCC) and two BCC phases. Additionally, the yield strength of the alloy significantly increases from 926 MPa to 1258 MPa and 1366 MPa in the as-cast and as-homogenized state, respectively, while promising ductility of ~ 24.3% elongation is retained in the as-cast state. The morphology and composition of the network-shaped interdendritic regions are considered to be closely related to the change of the mechanical properties induced by elemental substitution and homogenization treatment.

Refractory CrMoNbWV High-Entropy Alloy Manufactured by Mechanical Alloying and Spark Plasma Sintering: Evolution of Microstructure and Properties.

In this study, bulk samples of a CrMoNbWV high-entropy alloy (HEA) were obtained for the first time by spark plasma sintering (SPS) of mechanically alloyed (MA) powders at 1200 °C, 1300 °C, and 1400 °C. Microstructure evolution, phase formation as well as wear and corrosion behavior were investigated. The MA powders’ phase composition was found to be represented by body-centered-cubic (BCC) solid solution. The solid solution partially decomposed to Laves phases under the sintering, such as Cr2Nb and (Fe, Cr)Nb, and NbVO4-VO oxides mixture. The temperature increase to 1400 °C led to a grain coarsening of the BCC phase and decreased the Laves phase content accompanied by precipitation at the grain boundaries. The sintered samples showed high hardness and compressive strength (2700–2800 MPa) at room temperature. The wear tests demonstrated excellent results in comparison to conventional wear-resistant composites. The obtained samples also exhibited high corrosion resistance under electrochemical tests in H2SO4 solution. The CrMoNbWV HEA has comparable mechanical and corrosive properties with the WNbMoTaV type HEA, but at the same time has a reduced density: CrMoNbWV—10.55 g/cm3, WNbMoTaV—12.42 g/cm3.

High-temperature ultra-strength of dual-phase Re0.5MoNbW(TaC)0.5 high-entropy alloy matrix composite

The dual-phase Re0.5MoNbW(TaC)0.5 composite, consisting of refractory body-centered cubic (BCC) high-entropy alloy and carbide with many fine eutectic structures, was successfully synthesized by arc melting. The phase stability, high-temperature mechanical properties and strengthening mechanism of the as-cast composite were studied. The microstructure of the composite remained stable after annealing at 1300 ℃ for 168h. It exhibited remarkably high-temperature strength, yield strength ∼ 901 MPa, and true ultimate compressive strength ∼ 1186 MPa at 1200 ℃. The BCC phase and carbide exhibited a semi-coherent interface with good bonding after severe deformation at 1200 ℃. The dipolar dislocation walls in BCC phase, restricted dynamic interaction between defects in carbide, and the pinning effect of semi-coherent interface offered effective strengthening effects.

Design of TiVNb-(Cr, Ni or Co) multicomponent alloys with the same valence electron concentration for hydrogen storage

Recently, it has been hypothesized that the hydrogen sorption properties of body-centered cubic (BCC) multicomponent alloys might be related to the alloy’s valence electron concentration (VEC). In this work, we employed CALPHAD method to design three BCC alloys with the same VEC to evaluate this hypothesis. The (TiVNb)85Cr15, (TiVNb)95.3Co4.7 and (TiVNb)96.2Ni3.8 multicomponent alloys with VEC = 4.87 were produced by arc melting. Although some amount of segregation could not be avoided, the as-cast microstructures were composed of a BCC phase with highly homogeneous chemical composition. The alloys quickly absorb hydrogen at room temperature and formed FCC hydrides with high capacities of 2 H/M (3.1–3.2 wt%). For the three alloys, it was observed a two-step hydrogenation sequence indicating the formation of an intermediate BCC monohydride prior to the formation of the FCC dihydride. Moreover, the three alloys presented very similar values of enthalpy and entropy of hydrogenation, showing that the initial hypothesis seems to hold for the thermodynamic properties. The alloys hydrogenation/dehydrogenation cycling behavior were also evaluated. (TiVNb)85Cr15 had a small and continuous drop in capacity over cycling that was addressed to incomplete transformation of the BCC monohydride to the FCC dihydride, whereas (TiVNb)95.3Co4.7 and (TiVNb)96.2Ni3.8 showed a more stable behavior achieving a reversible capacity of 1.76 H/M (2.77 wt%) after 20 cycles. The desorption is strongly affected by absorption/desorption cycling for all alloys, as revealed by thermo desorption spectroscopy (TDS). The onset temperature of desorption depends on the alloys’ composition as well as the number of hydrogenation/dehydrogenation cycles. The results suggest that cycling and desorption properties of the alloys are less related to their VEC.

