Body Alignment Research Articles

Postural and craniocervical dysfunctions and their relationship to the voice of women with cervical pain

Introduction: Altered body alignment may contribute to the onset of muscle hypertension in the cervical region. Alterations in the cervical region can generate several complications, including pain and hypertension during phonation. Objective: To relate the postural with functional alterations of the craniocervical region and the voice of women complaining of musculoskeletal pain in the cervical region. Methods: Case study with ten women complaining of cervical pain. Assessments: Craniocervical Dysfunction Index, photogrammetry, maximum vowel phonation time of the vowel /a/, and sound pressure level. Results: Craniocervical Dysfunction Index: 100% dysfunction. Maximum phonation time /a/: 100% decreased. There was a moderate significant positive correlation between these variables. Photogrammetry: all participants presented alterations in the calculated alignments. Sound pressure level: 90% altered. Conclusion: There were postural and functional dysfunctions in the craniocervical region and vocal alteration, suggesting that vocal imbalances are more related to functional than postural alterations of the craniocervical region.

Experience in Clinical Operation of New Rotating Gamma System (RGS) for Cranial Stereotactic Radiosurgery

The objective of this study is to develop a quality assurance program to implement for the new Rotating Gamma System (RGS) in stereotactic surgery. Our experience supports the reliability of the operation of the hardware and software pertaining to RGS to deliver precise treatment to patients. This rotating gamma system with thirty Cobalt-60 sources with an initial total activity of 7465.5 Ci is in operation as the second unit in the USA. The source body and collimator body are synchronously rotating during the treatment procedure with a precise alignment. The radiation exposure is controlled by ON/OFF switches, which are automatically regulated by the computerized control system along with the precision table movement. Machine parameters such as output constancy, radiation isocentricity, alignment of collimator and source bodies, the accuracy of table positioning coordinate system, operation of the ON/OFF switches are independently verified as a part of pre-treatment quality assurance procedure using Ion chambers and Gaf-chromic film. Consistency of the Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM), Penumbra 80-20% (P80-20%) are monitored periodically. Point dose to an acrylic phantom is calculated in Infini Superplan 4.2.118, and the dose is compared to the measured value. Periodic end-to-end testing is performed to verify the geometrical positioning of the shots and evaluating the MRI fiducials. End-to-End tests and other complicated patient plans are monitored using MAX-HD Head SRS dosimetric Phantom analysis. The interlock tests are performed before the commencement of the treatment as a part of a quality assurance procedure. Mechanical and radiation geometrical iso-center for all collimators (Diameter: 18mm, 14mm, 8mm, and 4mm) with all gamma angles (70, 90, and 100) are less than 0.16mm. Error in output factors(OF) and alignment of collimator and source body ratio(ACSR) is within 0.511±0.393% and 1.527±1.168% on average, respectively. FWHM and P80-20% for each collimator are within an acceptable range in comparison to the acceptance and commissioning data. The verification of the delivered point dose is found to be less than 4.7%. Patient treatment on this unit started on April 22, 2019 and up to date, 125 patients have been treated successfully. Fifty or more cases with multiple metastasis have been treated, and patients with a single metastasis, Trigeminal neuralgia, Meningioma, schwannoma, Acoustic Neuroma have completed treatment. The downtime of the system is minimal. With sub-millimeter accuracy, this new rotating gamma system is accurate, reliable, and shows safe delivery of the radiation dose for cranial stereotactic radiosurgery. A periodic Quality assurance procedure is important to assure the proper monitoring of this dynamic system.

Analysis of the influence of the seat foam density in the posture of hemiplegic wheelchair users using computerized photogrammetry

The use of a wheelchair after a stroke is often necessary, and this device can assist in support and proper positioning in sitting posture. However, there is not much scientific evidence proving the benefits of adaptations in wheelchairs for individuals with a motor and sensory impairments, mainly those with hemiplegia. The aim of this study is to assess whether adaptation with foam of different densities is effective in improving the sitting posture of hemiplegic wheelchair users. The study was carried out on 18 participants (seven female and eleven male), hemiplegics, wheelchair users and with an average age = 61. The computerized photogrammetry technique was used to analyze the posture of the participants sitting in foams of different densities. In order to perform the statistical analysis, the Shapiro–Wilk hypothesis test was used to assess the normality of the data. The results highlight the improvement not only in pelvic alignment, but also the trunk and head using different combinations of density foam seats. In addition, the results suggest that the use of densities 33 kg/m3 and 40 kg/m3 is sufficient to have a better body alignment.

