Muscle-building Exercise Research Articles

Assessment of Paraoxonase 1 and Arylesterase Activities and Lipid Profile in Bodybuilders: A Comparative Study of Physical Activity and Anthropometry on Atherosclerosis.

Background and Objectives: Atherosclerosis, driven by dyslipidaemia and oxidative stress, is a leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This study evaluates the effects of vigorous-intensity bodybuilding exercise (VIBBE) on atherosclerosis biomarkers-including paraoxonase-1 (PON1) and arylesterase (ARE) activities-and lipid profiles in male bodybuilders who do not use anabolic-androgenic steroids. Comparisons were made with individuals engaged in moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (MIAE), as well as overweight/obese sedentary (OOS) and normal-weight sedentary (NWS) individuals. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 122 healthy male participants aged 18-45 years, divided into four groups: VIBBE (n = 31), OOS (n = 30), MIAE (n = 32), and NWS (n = 29). Anthropometric assessments were performed, and fasting blood samples were collected for biochemical analyses, including lipid profiles and PON1 and ARE activities. Statistical analyses compared the groups and evaluated correlations between adiposity measures and atherosclerosis biomarkers. Results: The VIBBE group exhibited significantly lower levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), and logarithm of the TG to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio [log(TG/HDL-C)] compared to the OOS group (p < 0.05 for all), indicating improved lipid profiles. However, these improvements were not significant when compared to the NWS group (p > 0.05), suggesting that VIBBE may not provide additional lipid profile benefits beyond those associated with normal weight status. PON1 and ARE activities were significantly lower in the VIBBE group compared to the MIAE group (p < 0.05 for both), suggesting that VIBBE may not effectively enhance antioxidant defences. Correlation analyses revealed significant inverse relationships between PON1 and ARE activities and adiposity measures, including body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), body fat percentage (BFP), fat mass index (FMI), and obesity degree (OD) (p < 0.05 for all). Positive correlations were observed between oxLDL and log(TG/HDL-C) and adiposity measures (p < 0.05 for all). Conclusions: Vigorous-intensity bodybuilding exercise improves certain lipid parameters compared to sedentary obese individuals but does not significantly enhance antioxidant enzyme activities or further improve lipid profiles beyond those observed in normal-weight sedentary men. Conversely, moderate-intensity aerobic exercise significantly enhances PON1 and ARE activities and improves lipid profiles, offering superior cardiovascular benefits. These findings underscore the importance of incorporating moderate-intensity aerobic exercise into physical activity guidelines to optimize cardiovascular health by balancing improvements in lipid metabolism with enhanced antioxidant defences.

GYMNASIUM CALORIE SPECTRUM FLEXIBILITY AND MOBILITY OPTIMIZATION DESIGN

This research aims to produce Spektrum Gymnasium which is used as a progress monitoring tool and digital track of sports training that is accurate in building muscle in an efficient time and partners can monitor each customer's muscle-building exercise movements so that the calories wasted can be known, thereby increasing customer satisfaction. The research method begins with discussions with accompanying lecturers and partners. Implementation of activities begins with designing devices, collecting tools and software, and creating outputs in the form of Summit Health tool applications and manuals for using tools and applications. Partner assistance was carried out 6 times. Monitoring and evaluation were conducted to determine developments in using Summit Health tools and the Spectrum Gymnasium application. The sustainability of the Summit Health tool and the Spectrum Gymnasium application as a solution to problems and a guidebook can help in developing tools and applications to calculate calories for consumers independently. The results achieved are in the form of progress reports, final reports, guidebooks, social media accounts, Summit Health tools and Spectrum Gymnasium applications, scientific articles, Summit Health books, IoT-based Spectrum Gymnasium applications, IPR applications and activity publications. Conclusion Spektrum Gymnasium accurately monitors the progress of exercise training in building muscle efficiently. The monitoring feature makes it easier for gym partners to track exercise movements and calories burned, increasing customer satisfaction and exercise results, as well as strengthening customer loyalty and supporting sustainable business growth.