Thermal stability and thermal expansion behavior of FeCoCrNi2Al high entropy alloy

Present work reports the thermal stability and thermal expansion behavior of dual-phase FeCoCrNi2Al HEA prepared by Mechanical Activated Synthesis and consolidated by hot pressing. The thermal stability of the phases present in FeCoCrNi2Al HEA has been extensively studied using in-situ high-temperature X-ray diffraction (HT-XRD) in conjunction with dilatometry and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The DSC thermogram shows a single endothermic peak at 1430 °C (1703 K) which belongs to the melting point of the alloy. HT-XRD and dilatometry experiments were carried out from room temperature to 1000 °C (1273 K). HT-XRD study has shown that the room temperature FCC + BCC (face-centred cubic + body-centred cubic) phases remains stable up to 1000 °C (1273 K). Although the amount of BCC phase has increased above 800 °C (1073 K), no additional phase formation was observed in HT-XRD. The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) curve shows linear increment up to 1000 °C (1273 K) with a slight change in slope beyond 800 °C (1073 K). Theoretical CTE was computed using the lattice parameter of the FCC phase, obtained from HT-XRD, as a function of temperature and compared with experimental CTE. Third-order polynomial equation was fitted to the experimental CTE data and the constants were evaluated which can be used to predict the coefficient of thermal expansion of the alloy.

Spark plasma sintering behavior of TaNbHfZrTi high-entropy alloy powder synthesized by hydrogenation-dehydrogenation reaction

In this study, we successfully synthesized TaNbHfZrTi high-entropy alloy (HEA) powders using a hydrogenation-dehydrogenation reaction and investigated their sintering behavior using a spark plasma sintering method. The initial ingot had a single solid solution body-centered cubic (BCC) phase, but after annealing in the hydrogen atmosphere, it absorbed hydrogen and transformed to a metal hydride phase. At this time, the brittleness was caused, making it easy to pulverize into powder; hydrogen in the powder was then removed through a vacuum heat treatment. The dehydrogenated powders had a dual-phase microstructure composed of several tens of nm sized BCC and hexagonal-close packed (HCP) phases. After sintering the HEA powders at 1000 °C, densification was completed though the HCP phase remained and the grain growth occurred non-uniformly. In the compact sintered at 1100 °C, a single solid solution BCC phase formed as the HCP phase disappeared and grain growth occurred uniformly to form an equiaxed microstructure. When comparing the microstructures, the grain size of the initial ingot was 227.8 μm, but it significantly decreased to 22.5 μm in the compact sintered at 1100 °C. To analyze mechanical property changes induced by adopting the powder metallurgy method, compression tests were carried out. For the ingot, the yield strength was 1119 MPa, but the yield strength of the sintered compact increased to 1677 MPa due to the grain size refinement effect.

