Body Systems Research Articles

Medical Considerations and Consequences of Eating Disorders.

Eating disorders may result in medical complications that affect every body system with both acute and chronic consequences. Although some medical complications may require acute medical hospitalization to manage, other complications, such as low bone mineral density, may not present until malnutrition has become chronic. It is critical for team members to be aware of the early clinical signs of malnutrition and disordered eating behaviors, as well as longer-term complications that may affect their patients. When identifying eating disorder concerns, appropriate colleagues from the medical, nutrition, and psychiatric fields can be engaged in order to collaborate on stabilizing and improving the health of patients.

Post-Myocardial Infarction Rehabilitation: The Absence in the Rehabilitation Process of the Diaphragm Muscle.

Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. There can be many reasons that cause MI, such as a sedentary lifestyle, a disordered diet, harmful habits such as smoking and alcoholism, concomitant congenital or acquired systemic pathologies. Patients who survive the acute event suffer a functional alteration of multiple body systems. The various cardiology associations recommend starting a rehabilitation process, pursuing the main objective of improving the patient's health status. A negative consequence that can be linked to MI is the dysfunction of the main breathing muscle, the diaphragm. The diaphragm is essential not only for respiratory mechanisms but also for adequate production of cardiac pressures. Post-MI patients present a reduction in the performance of the diaphragm muscle, and this condition can become a risk factor for further relapses or for the onset of heart failure. The article reviews the rehabilitation path for post-MI patients, to highlight the absence given to the diaphragm in the recovery of the patient's health status. The text reviews the post-MI diaphragmatic adaptation to highlight the importance of including targeted training for the diaphragm muscle in the rehabilitation process.

Distributed Dispatching Optimization based on Consistency Theory for Smart Grid

Abstract The energy management issue of a smart grid is the key to the efficient and stable operation of a smart grid. Due to the large number of distributed energy sources connected, the centralized dispatch method is no longer applicable, and the smart grid uses distributed algorithms for dispatch. In this paper, based on modeling and analysis of the smart grid dispatch problem, the distributed dispatch algorithm is designed by combining the consistency theory in multi-intelligent body systems. First, the distributed scheduling algorithm is designed under ideal communication conditions. Then, the correctness of the algorithm is verified in the MATLAB simulation platform under two conditions without considering the generator set output constraint and considering the generator set output constraint. The analysis of the study simulation results shows that the optimal solution of the scheduling problem is obtained when the marginal costs of the generation equipment converge consistently.

Crafting Static Infographic Teaching Materials on Physical Inheritance and Evolution in Phase F to Enhance PPRA

Static infographics as a teaching material that can be used as a way to increase students' learning motivation. This study discusses the development of teaching materials in the form of static infographics of organ system material in the human body in Phase F for PPRA reinforcement. The purpose of this study was to produce valid and practical static infographic teaching materials. Based on the results of interviews with one of the Biology teachers in the teaching and learning process on the material of organ systems in the human body only uses teaching materials in the form of PowerPoint and videos taken from YouTube. As a result, students' interest in the material of the organ system in the human body is still low. The material used in this static infographic is in the form of enrichment material containing PPRA values, namely the value of being civilized (ta'abbud), balanced (tawazun), dynamic and innovative (tathawwur waibtikar), and tolerance (tasamuh). This research uses the Research and Development method, which is a study to create, produce, and develop a new product. This research uses the Plomp model in 2013 which is limited to the prototype stage. Data collection techniques were carried out using interviews, observation, documentation, and questionnaires given to respondents. Based on the results of the study, the average value of material experts, media experts, and linguists was obtained with a value of 3.61 a very valid category. And for the practicality questionnaire assessment with an average score of 3.64 with a very practical category. The results of these responses that static infographic teaching materials are valid and practical for use in the learning process.