Unraveling effort thrombosis: a comprehensive case report on page-schroetter syndrome

Background: Page-Schroetter Syndrome (PSS) is a rare variant of thoracic outlet syndrome which requires early intervention to prevent formation of deep vein thrombosis in the upper limbs. Development of PSS depends on risk factors such as young-aged athletes, typically of male sex, who exercises using repetitive arm movements such as swimming, muscle building exercises, and handball, aggravating microtrauma to venous intima leading to activation of coagulation cascade. Case Presentation: A case of 33-year-old Saudi male was presented to the emergency department on an acute onset of right arm swelling, redness, and pain. Following calisthenics exercises where he was doing push-ups on an open door. The patient was hemodynamically stable, negative for signs and symptoms of pulmonary embolism, and he denied any history of thrombus-forming events. The patient was diagnosed with PSS after detecting filling defect on Doppler ultrasound, and severe stenosis of the right subclavian vein on venogram. The patient was treated accordingly and was discharged on long-term oral direct anticoagulants. Conclusion: PSS is easily missed due to scarce number of reported cases, and unfamiliarity from the medical personnel with the approach to detect and treat upper limb deep vein thrombosis.

RECUPERAÇÃO ENTRE SÉRIES NO TREINO DE FORÇA: REVISÃO SISTEMÁTICA E META-ANALISE

ABSTRACT Introduction: The recovery interval (RI) between sets and exercises has received attention from strength training (ST) researchers, to understand the relationship of rest on performance maintenance, especially the total load in a training session. It is known that each individual responds in a specific way to the training stimulus. So, what would be the effect of the different recovery interval strategies on the strength performance? Objective: Compare the different recovery intervals in strength training volume, considering the number of repetitions in healthy adults. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis based on methodological criteria, comparing fixed and self-selected RI on training volume, identified by the number of repetitions performed in a weight training program. Three electronic databases (Pubmed, VHL Virtual Health Library, Ebsco Sportdiscus) were analyzed, combining the expressions “resistance training”, “resistance exercise”, “strength exercise”, “recovery interval”, “rest interval”, “interval auto suggested”, “auto range selected” with “AND” and “OR” combination. Results: Pooled data from five studies showed a large significant effect in favor of the experimental group (&gt;2 minutes) (MD: 1.24; 95%-CI [0.78; 1.71]; z: 5.25, Q:1.08; p &lt; 0.01), since in the studies, recovery interval allowed a greater training volume. Conclusion: Longer RI seems be better, for maintaining total training volume, although there is no consensus for different training objectives against the self-selected RI. Thus, we imagine that this strategy may be important in the organizing a bodybuilding exercise program. Level of Evidence I; Systematic Review and Meta Analysis.

Relationships Between Violent Sexual Victimization and Muscle-Building Exercise among Adolescents from the 2019 Youth Risk Behavior Survey.

This study aimed to investigate the association between violent sexual victimization and muscle-building exercise among adolescents. Cross-sectional data from the 2019 National Youth Risk Behavior Survey (N = 8408) were analyzed. Two indicators of non-dating-related sexual violence (lifetime, past 12 months), along with one indicator of adolescent sexual violence (past 12 months), were assessed. Days of muscle-building in the past week were reported. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine the associations between the three violent sexual victimization variables and muscle-building exercise. Among the sample (50.3% girls), lifetime violent sexual victimization (relative risk ratio [RRR] 1.87, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.29 to 2.72), past 12-month violent sexual victimization (RRR 1.60, 95% CI 1.15 to 2.22), and past 12-month sexual dating violence (RRR 1.60, 95% CI 1.03 to 2.51) were associated greater relative risk of high engagement (ie, 6 to 7 days) in muscle-building exercise relative to no engagement. A history of violent sexual victimization is associated with greater involvement in muscle-building exercise, particularly among adolescent girls. Engagement in muscle-building exercise in relation to violent sexual victimization may be a means of emotion regulation and occur due to body dissatisfaction resulting from experiencing violence.