Al0.3CrxFeCoNi high-entropy alloys with high corrosion resistance and good mechanical properties

The effects of the Cr content on microstructure, corrosion behavior, and mechanical properties of the Al0.3CrxFeCoNi high-entropy alloys (HEAs) were studied. The Al0.3CrxFeCoNi alloys with x = 0–1.0 exhibited the single face-centered-cubic (FCC) structure, and the alloys with x = 1.5–2.0 consisted of the FCC and disordered body-centered-cubic (BCC)/ordered BCC (B2) structure. In the 3.5 mass% NaCl solution, the Al0.3CrxFeCoNi alloys are spontaneously passivated, and the pitting resistance of the alloys was improved with increasing the Cr content in the alloys. It is notable that the Al0.3CrxFeCoNi (x = 1.5–2.0) alloys with Cr-rich FCC and BCC phases demonstrated excellent pitting-corrosion resistance and low corrosion rates of less than 10−3 mm/year due to the formation of the protective surface films enriched in Cr2O3. Moreover, the Al0.3CrxFeCoNi (x = 0–1.0) alloys with the FCC structure exhibited relatively-low tensile strength and large elongation. The further increase in the Cr content to x = 1.5–2.0 improved the strengths and hardness of the alloys due to the increase in BCC/B2 phases. The Al0.3CrxFeCoNi (x = 1.5–2.0) alloys with high corrosion resistance presented good mechanical properties, including tensile strengths of 640–1078 MPa and tensile elongations of 11–44%. It is also demonstrated that increasing the Cr content of Al–Cr–Fe–Co–Ni HEAs is an effective approach for tailoring corrosion-resistant HEAs.

The evolution of compositional and microstructural heterogeneities in a TaMo0.5ZrTi1.5Al0.1Si0.2 high entropy alloy

We report the chemical segregation and the phase decomposition as well as the microstructural response upon plastic deformation in a TaMo0.5ZrTi1.5Al0.1Si0.2 (at.%) refractory high entropy alloy (RHEA) by combining the thermodynamic calculation and the multiple experimental characterization techniques down to near-atomic scales. The alloy's compositional and microstructural heterogeneities under different processing conditions, including casting, annealing and room/high temperature compression, are emphasized. Results show that casting creates the original compositional heterogeneity with evident dendritic microstructures. The dendrite consists of a single body-centered-cubic (BCC) phase enriched with Ta and Mo. The interdendritic region is delineated by Zr, Ti, Al and Si, with the formation of rod-like BCC/silicide eutectics. After annealing at 1300 °C for 48 h, both dendritic and interdendritic BCC phases experience evident phase decomposition and elemental redistribution. This leads to the increase of compressive strength at room temperature to ~2050 MPa, which is ~300 MPa higher compared to that of the as-cast material. Strain softening of the annealed alloy occurs when subjected to compression at 1000 °C, which is associated with the formation of a heterogeneous necklace microstructure composed of dynamically recrystallized grains

Microstructure and mechanical properties of two uranium-containing high-entropy alloys

This paper reports the microstructure and mechanical properties of two uranium-containing high-entropy alloys (HEAs), i.e., UMoNbTaHf and UMoNbTaTi. Both these alloys formed a simple solid solution without intermediate compounds in the solid state, indicating that the uranium-containing HEAs conform to the law of solid-solution phase formation and confirming that actinides can form HEAs. The UMoNbTaHf alloy achieved a body-centered cubic (BCC) structure (a = 332.1 pm), whereas the UMoNbTaTi alloy achieved a dual BCC structure comprising two BCC phases (a1 = 333.2 pm and a2 = 328.0 pm). By replacing the Hf in UMoNbTaHf with Ti, its room-temperature compressive yield strength decreased from 1147 MPa to 985 MPa, and its breaking strain increased from 7.7% to 39.5%. Further, its strength and toughness were balanced because of the formation of the dual BCC phase. UMoNbTaTi exhibited better strength and toughness than UMoNbTaHf. In addition, this study expands the application of HEAs design to actinide materials.

Equation of state of atomic solid hydrogen by stochastic many-body wave function methods.