FEATURES OF ANESTHESIA IN PATIENTS WITH SPECIAL NEEDS. PART 1

The non-medical use of cannabis can negatively impact the morpho-functional state of almost all organs and systems of the human body. During acute intoxication and established drug dependence, it can unevenly distort the effects of drugs for local and general anesthesia, leading to life-threatening complications. Part 1 of this review presents the results of acute and chronic cannabis use on homeostasis. Cerebral vasospasm and atherosclerosis are identified as major etiological factors for cannabis-related cerebrovascular diseases. Young to middle-aged individuals (30–50 years), male gender (male-to-female ratio 3.7:1), and chronic use (86%) are significant independent predictors of neurovascular toxicity, cerebral hypoperfusion, and stroke. Cannabis smoking causes damage to the respiratory mucosa similar to tobacco. Regular cannabis smokers can expect irritation of the upper respiratory tract, swelling, obstruction, chronic cough, bronchitis, lung emphysema, and bronchospasm. Some reports advocate the use of dexamethasone during surgery to alleviate these symptoms. The detrimental effects of chronic cannabis use on liver and kidney functions are somewhat overstated. Disturbances in immune system, thermoregulation, blood clotting, and carbohydrate metabolism in the absence of anesthetic precautions can significantly complicate the patient's condition in the perioperative period. Cannabinoids can interact with drugs from various groups. Awareness of the pathophysiological and biochemical consequences of cannabis use allows anesthesiologists to anticipate and effectively manage perioperative complications in this patient category

Inimical effects of Monosodium Glutamate on various systems

The study of the mechanisms of the effect of various food additives on the human and animal organism is one of the most pressing problems today. physicians, toxicologists, physiologists are aimed at studying the mechanisms of the toxic effect of food additives, as well as studying reactions in response to their ingestion. Monosodium glutamate intentionally added to food in order to keep certain properties or to extend shelf life of the food and to enhance the flavors of it. it is the most common food additive which is used in various countries. Monosodium glutamate is made up of nutritionally indispensable amino acids. This study is aimed to shed light on the available research, which had been carried out on animal and human models regarding possible effects of monosodium glutamate. This review showed that monosodium glutamate was associated with adverse side-effects on various systems of human body like obesity, diabetes, hepatotoxic, neurotoxic and genotoxic effects. Available review showed that increased consumption of monosodium glutamate may be associated with harmful health effects.

THE RELATIONSHIP OF SOCIAL SUPPORT WITH THE EVENT OF DEPRESSION POSTPARTUM

Women are prone to experiencing depression, especially in the postpartum phase. The postpartum period refers to the postpartum phase, where the reproductive organs and body systems undergo the process of returning to their pre-pregnancy form. This period begins immediately after the baby is born and lasts up to 6 weeks (40 days). This study aims to determine the relationship between social support and postpartum events. This research uses a quantitative research design with cross sectional techniques. The research focused on postpartum mothers who lived in the Mainland Work Area Health Center, North Aceh Regency. The sample was determined using a simple random sampling method, namely 60 respondents using the Slovin formula. The results of the research show that there is a relationship between social support (p-value 0.001<0.05) and the incidence of postnatal depression in the Pasir Tanah Community Health Center working area.

STRATEGIES OF TOXIC CHROMIUM (VI) MITIGATION FROM TANNERY EFFLUENTS: A REVIEW

Hexavalent chromium i.e., Cr (VI) is highly toxic and carcinogenic it enters the environment through several anthropogenic activities. It is spuriously used in various industrial operations (leather tanning, electroplating, paint and pigment production etc.) because of its hardness and stability. It is found in industrial effluents in concentrations much above the prescribed limit of the World Health Organization (50 µg/L). Detection and remediation of chromium has been the subject of research of many scientists but many previous review works have been insufficient in comprehensive information. This review conveys the basic knowledge of chromate toxicity leading to physical discomfort and sometimes life-threatening illness including irreversible damage to the vital body system in humans. Conventional methods for removing toxic chromium ions (by chemical reduction followed by precipitation, ion- exchange and adsorption on activated coal, alum, kaolinite and ash) are costly for large-scale treatment. Microbial uptake followed by reduction of toxic Cr (VI) has become very successful due to its cost-effectiveness and use as a non-toxic agent. This is referred to as bioremediation. This review emphasises various strategies for hexavalent chromium bioremediation from contaminated water. This review article, therefore, tries to highlight this aspect of bioremediation of Cr (VI) from industrial effluents by native, indigenously resident chromate-resistant bacteria.