Yoga training injury detection method based on multi‐sensor information fusion

AbstractYoga, as a kind of body building exercise, has always been loved by people. However, many people suffer from yoga training injuries due to long‐term incorrect posture and wrong exercise methods. There is an urgent need for a technology to help people detect and improve yoga training methods. Based on the past computer assistance method, this paper started from a new idea, and adopted the method of multi‐sensor information fusion to detect yoga training, aiming to help the masses better participate in yoga training. In this study, 50 volunteers were invited to participate in the comparative experiment. Based on multi‐sensor information fusion, and by building a human model, the tension and compression data before and after yoga training were compared to analyze the differences before and after calculation. It was concluded that the more sensors, the higher the degree of information fusion, and the lower the yoga training injury index. The injury index of yoga training without multi‐sensor information fusion technology in the early stage was 0.39. With the increase of the number of sensors, the injury index of yoga training has gradually decreased to 0.02, which was more than 5 percentage points lower than that of the previous methods. The experiment showed that the method of yoga training damage detection based on multi‐sensor information fusion was feasible, which also provided a new idea for the research of yoga training injury detection methods.

Network meta-analysis of the efficacy of four traditional Chinese physical exercise therapies on the prevention of falls in the elderly.

In recent years, traditional Chinese exercises have been passed down and reformed to play a significant role in the study of interventions for the treatment of falls in older people. However, few studies have evaluated the efficacy of various Chinese traditional exercises in the intervention of falls behavior in the elderly. In this study, four Chinese traditional exercises commonly used in clinical practice were selected as subjects to systematically evaluate the effectiveness of Tai Chi, Ba Duan Jin, Yi Jin Jing and Wu Qin Xi in intervening in the treatment of fall behavior in the elderly. We conducted a systematic review in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Four published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of traditional Chinese exercise interventions for the treatment of falls behavior in older adults were searched through authoritative databases such as CNKI, Web of Science, PubMed, EMbase and the Cochrane Library, all from the time of construction to November 2022. A total of 45 studies with 4 traditional interventions were included. Ba Duan Jin was more effective in improving TUGT [SMD = -1.93 (-2.49, -1.38), P < 0.05] and MFES [SMD = -33.45 (-63.93, -2.97), P < 0.05], while Yi Jin Jing was more effective in enhancing ECLSB [SMD = -0.19 (-5.12, -4.74), P < 0.05] and BBS [SMD = -5.79 (-10.80, -0.78), P < 0.05], both of which showed better effects. The present evidence suggests that all four traditional Chinese body-building exercise therapies have a preventive effect on fall behavior in older adults. In clinical treatment and daily physical exercise, two exercises, BaDuan Jin and Yi Jin Jing, may be preferred to reduce the risk of falls in the elderly, but the exercise regimen of Qigong should be selected scientifically and rationally according to their actual conditions. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/#myprospero.

Associations between muscle-building exercise and concurrent e-cigarette, cigarette, and cannabis use among U.S. adolescents.

Physical activity and team sports may be protective of substance use among adolescents, although there is mixed evidence on whether muscle-building exercise is associated with patterns of e-cigarette use (i.e., vaping), cigarette use, and cannabis use. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the association between muscle-building exercise and patterns of concurrent substance use among U.S. adolescents. Cross-sectional data from the 2019 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (N = 8,474) were analyzed in 2022. Muscle-building exercise was assessed by number of days of the behavior in the past week and categorized based on level of engagement (none, low, medium, and high). Concurrent vaping, cigarette use, and cannabis use within the past 30 days were assessed using a combined, four-category variable (no use, any single use, any dual use, and triple use). Multinomial logistic regressions, with coefficients transformed to relative risk ratios (RRR), were conducted to estimate the associations between muscle-building exercise and concurrent substance use among the overall sample, and by sex, while adjusting for relevant sociodemographic variables. Among the overall sample, high engagement (6-7 days) in muscle-building exercise was associated with greater relative risk of any single use (RRR 1.36, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06-1.72), any dual use (RRR 1.46, 95% CI 1.10-2.94), and triple use (RRR 1.81, 95% CI 1.05-3.12). While muscle-building exercise was associated with greater relative risk of concurrent patterns of vaping, cigarette use, and cannabis use among adolescent males, there were no significant relationships found among adolescent females. Healthcare professionals should consider this association when treating adolescent males, particularly given the high prevalence of muscle-building exercise and substance use among this group. More research is needed to understand the experiences of adolescent males who report high engagement in muscle-building exercise and substance use to uncover mechanisms of association.