We report a numerical study of the equation of state of crystalline body-centered-cubic (BCC) hydrogen, tackled with a variety of complementary many-body wave function methods. These include continuum stochastic techniques of fixed-node diffusion and variational quantum Monte Carlo and the Hilbert space stochastic method of full configuration-interaction quantum Monte Carlo. In addition, periodic coupled-cluster methods were also employed. Each of these methods is underpinned with different strengths and approximations, but their combination in order to perform reliable extrapolation to complete basis set and supercell size limits gives confidence in the final results. The methods were found to be in good agreement for equilibrium cell volumes for the system in the BCC phase.

Tungsten particles reinforced high-entropy alloy matrix composite prepared by in-situ reaction

In this paper, a new preparation method of metal matrix composites is presented. The W/FeNiMnAlW high-entropy alloy (HEA) matrix composite materials have been prepared by a simple and efficient technology. The HEA matrix consists of a face-centered cubic (FCC) phase, an ordered body-centered cubic (BCC) phase and W2C phase. The volume fraction and average grain size of the reinforcing phase W particles, uniformly distributed in the microstructure of HEA matrix, are 30.9% and 13.57 µm, respectively. Good metallurgical bonding between W particle and matrix is achieved, and the formation mechanism of near spherical tungsten particles is discussed, and the density of the composites is 10.55 g/cm3. The hardness of W-phase, B2 phase and FCC phase was 681.48 HV, 533.82 HV and 286.70 HV, respectively. The yield strength (σ0.2) of the W/FeNiMnAlW composites is 1241 MPa, the maximum compressive strength (σmax) and the maximum plastic strain (εp) are over 2530 MPa and 15% respectively, which showed superior mechanical properties. The effective combination of FCC phase and ordered BCC phase and the uniform distribution of W particles without edges are the main reasons for its good mechanical properties. The volume wear loss and wear rate of the W/FeNiMnAlW composites are respectively 0.42 mm3 and 4.95 × 10−3 mm3/N m, and the worn mechanism is mainly adhesive wear and abrasive wear.

Phase Stability and Deformation Behavior of TiZrHfNbO High-Entropy Alloys

Strengthened by Oxygen doping, the single-phase body-center-cubic (BCC) TiZrHfNbO refractory high-entropy alloys (HEAs) become strong and ductile. However, phase stability at intermediate temperature and the effects of Oxygen addition on the deformation behavior during tensile tests need to be well understood. In the present work, the phase decomposition of (TiZrHfNb)100-xOx HEAs with Oxygen doping in the range of x=0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 was examined at 873 K. The formation of hexagonal-close-packed (HCP) solid-solution precipitates in submicron size, enriched with Hf, Zr and O elements, were investigated by a combination of X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography. Tensile tests of alloys annealed at both 1273 K and 873 K were conducted. It was found that doping Oxygen increased the yield strength and maintained ductility for alloys annealed at 1273 K, while formation of HCP precipitates after annealed at 873 K deteriorates the plasticity significantly. To unveil the deformation behaviors, in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiments were applied in the current research. The single-crystal elastic constants and shear elastic anisotropy of HEAs with and without Oxygen doping were calculated and found similar to those of “Gum Metal” Ti alloy. Yet current HEAs possess higher BCC phase stability than “Gum Metal”, and no stress-induced phase transformation was detected during deformation.

Application of Hydride Process in Achieving Equimolar TiNbZrHfTa BCC Refractory High Entropy Alloy

For the first time, an equiatomic refractory high entropy alloy (RHEA) TiNbZrHfTa compact with a single-phase body-centered cubic (BCC) structure was fabricated via a titanium hydride (TiH2) assisted powder metallurgy approach. The constituent pure Ti, Zr, Nb, Hf, and Ta powders were mechanically alloyed (MA) with titanium hydride (TiH2) powder. The resultant MA powder was dehydrogenated at 1073 K for 3.6 ks and subsequently sintered through spark plasma sintering (SPS). Additionally, TiNbZrHfTa counterparts were prepared from pure elements without MA with TiH2. It was observed that the compact prepared from pure powders had a chemically heterogeneous microstructure with hexagonal close packed (HCP) and dual BCC phases. On the other hand, despite containing many constituents, the compact fabricated at 1473 K for 3.6 ks via the hydride approach had a single-phase BCC structure. The Vickers microhardness of the TiNbZrHfTa alloy prepared via the hydride process was Hv 520 (±30). The exceptional microhardness of the alloy is greater than any individual constituent, suggesting the operation of a simple solid-solution-like strengthening mechanism and/or precipitation hardening. In addition, the heat treatments were also carried out to analyze the phase stability of TiNbZrHfTa prepared via the hydride process. The results highlight the substantial changes in the phase as a function of temperature and/or time.