Trapezoidal Vertebral Body and Spine-Pelvis Sagittal Alignment in Patients with Lumber Spondylolisthesis.

BackgroundTrapezoidal changes of the vertebral body are more common in patients with lumbar spondylolisthesis than in others. However, we lack an understanding of factors predisposing to the development of a marked trapezoidal deformity. Also, no associations between a trapezoidal vertebrae (TV) and spine-pelvis sagittal parameters have been previously reported.Material/MethodsA total of 73 subjects with lumbar spondylolisthesis were enrolled and we collected their clinical data. Vertebral body parameters and spine-pelvis sagittal alignment parameters were measured via lumbar spine X-ray. Using the lumbar index (LI), patients were divided into a TV group (LI ≤0.8, n=24) and a control group (LI >0.8, n=49). The clinical data and spine-pelvic sagittal parameters of the 2 groups were compared using the t test or chi-squared test. Pearson’s correlation analysis and multiple linear regression were used to determine relationships among the parameters.ResultsThe TV and control groups differed significantly in terms of the slipped segment, extent of slippage, intervertebral disc height (IDH), and sagittal parameters (all P<0.05). Pearson’s correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis showed that the slipped segment (r=−0.606), extent of slippage (r=−0.660), and IDH (r=0.698) were risk factors for the development of a TV body. Also, vertebral trapezoidal deformation was closely associated with sagittal parameters.ConclusionsThe vertebral body affected by lumbar spondylolisthesis exhibits a trapezoidal change closely associated with the slipped segment, the extent of slippage, and IDH. The TV group exhibited greater pelvic incidence values and lumbar lordosis, which may have caused wedging of the slipped vertebra.

Super-Resolution Microscopy and FIB-SEM Imaging Reveal Parental Centriole-Derived, Hybrid Cilium in Mammalian Multiciliated Cells.

Motile cilia are cellular beating machines that play a critical role in mucociliary clearance, cerebrospinal fluid movement, and fertility. In the airways, hundreds of motile cilia present on the surface of a multiciliated epithelia cell beat coordinately to protect the epithelium from bacteria, viruses, and harmful particulates. During multiciliated cell differentiation, motile cilia are templated from basal bodies, each extending a basal foot-an appendage linking motile cilia together to ensure coordinated beating. Here, we demonstrate that among the many motile cilia of a multiciliated cell, a hybrid cilium with structural features of both primary and motile cilia is harbored. The hybrid cilium is conserved in mammalian multiciliated cells, originates from parental centrioles, and its cellular position is biased and dependent on ciliary beating. Furthermore, we show that the hybrid cilium emerges independently of other motile cilia and functions in regulating basal body alignment.

골반교정운동이 댄스스포츠선수들의 신체정렬과 동작의 안정성에 미치는 영향

본 연구는 5년 이상의 경력의 골반의 불균형과 그로 인한 통증을 가진 댄스스포츠 라틴 선수들을 대상으로 골반교 정운동 프로그램에 참여한 그룹과 골반교정운동 프로그램 비 참여 그룹의 운동 프로그램 전과 후의 신체정렬과 동작의 안정성에 미치는 효과를 확인하는데 본 연구의 목적이 있다. 연구대상자는 (사)대한민국댄스스포츠연맹의 광주광역시 와 전라북도 소속 5년 이상 경력의 골반불균형으로 인한 통증을 가진 댄스스포츠 선수들을 대상으로 하며, 운동집단(n = 7)과 비교집단(n = 7)으로 구분하여 총 10주간의 골반교정운동 프로그램을 통해 신체정렬과 동작수행 시 통증유무를 측정 비교하였다. (주)엑스바디의 엑스바디 장비를 통하여 피험자들의 골반불균형을 비롯한 신체부정렬을 측정하였다. 실험은 10주간의 기간 동안 이루어졌으며 골반교정운동을 시행하는 그룹은 주 5회 하루 1회, 30분으로 구성된 프로그램 을 실시하였다. 측정항목은 골반의 좌․우 높이의 차이, 기울기 각도, 좌․우 어깨 높이의 차이, 좌․우 무릎 높이의 차이를 확인하였다. 댄스스포츠 선수들에게 10주간의 실험을 실시한 결과, 운동을 실시한 그룹에서 골반 좌․우의 높이 차이, 골반 좌․우의 기울기 차이, 어깨의 좌․우 높이 차이에서 통계적으로 유의한 변화를 보이지 않았다. 그러나 본 연구에서 실시한 골반교정과 관련한 동작수행의 안정성에 대해 주관적인 설문을 실시한 결과, 긍정적인 변화를 보였다. 또한 운동그룹과 비교그룹의 사전․사후 통증 부위를 비교한 결과, 운동그룹에서 긍정적인 변화를 보였다.