Prevalence and sociodemographic characteristics of moderate and high engagement in muscle-building exercise among adolescents

This study aimed to describe the prevalence and sociodemographic characteristics of U.S. adolescents who engage in frequent muscle-building exercise. Data from the 2019 National Youth Risk Behavior Survey (N = 8474) were analyzed. Frequent muscle-building exercise in the past week (≥ 5 days and 7 days) were assessed. Multivariable logistic analyses were conducted separately by sex to obtain adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the association between key sociodemographic characteristics and muscle-building exercise. Nearly one in five (17.9%) boys, compared to 7.7% of girls, reported seven days of muscle-building exercise in the past week. Patterns of sociodemographic characteristics were associated with seven days of muscle-building exercise in the past week, including weight gain attempts among boys and Hispanic/Latina identity among girls. High engagement in muscle-building exercise is common among adolescents, particularly boys, and varied by sociodemographic characteristics, indicating a need for research to further describe engagement in muscle-building exercise among adolescents.

Pumping iron for strength and power: prisoners’ perceptions of a stable body

ABSTRACT Prior studies emphasise that prisons are violent places and strong social hierarchies exist between inmates. Against the background that a large number of inmates engage in strength training, this paper explores the significance of self-organised weight training and muscle building by reconstructing the meanings and relevance of these activities particularly with regard to power relations and social hierarchy formation. Using an ethnographic approach, the study is based on 80 field visits over 27 months in a German prison and 19 problem-centred interviews with male prisoners. The material shows that social hierarchies among inmates are largely based on physical strength and often manifest in acts of violence. In addition, inmates frequently face minor provocations, verbally or physically, that establish relations of dominance and submission. Interviewees interpret a stable, muscular body in combination with a self-confident, sometimes deliberately grim appearance as a signal that one is determined to defend oneself and does not serve as an easy victim. Accordingly, inmates see it as a necessity to build up muscle strength, which is why all forms of strength training are extremely popular within the prison. However, since the prison studied here actually forbids weight training with barbells, prisoners have to find informal ways and sometimes trick guards when carrying out muscle building exercises. It is concluded that weight training can best be understood as a functional adaptation to the prison context with its widespread aggression and (fear of) violence.

몸통 안정화 기법을 동반한 런지동작이 하지 근활성도에 미치는 영향

This study is an experimental study that uses the Abdominal Draw-In Maneuver (ADIM) and Abdominal Bracing Maneuver (ABM) to determine the effects of leg muscle-building exercises. The experiment was conducted on 40 normal people in their 20s who had no special problems or pain in the musculoskeletal and nervous systems. Muscle activities of lower extremity, including rectus femoris (RF), biceps femoris (BF), tibialis anterior (TA), and gastrocnemius, were measured during lunge exercise with ADIM and ABM. The study found that the muscle activity of TA was significantly higher during lunge exercise with ADIM compared to the baseline, with an average of 377.025 ㎶, and an average of 262.022 ㎶, respectively. However, the muscle activities of RF, BF, and gastrocnemius was not significant in the application of general lunge, ADIM, and ABM. The results of this study suggest that lunge exercise with the ADIM can be used to improve TA. Further studeis require the involvement of patients with weakened leg muscles in order to warrant the results of this study.

Muscle-Building Exercise and Weapon Carrying and Physical Fighting Among U.S. Adolescent Boys

Muscle-Building Exercise and Weapon Carrying and Physical Fighting Among U.S. Adolescent Boys

Muscle-Building Exercise and Weapon Carrying and Physical Fighting Among U.S. Adolescent Boys.