Corrosion of Al(Co)CrFeNi High-Entropy Alloys

High entropy alloys: AlCrFe2Ni2Mox (x = 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15), AlCoCrFeNi and two quinary alloys with compositions close to its face centered cubic (FCC) and body centered cubic (BCC) component phases, are tested for corrosion resistance in 3.5 wt. % NaCl. The materials with different microstructure produced by arc melting or ingot metallurgy are evaluated by several electrochemical techniques: measurements of open circuit voltage (OCV), cyclic potentiodynamic polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Microstructure, surface topography and composition are systematically characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The results indicate that minor additions of Mo positively affects corrosion resistance of the AlCrFe2Ni2 alloy by hampering pit formation. The FCC phase in the equimolar alloy, AlCoCrFeNi, is proved to exhibit more noble corrosion potential and pitting potential, lower corrosion current density, and corrosion rate compared with the BCC phase. Overall behavior of the investigated alloys is influenced by the manufacturing conditions, exact chemical composition, distribution of phases and occurrence of physical defects on the surface.

Tailoring mechanical and magnetic properties of AlCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy via phase transformation

Phase constitutions, either changed by alloying or by phase transformation, are the key factors to determine the magnetic and mechanical performances of high-entropy alloys (HEAs). Using the AlCoCrFeNi HEA as a candidate alloy, this paper demonstrates the effect of phase transformation on both the mechanical and magnetic properties in the multi-phase system. With increasing heat treatment temperature, the sigma (σ) and face-centered-cubic (FCC) phases disappeared at 1000 °C and 1200 °C, respectively. Such volume fraction changes of σ, FCC and body-centered-cubic (BCC) phases have divergent effects on mechanical and magnetic properties. The excellent strength-ductility combination will be achieved as the disappearance of σ phase and formation of FCC phase. As for the magnetic properties, the volume fraction of BCC phase plays a major role in determining its saturation magnetization. When the volume fraction change of BCC phase is not evident, the higher volume fraction of FCC phase will influence its magnetization at 2 T. Our present work might provide insights into analyzing the evolution of both mechanical and magnetic properties of HEAs caused by complex phase transformation.

Mechanical, corrosion and magnetic behavior of a CoFeMn1.2NiGa0.8 high entropy alloy

In this study, a magnetic high entropy alloy (HEA) of CoFeMn1.2NiGa0.8 was designed and prepared by arc melting in order to investigate its mechanical, corrosion and magnetic behavior. The results show that the alloy mainly possesses body-centered cubic (BCC) phase and face-centered cubic (FCC) phase. A high compressive strength of 1450 MPa, a strain of 18.5 % and a relatively low yield strength of 303 MPa in as-cast condition at room temperature can be achieved in the present alloy. In-situ high-energy X-ray diffraction technique was employed to reveal the deformation mechanism of CoFeMn1.2NiGa0.8 under uniaxial compression and the results show that the competition between BCC phase and FCC phase plays a significant role during the compressive process. The corrosion behavior of CoFeMn1.2NiGa0.8 was investigated in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution and it turned out that the alloy possessed good corrosion resistance. At last, the magnetic behavior of the CoFeMn1.2NiGa0.8 alloy was studied and it can present a high saturation magnetization of 94.5 emu/g and a coercivity of 26.4 Oe at 4 K. This work indicates that the present CoFeMn1.2NiGa0.8 HEA has promising applications as future magnetic functional materials.