Multi-combined 3D-QSAR, docking molecular and ADMET prediction of 5-azaindazole derivatives as LRRK2 tyrosine kinase inhibitors

The enzyme Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) has become a target of therapeutic interest in Parkinson research.Athree-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationships(3D-QSAR) study was performed on twenty six azaindazole derivatives as LRRK2 inhibitorsobtained using rigid body alignment (Distill). CoMFA and CoMSIA model shave achieved high activity-descriptor relationship efficiency of 96% and 93% as shown by the regression-coefficient (R2=0.961 and 0.933) and were found statistically significant with cross validated coefficient (Q2 CV= 0.625 and 0.554), respectively.3D-QSAR models were externally validated by a test set of sixbioactive compounds showing satisfactory predicted correlation coefficient (R2 pred) of 0.865 and 0.853 for CoMFA and CoMSIA models, respectively. Besides, Y-randomization test was also performed to ensure the robustness of the obtained3D-QSAR models. This study provides valuable clues to design new compounds against LRRK2. Docking studies suggested that the ligand (new designed compound C2) has more potential than the ligand of reference 4K4 and confirm the obtained results from 3D-QSAR studies. Furthermore, the newly designed compounds and ligand of reference 4K4 were analyzed for their ADMET properties and drug likeness. These results would be of great help in leading optimization for developing new anti-Parkinson drug. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

The Effect of Wearing a Customized Mouthguard on Body Alignment and Balance Performance in Professional Basketball Players.

The present study examined the influence of a customized mouthguard on body alignment and balance performance in professional basketball players. Twenty-three professional male basketball players, aged 25.8 ± 8.6 years old, were voluntarily assigned to participate in three treatments, including no treatment (no mouthguard), acute treatment (wearing a mouthguard), and repeated treatments (8 weeks follow-up). Body alignment status, such as spinal and pelvic posture and balance performance, were measured at each time point using a 3D Formetric III (Germany) and a postural control device (Posturomed 202, Germany), respectively. A repeated MANOVA analysis with a Bonferroni post hoc test was applied, and the adjusted p-value was set at 0.02. No significant treatment effect was observed in body alignment (p = 0.302). However, univariate analysis showed a significant difference in pelvic torsion, where it was decreased after acute and repeated mouthguard treatments compared to no treatment (p < 0.001). Kyphotic angle also increased significantly following 8 weeks of treatment compared to no treatment (p < 0.001) and acute treatment (p < 0.002). There was a significant treatment effect on balance performance (p < 0.001). Both static and dynamic balance performance improved following 8 weeks of treatment (p < 0.001). Our study revealed that a customized mouthguard provides a benefit to balance performance. Notably, repeated treatment impacts on balance performance more than acute treatment. Although our findings did not show a significant effect on body alignment, some positive results, such as pelvic torsion and kyphotic angle, may provide substantial information for developing future longitudinal studies with large sample sizes.

Postural control of size of the feet of children in school age

Introduction: Postural control is the interaction between the systems, the central nervous and the musculoskeletal, based on information from the system somatosensory, vestibular and visual, to capture and control the body segments, alignments and movements. The studies reporting that data the anthropometric influence on the postural control, among the findings arte the characteristics of the feet, such as foot size and type. The gold standard instrument of evaluation of postural control is the force platform (PF). Objective: To determine the correlation between postural control and the length of the feet in students with eight years old. Method: Cross-sectional Study with convenience sample with students enrolled in schools of the city of Londrina/PR. The collection consisted of personal identification, anthropometric data, and assessment of postural control on the FP. The body mass was obtained by means of weighing on a digital scale, stature was measured using a tape measure and the length of the feet was measured by means of a tape measure positioned in the calcaneus until the end of the first finger. The evaluation of the postural control was in unipodal support, 30 seconds permanence, three attempts with one-minute interval between them. Results: We evaluated 346 school, 180 (52%) female and 166 (48%) were male. Leg preference was to the right on 224 (64.7%), and the median length of feet was of 0.21 (0.21/0.22) (m). The children presented themselves in the position one-leg area of the COP 13.41±6.77 (cm2 ). The correlation of COP with size of the feet has been identified, but considered to be low (p=0.000 and r= 0.224). Conclusion: The correlation between the postural control and the length of the feet was low, since the complex mechanism in which other intrinsic factors and extrinsic are also able to influence it.

