BOD Values Research Articles

Evaluation of the impact of untreated cassava mill effluent on the physicochemical properties of the soil in Aba, Abia State, Nigeria.

Samples of fresh cassava effluent, cassava effluent polluted soil and unpolluted soil were collected during the rainy season to evaluate the effect on the physicochemical characteristics of the soil in Aba, Abia State. The physical and chemical parameters of the untreated cassava mill effluent, untreated cassava mill effluent-polluted soil and unpolluted soil were determined using standard laboratory methods. It was observed that addition of cassava mill effluent to the soil resulted to changes in the physicochemical parameters. The cyanide content, conductivity, turbidity, moisture content, TDS, TSS, TS, total acidity, total alkalinity, total chloride, and magnesium were higher in the contaminated soil samples than the unpolluted soil. The values of pH, Total hardness, calcium hardness, phosphorus, organic carbon, COD and BOD of the contaminated soil samples were lower than those of the unpolluted soil due to high content of hydrogen cyanide present in the contaminated soil. The high cynogenic potential had been attributed to the high cyanogenic glucoside (linamarin and lotaustralin) contained in cassava. The pH range of the untreated cassava mill effluent and the untreated cassava mill effluent polluted soil were completely acidic while the unpolluted soil was neutral indicating that the effluent impacted acidic properties to the soil. Phosphorus buildup in the unpolluted soil can be caused by excessive use of inorganic fertilizer or use of composts and manures high in phosphorus. The effluent from cassava plant when discharged on soil causes physicochemical changes in the soil, which calls for serious concern if the soil will be used for agricultural and other purposes. Therefore, cassava mills must be owned and managed by individuals who have basic knowledge of environmental protection.

Assessing the ecological health of River Ringim, Northwestern, Nigeria using macroinvertebrate-based Chanchaga Multimetric Index

ABSTRACT The ecological health of River Ringim, Jigawa State, northwestern Nigeria was assessed between November 2018 and March 2019. Key physico-chemical variables alongside macroinvertebrates assemblage were used to achieve the aim of the study. The result of the physico-chemical variables showed that the four stations sampled were relatively perturbed judging from the high values of turbidity, nitrate, phosphate, BOD, TDS, and EC. Twelve (12) taxa and 365 individuals of macroinvertebrates were recorded in the entire study period of five months, confirming the deteriorating state of the river system. Hemiptera which was represented by 126 individuals was the most preponderant macroinvertebrate Order, followed by Coleoptera with 100 individuals. The least represented Order was Crustacea with only five individuals. The result of the diversity indices conducted showed that the Margalef index (1.32), Simpson diversity (0.76), and Shannon-Weiner index (1.59) were highest in Station 1. The results were used to check the implementation of the Chanchaga multimetric index and it showed that that the four stations of River Ringim were of poor water quality with a corresponding D ecological category. This further, confirmed the deteriorating state of the four stations sampled. We recommend that macroinvertebrate-based multimetric index (MMI) be developed for the river using a macroinvertebrates particular to the river instead of using the results in this study in checking the implementation of MMI developed for another river. This will ascertain the actual level of degradation River Ringim is undergoing due to the numerous human disturbances within the river catchments.

Landfill leachate a new threat to water quality: a case study from the Temperate Himalayas.

Landfills are commonly seen as the most cost-efficient and practical approach to waste management in various regions around the world. Nonetheless, the infiltration of hazardous materials from poorly managed dumping sites remains a significant environmental issue in most developing countries such as India. Leachate serves as a prominent point source of contamination in many environmental media like soil, groundwater, and surface water around the world. So the prime issues humans are experiencing are associated with water quality. Thus, the investigation was undertaken to assess the impact of leachate from the Achan landfill on surface water quality in the Temperate Himalayas. Monitoring was done during in all four seasons, viz., spring, summer, autumn, and winter. Among the sites, the leachate outflow site was found to have the highest mean value of pH (7.95), EC (2.16 dS/m), total nitrogen (2.64mg/l), P (4.75mg/l), K (1.41mg/l), Ca (107.45mg/l), Mg (54.93mg/l), Zn (0.8mg/l), Fe (1.78mg/l), Cu (0.66mg/l), Mn (0.81mg/l), BOD (21.47mg/l), COD (66.24mg/l), temperature (14.22°C), turbidity (14.29 NTU), while lowest mean values of all parameters were recorded at control site. Among the seasons, summer season was found to have maximum value of pH (7.9), EC (2.36 dS/m), total nitrogen (2.54mg/l), P (4.0mg/l), K (0.89mg/l), Ca (85.94mg/l), Mg (43.91mg/l), Fe (1.4mg/l), Cu (0.52mg/l), Mn (0.64mg/l), BOD (22.82mg/l), COD (65.87mg/l), temperature (18.99°C), and turbidity (8.49 NTU). The maximum mean value of Zn (0.66mg/l) was recorded during winter season, while other parameters were found to be minimum during winter season. From this study, we concluded that a decreasing trend was observed during all the seasons in the concentration of all physico-chemical parameters with an increase in distance from the landfill. So it is recommended that the leachate should be treated at the source before disposing into the water body and the landfill should be lined properly to prevent the entry of leachate into water sources.