Disease types and pathogenic mechanisms induced by PM2.5 in five human systems: An analysis using omics and human disease databases

Atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) can harm various systems in the human body. Due to limitations in the current understanding of epidemiology and toxicology, the disease types and pathogenic mechanisms induced by PM2.5 in various human systems remain unclear. In this study, the disease types induced by PM2.5 in the respiratory, circulatory, endocrine, and female and male urogenital systems have been investigated and the pathogenic mechanisms identified at molecular level. The results reveal that PM2.5 is highly likely to induce pulmonary emphysema, reperfusion injury, malignant thyroid neoplasm, ovarian endometriosis, and nephritis in each of the above systems respectively. The most important co-existing gene, cellular component, biological process, molecular function, and pathway in the five systems targeted by PM2.5 are Fos proto-oncogene (FOS), extracellular matrix, urogenital system development, extracellular matrix structural constituent conferring tensile strength, and ferroptosis respectively. Differentially expressed genes that are significantly and uniquely targeted by PM2.5 in each system are BTG2 (respiratory), BIRC5 (circulatory), NFE2L2 (endocrine), TBK1 (female urogenital) and STAT1 (male urogenital). Important disease-related cellular components, biological processes, and molecular functions are specifically induced by PM2.5. For example, response to wounding, blood vessel morphogenesis, body morphogenesis, negative regulation of response to endoplasmic reticulum stress, and response to type I interferon are the top uniquely existing biological processes in each system respectively. PM2.5 mainly acts on key disease-related pathways such as the PD-L1 expression and PD-1 checkpoint pathway in cancer (respiratory), cell cycle (circulatory), apoptosis (endocrine), antigen processing and presentation (female urogenital), and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction (male urogenital). This study provides a novel analysis strategy for elucidating PM2.5-related disease types and is an important supplement to epidemiological investigation. It clarifies the risks of PM2.5 exposure, elucidates the pathogenic mechanisms, and provides scientific support for promoting the precise prevention and treatment of PM2.5-related diseases.

Efficacy of Zingiber Officinale (ZO) in The Treatment of Lead Acetate-induced Hepatopathy in Rabbits: An Ultrastructural Assessment of Sub-acute Trial.

Lead acetate (Pb) is a hazardous heavy metal that is well-known to impair the functions of bodily systems and organs. This present study identifies the histopathological alterations that Pb toxicity causes in the liver of rabbits as well as the efficacy of ginger (Zingiber Officinale, ZO) in mitigating its negative effects. As ZO is a rich source of several antioxidants, this present study examines its ability to decrease Pb toxicity in test animals. A total of 30 rabbits were randomly divided into three groups (n = 10). The Control group was only fed distilled water, the Negative group was only fed a 2% Pb solution, while the Treated group was fed a 2% Pb solution as well as 100 mg of ZO extract per kilogram of body weight daily. Lead acetate (Pb) was found to significantly alter the histopathology of rabbit livers by increasing inflammation, fibrosis, vacuolation, and degeneration; significantly decreasing plasma superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzymatic activities; and increasing plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations. Furthermore, ZO extract not only significantly decreases the negative hepatic impacts of Pb but also prevents Pb-induced hepatopathy.

Side effects and hypersensitivity reactions to corticosteroids

The relevance of the topic under study is due to the fact that patients receiving large or repeated doses of corticosteroids often suffer from hypersensitivity reactions or side effects from taking this category of drugs. As a result, this poses a serious problem for healthcare authorities, as the scientific understanding of this phenomenon is still at an early stage. The purpose of study is to comprehensively disclose the various types of mechanisms underlying corticosteroid hypersensitivity, as well as to develop recom­mendations for more accurate methods of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of this reaction. To achieve this goal, this theoretical study used various methods, including analysis, deduction, abstraction and generalization, and the method of synthesis. The results of the study underscore the broad spectrum of applications for corticosteroid drugs in medicine, highlighting their systemic effects and potential for side effects and hypersensitivity reactions across various bodily systems. These adverse reactions encompass hyperglycemia, hypertension, respiratory issues, visual impairments, skin conditions like contact dermatitis, bone tissue complications, and behavioral disorders, notably in children. Administering cortico­steroids in COVID-19 treatment necessitates caution due to the potential for life-threatening immediate hypersensitivity reactions, which may be mistaken for disease progression. The results and conclusions of this study, which were formed using the above methods, may lead to a more accurate diagnosis of hypersensitivity to drugs such as corticosteroids, and may also contribute to the development of effective preventive measures. This study is of practical importance for dermatologists, allergists and immunologists, as well as researchers working in the field of rheumatology, allergology and immunology.