Prevalence of temporomandibular disorder and its relation with plantar pressures in university students of health-related courses

Background: The temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are changes that occur at the structures that compose the temporomandibular joint. Changes in the temporomandibular complex provoke adaptations throughout the muscular system, which generate postural alterations, modifying the body biomechanics and interfering with their body alignment. Objective: To verify the prevalence of TMD in university students, and to analyze the plantar pressures of subjects with and without TMD. Methods: This research was approved by the Ethics Committee with number: 2.407.595. The 68 students of physiotherapy and dentistry courses were evaluated through the “Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders” and through baropodometry. Plantar pressures of students were compared using the Mann-Whitney test. Results: 71% of the university students presented some type of TMD. Most subjects with TMD presented their pressure center located in the hindfoot contralateral to the disorder. Conclusion: There was no significant difference (p≥0.05) between the plantar pressures of the students with and without TMD.

The Effect Of Renewal Massage And Modified Squat Exercise On Body Alignment In Genu Varum Patients

PURPOSE: This study evaluates the effect on body alignment three weeks after massage and squat exercise in patients with genu varum. METHODS: Twenty-one participants with genu varum have participated in the study and randomly assigned into 3 groups: renewal massage group(n=7), modified squart exercising group(n=8), and controlled group(n=6). A renewal massage is a full body massage that begins with the central part of the body and proceeds with the whole body. Renewal massage and modified squats exercising were carried out for three weeks, five times a week, and 40 minutes per week. Dependent variables were C-spine angle, T-spine angle, L-spine angle, sacral inclination angle, femoral-tibial angle of both right and left. Descriptive analyses including mean and standard deviation were computed for all variables using SPSS/PC ver 18.0, and the group mean difference was analyzed as ANCOVA with the pre-test values as covariates. The post-hoc test was performed with the least significant difference (LSD). The significance level set at .05. RESULTS: The ANCOVA result indicated that after controlling for differences in pre-test values, there was a significant difference in the sacral inclination angle (F[2,17] = 3.590, p<.05). The post-hoc test result showed that the renewal massage group(19.86 ± 3.18) has lower mean than control group(34.63 ± 4.07). No statistical significance difference was found on C-spine angle, T-spine angle, L-spine angle, femoral-tibial angle of both right and left. CONCLUSIONS: The three-weeks renewal massage seems to have differed only in the sacral inclination angle. Further studies are warranted to examine the effect of dose-response relationship (i.e., changing the duration and frequency) for the renewal massage.

The Effect of Pilates Core Exercise on Body Alignment

Purpose: Pilates has become popular among patients as well as the general public as a way of strengthening the core. Core-strengthening exercises affect spinal stabilization, resulting in a change in body alignment, but there is limited research on this. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of a pilates core exercise program on the sagittal and forehead body alignment of 20 adult female participants with abnormal body alignment. Methods: participants completed a six-part pilates core exercise program for 60 minutes a day three times a week for a total of 16 weeks that included: 1) hundreds, 2) roll-up and -down, 3) leg circle, 4) breaststroke prep, 5) leg pull front with push-up plus position, and 6) half roll back. Results: When the body alignment was measured for the front, back, and side of the body using an exbody® analyzer to compare the results before versus after the intervention using the paired t-test, the measurements became closer to the ideal body alignment on the forehead and sagittal plane (p < 0.05), while the difference in left–right symmetry was also significantly reduced (p < 0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, we confirmed here that the pilates core exercise has a positive effect on body alignment.