This study aimed to determine the association between engagement in muscle-building exercise and weapon carrying and physical fighting among adolescent boys. Cross-sectional data from the 2019 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (U.S.) were analyzed (N = 4120). Muscle-building exercise was assessed based on the number of days reported in the past 7days, recategorized into four levels of engagement (no engagement [0days], low engagement [1-2days], moderate engagement [3-5days], and high engagement [6-7days]). Three forms of weapon carrying (general, on school grounds, gun carrying) and two forms of physical fighting (general, on school grounds) were assessed. Five logistic regression analyses with adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to determine the association between engagement in muscle-building exercise and weapon carrying and physical fighting, while adjusting for relevant demographic and control variables. Over 75% of participants reported engaging in muscle-building exercise. One in five (19.8%) participants reported any general weapon carrying in the past 30days, 3.3% reported any weapon carrying at school in the past 30days, 6.5% reported any gun carrying in the past 12months, 28.0% reported any general physical fighting in the past 12months, and 10.7% reported any physical fighting at school in the past 12months. Logistic regressions showed that, compared to no engagement, participants who reported high engagement of muscle-building exercise had higher odds of general weapon carrying (AOR 2.18, 95% CI 1.54-3.07), gun carrying (AOR 2.12, 95% CI 1.23-3.64), and general physical fighting (AOR 2.07, 95% CI 1.53-2.79). These are novel findings that add to a growing literature related to engagement in muscularity-oriented behaviors among males. Prevention and intervention efforts are needed to ensure that adolescent boys engage in muscle-building exercise in ways that are not harmful and to reduce weapon carrying and physical fighting.

Associations between muscle-building exercise and alcohol use behaviors among adolescent boys: Results from the 2019 Youth Risk Behavior Survey.

To explore the association between muscle-building exercise (MBE) and alcohol use behaviors among adolescent boys. Data from the 2019 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (N = 4120) were analyzed using multiple logistic regressions. A greater number of days of MBE in the past week was associated with higher odds of four alcohol use behaviors, including recent alcohol use and binge drinking. Findings extend prior research showing relationships between team sports participation and alcohol use behaviors. This study is the first to examine associations between MBE and alcohol use behaviors among adolescent boys.

The Design and Effect Evaluation of the Training Program of Body-Building Exercises

Imagery Training way is irreplaceable not only because it’s an effective way of training in Populace Aerobics teaching, but it plays an essential role in helping students practise it. Based upon Delphi Method, Imagery Analysis and Factor Analysis as its theoretical foundations, this paper demonstrates advantages of Image Group Training. On the basis of various ways of teaching, this paper puts forward specific designs in training and teaching of aerobics, to stimulate the enthusiasm for students to learn movement in series and enhance the memory in their brains more effectively. It turns out that,more ways associated with imagery training could be applied into aerobics in series,which can make it easier for students to master the movement, and increase the preciseness and proficiency as well.

Impacts of Androgen Abuse and Overtraining on Endocrine Profile in Bodybuilders

Abuse of androgens and overtraining expose bodybuilders to multifactorial stress influences related to endocrine activity. Endocrine responses in 23 bodybuilder athletes were investigated after a strength training period, during which they were taking high doses of androgenic-anabolic steroids. Serum concentrations of TSH, T3, and T4 were unchanged significantly. Serum LH and FSH concentrations decreased dramatically (P&lt;0.05). In addition, low mean concentration of serum testosterone was recorded, with more substantial reduction in participants of elder ages. The multiple regression model used in this analysis supported this inference. On the other hand, a positive association was observed between levels of blood lipids (total cholesterol, triglyceride) and the outcome predictor (mean serum testosterone level). The results also suggested a negative correlation between testosterone level and each of age and HDL level. The current study shows that excessive bodybuilding exercise has an impact on the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis in top-level athletes. Also, simultaneous usage of anabolic steroids induces extreme shifts in the hypothalamic-pituitary–gonadal (HPGA) axis, which is reflected as changes in testosterone level, development of the overtraining syndrome, and adverse influences on hormonal control.

Impact of muscle mass on blood glucose level.

At present, diabetes is one of the leading causes of mortality across the world. It was hypothesized that muscle mass could have a significant influence on blood glucose level and this corelation if established successfully could pave way for novel treatment modalities for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In the present study, the association between muscle mass and blood glucose level was examined in a healthy population who was not having T2DM at baseline and was undergoing a regular course of exercise. The clinical study was performed involving 53 healthy male populations between 10 and 60years of age. The participants were sampled in accordance with the quantitative experimental study design, using nonprobability sampling techniques. The independent variable measured among the subjects included muscle mass and blood glucose level, using bioelectrical impedance and a simple glucometer respectively. Subgroup analysis amongst different substantial parameters including body mass index (BMI), myostatin inhibitor usage, and age factor that could affect the muscle mass and glucose level correlation were also studied simultaneously. The study findings demonstrated a negative correlation between muscle mass and glucose utilization levels. There was a significant difference in the mean muscle mass of the participants which was 36.2453, and the mean glucose utilization level which was 15.1493%. Pearson correlation between the muscle mass and percentage of glucose utilization of the participants indicated a significant difference (since p-value <0.05) between these two studied parameters. The study finding suggests an inverse association of the skeletal muscle mass with blood glucose level which encourages the implication of muscle-building exercises as the preventive measure for T2DM.