Immunometabolic risks in calves during the period of changing the type of feeding and the possibility of their pharmacological adjustment

Most diseases of young animals are initiated by pathologies of non-contagious etiology, such as disorders of degenerative processes, the imbalance of metabolism in the occurrence of which the leading role belongs to negative environmental factors. The purpose of our work was to study the state of the immune system and metabolism in calves during the period of changes in the type of feeding and the possibility of pharmacological correction of their disorders. An experiment was conducted on a dairy farm located in the Pscov’s region, the object of which was clinically healthy heifers. To conduct the experiment, using the method of selecting analogues, two groups of clinically healthy calves were formed at the age of 52 days: № 1 (control, n = 60) animals received feed in accordance with the technology, № 2 (n = 62) - in addition to basic diets, calves received three courses of 7 days with an interval of 5 days of sorption-metabolic premix at a dose of 0.20 g/kg per day. This feed additive has the properties of an enterosorbent, hepatoprotective and ruminoprotective agent, and its constituent flavonoids and humic acid affect the immune system. During the period of the experiment, i.e., from 53 to 86 days of life, calves undergo metabolic restructuring, which puts a functional load on all body systems with a corresponding risk of disruption of their functions. In particular, there is a risk of biochemical deficiency syndrome in the rumen, toxic liver dystrophy and anemia, the initiating factor of which, as our research has shown, is endogenous toxins, including proinflammatory interleukins. The administration of the phytopos-rum premix eliminated the accumulation of endotoxins and has a hepatoprotective effect, which reduces the risks of metabolic disorders, liver and bone marrow functions and digestive processes in the rumen, and increases the metabolic and immunological uniformity of the livestock.

Devising measures to reduce multi-frequency noise load on employees in machining area

The object of this study is the process of determining and managing the risks of noise exposure (NE) for employees at the mechanical department when machining metals on a drilling machine (DM). The problem relates to the increase in the risk of an employee receiving an industrial injury because of NE at the workplace of a machine tool. The impact of noise on the human body depends on the duration of exposure, the level of sound pressure, and its intensity. An important characteristic of noise is its frequency composition, as it can affect the perception of sounds and the human body. Prolonged exposure to noise can damage various systems in the human body or cause pain. Therefore, it is important to understand the impact of NE on workers and devise measures to reduce the negative impact on their health and work productivity. The research is based on real-time noise measurements followed by their decomposition into octave frequencies and modeling of noise propagation in the room with and without the use of various types and designs of soundproof barriers (SB). In the course of the study of NE propagation during drilling on the machine, an excess of noise levels at medium and high frequencies near the noise source was found. An employee who works on DM is exposed to high-frequency noise that exceeds the established normative indicators. Therefore, it is necessary to use personal protective equipment for the machine operator and install safety equipment to protect other workplaces. The use of the latter makes it possible to significantly reduce the impact of NE on workers, in particular, at low frequencies by 20.8 %, at medium frequencies by 15.6 %, and at high frequencies by 17.3 %

Trombose e amputação na COVID-19 aguda: um relato de caso

During the outbreak of COVID-19, it has been discovered that the infection was associated to increased risk of venous or arterial thromboembolic events and many other dysfunctions in various systems of human body. In relation to thrombosis, in molecular/cellular levels numerous signaling pathways due to dysregulated RAAS may contribute to the observed coagulopathy in COVID-19. On the other hand, excessive innate immune response to SARS-CoV2 for which there is no prior acquired immunity mediates various pathways that may lead to thrombosis. Case report: This case report analyzes those hematologic disfunctions in a patient affected for a post COVID-19 conditions associated to a long-term hospitalization resulting in a bunch of sequels. We emphasized the transfemoral amputation was due to proximal arterial thrombosis and the functional loss related to it. We aborted the whole rehabilitation plan and its implementation since the beginning of the process of dehospitalization. We describe the role of each professional of the multi-professional team, the pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatment, the assistive technologies applied, the other sequels related to post COVID-19 conditions and long-term hospitalization and their functional gains. We used the Functional Independence Measure (MIF) to do the follow up of the case, 84 to 96. As results of the therapeutic program, the patient could achieve a high grade of modified independence for activities of daily living (ADLS) and Instrumental activities of daily living. Conclusion: Thrombosis and amputations are complications in COVID-19 patients. The absence of a multidisciplinary program of rehabilitation will cause to the patient an increasing risk of development of psychologic affections and great impact of their social life.