Validating the dance fundamental movement skills assessment for balance

ABSTRACT The Dance Fundamental Movement Skills Assessment (DFMS-A) examines fundamental movement skills as described by Footprints Dance Project in their teaching resource: Footprints Movement Tool. It was designed to inform teaching practice, highlighting students’ strengths and weaknesses. In addition to providing holistic assessment for the whole dancer, the DFMS-A provides an extended score range encompassing the higher level of corporal expectation demanded of dancers, as opposed to pass/fail metrics (normal/abnormal). The current study aims to evaluate the validity and reliability of the balance component of the DFMS-A using a sample population from the University. The DFMS-A was compared with three standard physical assessments of balance: Y balance test, Single Leg Stance (SLS) test, and Functional reach test. Pearson Correlations demonstrated significant correlations between the DFMS-A and Y balance and SLS tests respectively (r = 0.745–0.974; p < 0.008), with minimal correlation found with the Functional Reach test. Intra-rater reliability was tested 1.5 years after the original assessment was completed, and demonstrated high reliability (>85%). These positive results support the use of the DFMS-A as a comprehensive balance assessment with more depth than current tests, suggesting it may warrant further testing in other aspects of functional movement such as weight transfer and body alignment.

The effect of spine correction training combined with vibration stimulation on body alignment and balance

The effect of spine correction training combined with vibration stimulation on body alignment and balance

Is the Spinal Instability Neoplastic Score Accurate and Reliable in Predicting Vertebral Compression Fractures for Spinal Metastasis? A Systematic Review and Qualitative Analysis.

Spinal metastases can present with varying degrees of mechanical instability. The Spinal Instability Neoplastic Score (SINS) was developed as a tool to assess spinal neoplastic-related instability while helping to guide referrals among oncology specialists. Some previous papers suggested that the SINS was accurate and reliable, while others disagreed with this opinion. We performed a systematic review regarding the SINS to evaluate its accuracy and precision in predicting vertebral compression fractures (VCFs). The 21 included studies investigated a total of 2118 patients. Thirteen studies dealt with the accuracy of SINS to predict post-radiotherapy VCFs, and eight dealt with the precision. Among 13 studies, 11 agreed that the SINS categories showed statistically significant accuracy in predicting VCF. Among eight studies, body collapse was effective for predicting VCFs in six studies, and alignment and bone lesion in two studies. Location has no statistical significance in predicting VCFs in any of the eight studies. The precision of SINS categories was substantial to excellent in six of eight studies. Among the six components of the SINS, the majority of the included studies reported that location showed near perfect agreement; body collapse, alignment, and posterolateral involvement showed moderate agreement; and bone lesion showed fair agreement. Bone lesion showed significant accuracy in predicting VCFs in half of eight studies, but displayed fair reliability in five of seven studies. Although location was indicated as having near perfect reliability, the component showed no accuracy for predicting VCFs in any of the studies and deleting or modifying the item needs to be considered. The SINS system may be accurate and reliable in predicting the occurrence of post-radiotherapy VCFs for spinal metastasis. Some components seem to be substantially weak and need to be revised.

Anterior pelvic plane tilt poorly estimates the sagittal body alignment due to internal rotation of innominate bone

This study investigated the influence of the rotation of innominate bone on anterior pelvic plane (APP) tilt, the angle formed by the APP, and coronal plane of the body to determine whether the provision of proper information about the sagittal balance of the body by the value of the APP tilt (APPT). In total, 244 patients (171 females, 73 males) who were candidates for total hip or knee arthroplasty, periacetabular osteotomy, or shelf arthroplasty were included. The rotational angle of the innominate bone was quantified using computed tomography images at the level of the anterior superior, and anterior inferior iliac spine, and ischiopubic portion. Clustering analysis was performed to identify subtypes of innominate bone rotation. High, intermediate, and low internal rotational alignment groups were identified in females, characterized by rotational angles. Males were treated as one group, and no intergroup differences were observed in sacral slope (SS) and pelvic incidence. However, intergroup differences in APPT were found, indicating a variation in APPT irrespective of sagittal body balance. A negligible relationship between SS and APPT was observed in the high-internal-rotation group, intermediate-internal-rotation group, and male group, whereas a moderate correlation found in the low-internal-rotation group (r = .59). The results could suggest surgeons that the value of the APPT provides no information on the sagittal balance; therefore, it may be ignored for acetabular component positioning during preoperative planning for total hip arthroplasty.

Monitoring Improvement in Infantile Cerebral Palsy Patients Using the 4DBODY System-A Preliminary Study.