A study on the development of joint tracking-based exercise contents technology for improving the strength of older people

Currently, Korea's population is aging rapidly, and there is a lot of interest in the area of life in old age. Especially, as you get older, your ability to exercise gradually decreases, and you need to exercise continuously for your health. As a result, Korea older people exercise more than welfare powerhouse Japan. However, recently studies show that physical function lags even further. The results are based on a lack of diversity in motion. In Korea, people enjoy walking, hiking, and riding bicycles, but in Japan, there is a difference in the quality of exercise such as muscle-building exercise class, ball exercise, and underwater exercise. The old Korean ways of exercising are all high-intensity sports, but some do not know whether the purpose is for social club purposes. In this paper, real-time joint tracking using a single camera and deep learning was carried out to study the development direction of content that can measure or improve exercise ability to improve actual muscle strength.

The effect of ginseng supplementation on anabolic index, muscle strength, body composition, and testosterone and cortisol response to acute resistance exercise in male bodybuilders

Summary Aims Bodybuilders are among the athletes who are more likely to take nutritional supplements such as ginseng. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ginseng supplementation on anabolic index, muscle strength, body composition, and testosterone (T) and cortisol (C) response to acute resistance exercise in male bodybuilders. Methods In a pretest–posttest control group design, twenty male bodybuilders were randomly divided into two experimental (EG, n = 10) and control (CG, n = 10) groups. The assessments were carried out in three stages: pre-supplementation (Pre-S), post-supplementation (Post-S), and post-exercise (Post-Ex = after a bodybuilding exercise session as acute resistance exercise). General characteristics of subjects, muscle strength, body composition and blood levels of T and C were measured. The supplementation period was six weeks (two ginseng capsules, twice daily, times of ingestion). The CG group also consumed similar capsules containing starch. Analyses of variances with repeated measures were used to test the significance of changes of variables between three stages of the assessment. P Results Ginseng supplementation has no significant effects on C (P = 0.059), anabolic index (T/C ratio, P = 0.463), body mass index (P = 0.182), waist to hip ratio (P = 0.828), and muscle strength (bench press P = 0.684, leg press P = 0.717), while it significantly decreased T levels after acute resistance exercise (EG: Pre-S 4.87 ± 2.54, Post-S 4.80 ± 2.46, Post-Ex 4.17 ± 2.85 ng/mL, CG: Pre-S 4.15 ± 1.36, Post-S 3.73 ± 1.30, Post-Ex 4.46 ± 1.40 ng/mL, P = 0.026) in male bodybuilders. Conclusion It does not appear that six weeks ginseng supplementation simultaneously with bodybuilding exercises has an extra effect on anabolic index, muscle strength and body composition in male bodybuilders, but it does have a decreasing effect on T levels response to acute resistance exercise.

Sports and recreation facilities in schools – history and present state

The tradition of school sports facilities has its roots in ancient civilizations, primarily in ancient Greece. The preserved ruins of gymnasiums at Delphi, Olympia, Millet, Priene, Dedina, Pergamon, Ephesus or Thermessos, document well that sports facilities were a major part of the education system. They served not only for students and sports training but were opened to the public, used for social gatherings, political meetings and disputes. Contemporary school sports facilities derived from the 19th-century concept of the school’s educational program. It also included the indoor and outdoor physical education classes and facilities used for ‘body-building exercises’ - as it was named. In Poland, according to the current basic curriculum of the Ministry of National Education, the goal of physical education is to shape the long life habit of physical activity. The school activities should develop the appropriate interests and attitudes of students. Therefore, school activities should meet the needs, interests and abilities of the individual student as fully as possible. The present regulations of the Ministry of Education demand, that such classes should take place in a well-equipped sports hall or on a school playground.