Evaluating the Impacts of Sewage Disposal on Groundwater Composition in the Peri-Urban Community: A Case of Ikoto- Ijebu, Ogun State, Nigeria

Groundwater is an essential resource that requires sufficient protection from human-induced pollution sources, assessments of water quality is an essential tool for water resources management strategies. the Physicochemical parameters measured were Hydrogen ion concentration (pH), Temperatures (oC), and electrical conductivity (EC), total bacteria and faecal coliform counts (Tb/fcc) were determined using the membranefiltration method; pH values was measure using a pH meter (Hach), the pH meter sensitivity was determined using buffers with a pH of 4.0 and pH of 9.0 and electrical conductivity values were taken, the TDS, total dissolved solids, measured using a meter; the SO42-, Fe2+ and NO3- were determined using Hach DR/2000 spectrophotometer. The water sampled temperatures range between 25.80 °C and 27.90 °C and arithmetic mean of 25.85 °C. The pH values of sampled wells and boreholes were in the acceptable pH range of 6.5 – 8.5, electrical conductivity values measured from the samples ranged from 94 μS per cm to 1418 μS per cm, having an arithmetic average of 370 μS/ cm; it is just one well that exceeded the permissible limit of 1000 μS per cm. The Total Dissolved Solids values ranged from 73 mg per Litre to 528 mg per Litre, an arithmetic average of 370 mg per Litre. The maximum value of 528 mg per Litre from zone B exceeded the acceptable limit of 500 mg per Litre. The concentrations are from 5 to 27×10 cfu / mL for total coliform counts and 0 to 12×10 cfu / mL for E. coli.77.2% of the samples fall within BOD values >3 mg per Litre, and 32.8% had BOD > 5 mg per Litre, signifying biogenic pollution and a possible seepage of mildly treated wastewater from sewage tanks near the wells. BOD and the bacteriological studies, for assessing biogenic pollution in water, indicated water samples are contaminated with wastewater.

Study of organic pollution indicators in two stations of the Garmat Ali River, Basra, Iraq

Water is one of the most important natural sources for sustaining life, as human life and various activities depend on it. The current study dealt with knowing the effect of organic pollution on physical and chemical properties in Garmat Ali river, which was represented in two stations, the first station called Al-Mashab, and the second Al-Sindbad. Water and sediment samples were collected monthly during the period from August, 2016 to July, 2017. Numbers of physical and chemical variables were measured during this period (water temperature, light penetration, pH, Salinity, dissolved oxygen, biological demand oxygen, chemical demand oxygen, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total organic carbon in sediment). The results of the study was showed that water temperature were ranged between 13.2-31.3°C for the first station and 13.4-33.1°C for the second station. The light penetration values were ​​ranged between 20.6-58.5 cm for the first station and 35-65 cm for the second station. The pH values were ​​ranged between 7.5-8.6 for the first station and 7.5-8.5 for the second station. Salinity values were ​​ranged between 1.58-3.16 g/l for the first station and 0.92-2.13 g/l for the second station. Dissolved oxygen values were ​​ranged between 4.66-10.8 mg/l for the first station and 11.85-6.26 mg/l for the second station. The values ​​of BOD5 were ​​ranged between 1.1-4.26 mg/l for the first station and 0.75-4.06 mg/l for the station. The values ​​of the COD were ranged between 8-120 mg/l for the first station and 8-61 mg/l for the second station. Total nitrogen values were ​​ranged between 2.8-29.4 mg/l for the first station and 2.4-33.6 mg/l for the second station. The total phosphorus values were ​​ranged between 1.11-19.6 mg/l for the first station and between 1.24-19.98 mg/l for the second station. Total organic carbon values were ​​ranged between 0.36-2.19% for the first station and 0.32-2.94% for the second station. The two stations were recorded a little increased in organic pollution levels during summer months and first station (Al-Mashab) was most affected.

Prediction of biochemical oxygen demand with genetic algorithm-based support vector regression

Abstract Five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) is a vital wastewater contamination strength indicator. The process of measuring BOD5 is to measure the mass of molecular oxygen consumed in 1 L of water at 20 °C over a 5-day incubation period. It is a time-consuming process and often too late for water management agencies to make a timely reaction if the result of measurement shows a water body is seriously polluted. Biosensors can simplify the process of BOD5 measurement; however, the measurement results often deviate significantly from the measured BOD5 values. The main aim of this research is to identify a machine learning model, which could predict BOD5 value from historical data and make it easier to detect water pollution in advance and timely adopt treatment measures. Three machine learning techniques, linear regression, support vector regression (SVR) and multi-layer perceptron (MLP) and two optimization processes have been studied in this research. Four main steps, preprocessing (one-time only), model training, model evaluation (testing) and analysis have been implemented in the experiments. With three feature selection strategies, the results of the experiment showed that SVR with genetic algorithm (GA) optimizer achieved the best performance with R2 of 0.694 and the lowest MAE of 0.109.