Cuboid-like nanostructure strengthened equiatomic Ti–Zr–Nb–Ta medium entropy alloy

This study investigates the effect of annealing treatment on the phase transformation and mechanical properties of the equiatomic TiZrNbTa MEA from room temperature to 1200 °C. After annealing at 1200 °C for 24h, the single solid-solution body-centred cubic (BCC) phase in the as-cast Ta25Zr25Nb25Ti25 transformed into an extremely high number density (~103/μm2) of Ta–Nb-rich BCC nanocuboidal phase (28 ± 10 nm square, BCC1) and a nanostrip-like Zr-rich BCC phase (3 ± 2 nm thick, BCC2). The phase separation from BCC to BCC1 and BCC2 arises from two primary reasons: (i) the high positive mixing enthalpy of both Ta–Zr and Nb–Zr (strong tendency to separation between each pair), and (ii) the 3–4 orders of magnitude higher mobility of Zr than Ta, Nb and Ti in these MEAs (kinetically driven). Detailed CALPHAD simulations of phase formation in this MEA agreed with experiments and provided insightful phase transformation details. The calculated diffusion distance of Zr (~4.1 nm) from the CALPHAD data corresponds to the measured Zr-rich nanostrip thickness (3 ± 2 nm). The nanocuboidal BCC1-BCC2 structure exhibited 112<111>-type of twinning deformation under compression at room temperature. The Ta25Zr25Nb25Ti25 MEA retained yield strength of ~410 MPa at 1000 °C and ~210 MPa at 1200 °C. The phase transformation during cooling after annealing and the microstructural evolution during compression at temperatures from 600 °C to 1200 °C were characterized and discussed in detail.

Coherent precipitation and stability of cuboidal nanoparticles in body-centered-cubic Al0.4Nb0.5Ta0.5TiZr0.8 refractory high entropy alloy

The present work developed a new body-centered-cubic (BCC)-based Al0.4Nb0.5Ta0.5TiZr0.8 refractory high entropy alloy with coherent precipitation. The formation of cuboidal nanoprecipitates with a size of 25~50 nm in an 873 K-aged alloy is ascribed to a moderate lattice misfit. A Zr5Al3 phase also coexists with B2 in a same particle shape due to similar chemical compositions, in which Ti is enriched in B2 but not in Zr5Al3. The BCC/B2 coherency would be deteriorated with increasing the aging temperature, leaving coarse Zr5Al3 alone. Besides, there exist two kinds of BCC phases due to the segregations of Nb/Ta and Ti/Zr.

Irradiation-Induced Extremes Create Hierarchical Face-/Body-Centered-Cubic Phases in Nanostructured High Entropy Alloys.

A nanoscale hierarchical dual-phase structure is reported to form in a nanocrystalline NiFeCoCrCu high-entropy-alloy (HEA) film via ion irradiation. Under the extreme energy deposition and consequent thermal energy dissipation induced by energetic particles, a fundamentally new phenomenon is revealed, in which the original single-phase face-centered-cubic (FCC) structure partially transforms into alternating nanometer layers of a body-centered-cubic (BCC) structure. The orientation relationship follows the Nishiyama-Wasser-man relationship, that is, (011)BCC || ( 1¯1¯1)FCC and [100]BCC || [ 11¯0]FCC . Simulation results indicate that Cr, as a BCC stabilizing element, exhibits a tendency to segregate to the stacking faults (SFs). Furthermore, the high densities of SFs and twin boundaries in each nanocrystalline grain serve to accelerate the nucleation and growth of the BCC phase during irradiation. By adjusting the irradiation parameters, desired thicknesses of the FCC and BCC phases in the laminates can be achieved. This work demonstrates the controlled formation of an attractive dual-phase nanolaminate structure under ion irradiation and provides a strategy for designing new derivate structures of HEAs.