Pilot study exploring artificial intelligence for facial-image-based diagnosis of Marfan syndrome

BackgroundMarfan Syndrome (MFS), a genetic disorder impacting connective tissue, manifests in a wide array of phenotypes which can affect numerous bodily systems, especially the thoracic aorta. The syndrome often presents distinct facial features that potentially allow for diagnostic clinical recognition. Herein, we explore the potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in diagnosing Marfan syndrome from ordinary facial images, as assessed by overall accuracy, F1 score, and area under the ROC curve. MethodsThis study explores the utilization of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) for MFS identification through facial images, offering a novel, non-invasive, automated, and computerized diagnostic approach. The research examines the accuracy of Neural Networks in the diagnosis of Marfan Disease from ordinary on-line facial images. The model was trained on 80 % of 672 facial images (182 Marfan and 490 control). The other 20 % of images were used as the test set. ResultsOverall accuracy was 98.5 % (0 % false positive, 2 % false negative). F1 score was 97 % for Marfan facies and 99 % for non-Marfan facies. Area under the ROC curve was 100 %. ConclusionAn Artificial Intelligence (AI) program was able to distinguish Marfan from non-Marfan facial images (from ordinary on-line photographs) with an extremely high degree of accuracy. Clinical usefulness of this program is anticipated. However, due to the limited and preliminary nature of this work, this should be viewed as only a pilot study.

Wielokierunkowy wpływ wysiłku fizycznego na układ immunologiczny u sportowców wyczynowych

The extreme physical effort and psychological stress are everyday challenges faced by athletes. The regular training results in adaptation to increasing physical effort. It contributes to changes in various organs and metabolic processes. Intense physical training has been shown to affect numerous body systems including the immune system. The aim of this paper is to present the influence of extreme physical activity on various aspects of immune response. The changes in the immune system of athletes include not only those related to blood leukocytes, but those in connection to respiratory and gut associated lymphoid tissue as well. Moreover, the immune cells play an important role in muscle regeneration after sustaining training injury. The mmunology of physicial activity – mainly extreme physical activity – is a new, not fully recognized yet field of research. The understanding of these interactions facilitates a proper training planning for different groups of athletes.

INDEX ASSESSMENT OF THE PERIODONTAL TISSUE CONDITION IN MILITARY PERSONNEL OF THE UKRAINIAN ARMED FORCES WITH INFLAMMATORY AND DYSTROPHIC-INFLAMMATORY DISEASES OF PERIODONTAL TISSUES DEPENDING ON THEIR STRESS RESISTANCE AND LEVEL OF REACTIVE ANXIETY

War has a negative impact not only on human mental health, but also manifests itself in an increase in the frequency and prevalence of pathology of organs and body systems, including the dentofacial system. One of the factors influencing the progressive growth of periodontal diseases is a high level of psychoemotional stress. Despite the large number of studies on stress, its role in the genesis of dental diseases has not been sufficiently studied. Therefore, the study of the relationship between psychoemotional state and periodontal diseases in military personnel of the Armed Forces of Ukraine is a timely and relevant subject of research. The aim of the study – To evaluate the state of periodontal tissues in military personnel of the Armed Forces of Ukraine with inflammatory and dystrophic-inflammatory diseases depending on their stress resistance and level of reactive anxiety. Materials and methods. Dental examination of military personnel of the Ukrainian Armed Forces was conducted on the basis of the Department of Pediatric Dentistry of I. Gorbachevsky TNMU. On the basis of periodontal indices (PMA, PBI, PI, PSR) the state of periodontal tissues was evaluated in 22 military personnel with chronic catarrhal gingivitis, 42 military personnel with generalized periodontitis of the initial – I degree and 36 military personnel with GP of the II degree (main group), which were divided into 4 groups according to their stress resistance and level of reactive anxiety: Group I very high stress tolerance with low level of reactive anxiety; Group II high level of stress tolerance with low level of reactive anxiety; Group III threshold level of stress tolerance with moderate level of reactive anxiety; Group IV low level of stress tolerance with high level of reactive anxiety. The obtained results were compared with the data of 37 patients of civilian specialties with periodontal diseases (comparison group). Results and discussion. As a result of the studies, it was found that in military personnel of the Ukrainian Armed Forces (main group), with an increase in psychoemotional stress, the values of periodontal indices increased, which, on average, were higher in CCG: PMA – 1,6 times, PBI – 2,0 times, PSR – 1,5 times, p<0.01; in initially I degree GP: PMA – by 1,4 times, PBI – by 2,1 times, PI – by 1,7 times, PSR – by 1,8 times; in grade II GP: PMA – by 1,5 times, PBI – by 1,4 times, PI – by 1,6 times, PSR – by 1,3 times, p<0.01, compared to similar values in the comparison group. Conclusions. Thus, as a result of the research it was found that in military patients of the Armed Forces of Ukraine with increasing psychoemotional stress the state of periodontal tissues significantly deteriorated, which was confirmed by an increase in periodontal indices, indicating the need for comprehensive treatment of the initial II degree of GP.