Monitoring the patient’s condition during rehabilitation is the key to success in this form of treatment. This is especially important in patients with infantile cerebral palsy (ICP). Objective assessment can be achieved through modern optical measurement techniques. The 4DBODY system allows to capture dynamic movement with high accuracy. Eight patients with ICP participated in the study. The group underwent therapy lasting seven days using neurodevelopmental treatment (NDT) and functional training (FT). The patients’ condition was monitored by the 4DBODY system. The measurements were taken three times: before the therapy, after, and then again after one week. We have developed the Trunk Mobility in the Frontal Plane Index (TMFPI) for its assessment. The results were compared with a score obtained using the Gross Motor Function Measure scale (GMFM 88). An improvement of the TMFPI parameter was observed in five patients, inconsistent results in two and deterioration in one. The reference GMFM score was higher in all patients relative to pre-treatment values. We found that surface scanning with the 4DBODY system allows to precisely track body movement in ICP patients. The decrease in the TMFPI parameter reflects the improvement in the dysfunction of body alignment, balance and symmetry of movement on the L and R body side.

When Task Constraints Delimit Movement Strategy: Implications for Isolated Joint Training in Dancers.

Athletic performance is determined by numerous variables that cannot always be controlled or modified. Due to aesthetic requirements during sports such as dance, body alignment constrains possible movement solutions. Increased power transference around the ankle-joint, coupled with lower hip-joint power, has become a preferential strategy in dancers during leaps and may be considered a dance-specific stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) demand. Newell's theoretical model of interacting constraints includes organismic (or individual), environmental, and task constraints describing the different endogenous and exogenous constraints individuals must overcome for movement and athletic performance. The unique task constraints imposed during dance will be used as a model to justify an isolated joint, single-targeted block progression training to improve physical capacity within the context of motor behavior to enhance dance-specific SSC performance. The suggested ankle-specific block progression consists of isometrics, dynamic constant external resistance, accentuated eccentrics, and plyometrics. Such programming tactics intend to collectively induce tendon remodeling, muscle hypertrophy, greater maximal strength, improved rate of force development, increased motor unit firing rates, and enhanced dynamic movement performance. The current perspective provides a dualistic approach and justification (physiological and motor behavioral) for specific strength and conditioning programming strategies. We propose implementation of a single-targeted block progression program, inspired by Newell's theoretical model of interacting constraints, may elicit positive training adaptations in a directed manner in this population. The application of Newell's theoretical model in the context of a strength and conditioning supports development of musculoskeletal properties and control and is conceptually applicable to a range of athletes.

FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENT AND DYNAMIC BALANCE IN ENTRY LEVEL UNIVERSITY DANCERS

Dance requires integration and synergy between movement, postural stability, and body alignment to effectively execute the technical and aesthetic requirements of the performance. Evaluation of movement competency and dynamic balance provides opportunity to identify dysfunctional movement which may negatively impact both artistic and technical aspects of dance performance. Investigation of the relationships between movement competency and postural control may aid in technical development, performance improvement, and ultimately injury reduction. Although the Functional Movement Screen™ (FMS™) and Y-Balance Test (YBT) have assessed movement competency in athletes, they have not been used extensively in the performing arts. The purposes of this investigation were to examine movement competency in university dancers using the FMS™ and YBT and to determine the relationship between functional movement and dynamic balance. Cross sectional. Fifteen, injury-free, female members (19.1 ± 1.18 years old) of an introductory university ballet class volunteered to participate. Pearson product correlations were used to determine relationships between variables. The mean composite FMS™ score was 15.32 ± 2.30. Shoulder mobility (SM) (r = 0.63, p = 0.01), In-line lunge (ILL) (r = 0.64, p = 0.01), and Deep Squat (DS) (r = 0.62, p = 0.01) were correlated with composite FMS™ score. Overall composite YBT score was 86.62% ± 8.17%. Reach asymmetry was 3.25 cm ± 3.53 cm (anterior), 4.06 cm ± 3.59cm (posteromedial (PM)), and 3.28cm ± 2.61cm (posterolateral (PL)). Composite FMS™ score was not correlated with composite YBT composite score (r = 0.44, p = 0.10). A moderate to good correlation was found between the ILL and YBT composite score (r = 0.64, p = 0.01). Collectively the results indicate the FMS™ and YBT do not measure the same constructs. However, the associations between individual components of the FMS™ and YBT indicate a relationship between certain movements and dynamic balance, supporting their combined use in a dancer injury risk management program. 2b.

Clinical assessments designed to measure body alignment posture in children with cerebral palsy - a systematised review

Clinical assessments designed to measure body alignment posture in children with cerebral palsy - a systematised review