Full Hill-type muscle model of the I1/I3 retractor muscle complex in Aplysia californica.

The coordination of complex behavior requires knowledge of both neural dynamics and the mechanics of the periphery. The feeding system of Aplysia californica is an excellent model for investigating questions in soft body systems' neuromechanics because of its experimental tractability. Prior work has attempted to elucidate the mechanical properties of the periphery by using a Hill-type muscle model to characterize the force generation capabilities of the key protractor muscle responsible for moving Aplysia's grasper anteriorly, the I2 muscle. However, the I1/I3 muscle, which is the main driver of retractions of Aplysia's grasper, has not been characterized. Because of the importance of the musculature's properties in generating functional behavior, understanding the properties of muscles like the I1/I3 complex may help to create more realistic simulations of the feeding behavior of Aplysia, which can aid in greater understanding of the neuromechanics of soft-bodied systems. To bridge this gap, in this work, the I1/I3 muscle complex was characterized using force-frequency, length-tension, and force-velocity experiments and showed that a Hill-type model can accurately predict its force-generation properties. Furthermore, the muscle's peak isometric force and stiffness were found to exceed those of the I2 muscle, and these results were analyzed in the context of prior studies on the I1/I3 complex's kinematics in vivo.

A Comparison of Glutathione and Malondialdehyde Concentrations in Athletes Engaged in Certain Sports

Sports stimulate the body to adapt to physical activity, causing biochemical and functional metabolic changes in various systems and organs of the body due to exercise. Antioxidants and free radicals affect the biological activity of living organisms, leading to physiological changes in all body systems due to exercise. This study, conducted from December 2023 to February 2024, included 120 blood samples from male basketball (40), football (40), and volleyball (40) players ages 18-27 years, from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Tikrit University. Blood samples were collected ten minutes before and ten minutes after 70 minutes of exercise on the same day. The study found no significant differences in glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations before and after exercise among the groups. The findings suggest that the type of sport (football, basketball, or volleyball) with an anaerobic system does not significantly affect antioxidant and fat peroxidation levels, though slight variations due to increased lactic acid in muscles were noted, leading to muscle fatigue and minor changes in GSH and MDA concentrations.

Comparison of the Influence of Bisphenol A and Bisphenol S on the Enteric Nervous System of the Mouse Jejunum.

Bisphenols are dangerous endocrine disruptors that pollute the environment. Due to their chemical properties, they are globally used to produce plastics. Structural similarities to oestrogen allow bisphenols to bind to oestrogen receptors and affect internal body systems. Most commonly used in the plastic industry is bisphenol A (BPA), which also has negative effects on the nervous, immune, endocrine, and cardiovascular systems. A popular analogue of BPA-bisphenol S (BPS) also seems to have harmful effects similar to BPA on living organisms. Therefore, with the use of double immunofluorescence labelling, this study aimed to compare the effect of BPA and BPS on the enteric nervous system (ENS) in mouse jejunum. The study showed that both studied toxins impact the number of nerve cells immunoreactive to substance P (SP), galanin (GAL), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), the neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT). The observed changes were similar in the case of both tested bisphenols. However, the influence of BPA showed stronger changes in neurochemical coding. The results also showed that long-term exposure to BPS significantly affects the ENS.