Development of microalgae and agrobost mutualism symbiotic technology in the aerobic treatment of sago refinery wastewater

Sago wastewater is 94% of the water produced from the sago processing that could pollute the environment. One of the biological treatments to solve this problem is the use of mutualism symbiotic between the microalgae Chlorella sp. and agrobost with the addition of 5.000 lux constant light. The purpose of this research was to develop symbiotic technology for microalgae and aerobic bacteria in the decomposition of liquid sago waste, in particular for optimizing the photosynthesis process. Furthermore, the reduction of BOD, COD, and organic content could be fast and effective. The research applied a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five treatments and three replications. The treatments were addition of 800 ml/l (7.595 log cell/ml) as much to sago waste at variation of concentrations (0% v/v,1% v/v, 2%v/v, 3% v/v, 4%v/v). Data were statistically analyzed using the Analysis of Variance, followed by Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) at the level of 5%. The result showed that the addition of agrobost microorganisms significantly affected BOD, COD, DO, and pH of sago wastewater. The treatment selected from the results of this study was the P4 treatment with the highest reduction on day 7 with a BOD value of 116.06 mg/l, COD 200.90 mg/l, DO 6.62 mg/l, and pH 8.90.

Predicting quality parameters of wastewater treatment plants using artificial intelligence techniques

Estimating wastewater treatment plants’ (WWTPs) influent parameters such as 5-day biological oxygen demand (BOD5) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) is vital for optimizing electricity and energy consumption. Against this backdrop, the existing body of knowledge is bereft of a study employing Artificial Intelligence-based techniques for the prediction of BOD5 and COD. Thus, in this study, Gene expression programming (GEP), multilayer perception neural networks, multi-linear regression, k-nearest neighbors, gradient boosting, and regression trees -based models were trained for predicting BOD5 and COD, using monthly data collected from the inflow of 7 WWTPs over a three-year period in Hong Kong. Based on different statistical parameters, GEP provides more accurate estimations, with R2 values of 0.784 and 0.861 for BOD5 and COD respectively. Furthermore, results of sensitivity analysis undertaken by monte Carlo simulation revealed that both BOD5 and COD were mostly affected by concentrations of total suspended solids, and a 10% increase in the value of TSS resulted in a 7.94% and 7.92% increase in the values of BOD5 and COD, respectively. It is seen that the GEP modeling results complied with the fundamental chemistry of the wastewater quality parameters and can be further applied on other sewage sources such as industrial sewage and leachate. The promising results obtained pave the way for forecasting the operational parameters during sludge processing, leading to an extensive energy savings during the wastewater treatment processes.

The Babar Sari Water Quality Status of Analysis in Eco-Tech-Edu Tourism Planning Al-Amin Living Lab and Industrial Park

UNPAB is currently developing a use plan for 10 ha and is expected to cultivate a total of 20 ha of land. In this planning, UNPAB involves all study programs that are in its hands. Basic Concepts The development of the land meets the needs of learning, practicum, research, and innovation centers of UNPAB which can become an income generator. The flow of Babar Sari river looks clear and flows well, so this is used in the construction of living labs and industrial parks. To determine the burden of pollutants, it is necessary to carry out water analysis and water status analysis based on the Decree of the Minister of Environment no. 115 of 2003 concerning guidelines for water quality status. This study is an experimental descriptive study. COD levels are higher than BOD levels. Bod and COD levels were 83.53 mg/L and 40.7 mg/L, respectively, indicating that there are many organic compounds in the water. The value of COD is always higher than that of BOD, this is because many organic substances are chemically oxidized but cannot be biologically oxidized. A score of -18 belongs to class C or moderately polluted. Based on the US-EPA that Class C: moderate, score = -11 to -30 including moderate pollutants at the time of sampling was raining. And some of the previous days also rained successively and affected the BOD, COD, and DO values of the Babar Sari river. However, the Babar Sari river can be utilized by water management and management in the planning of the Al-Amin Living Lab and Industrial Park. Keywords: Al-Amin Living Lab and Industrial Park, Water Quality, Water Quality Status

Isolation, Characterization of B. subtilis from Song River Shore and their Application to Wastewater Treatment

Treatment of wastewater has been a hotspot of research since ages. Emerging technologies and methodologies have been postulated to resolve the issue worldwide. Almost 97.2% of our earth is covered with water bodies, out of which 12,500 water bodies are situated in India. As per the statistics, nearly 70% water bodies are polluted in Southern Asia. Presence of emerging pollutants exacerbate the quality of flowing water. Amongst all possible ways, microbial bioremediation has been considered one of the most thriving methods to treat wastewater. This research will manifest about the isolation of B. subtilis from soil followed by its characterisation and action in treatment of wastewater which was collected from industry. From the study, it was concluded that B. subtilis holds the potential of degradation. Significant decrease in values of BOD and COD were achieved.

Bacteriological analysis of hospital sewage of district Hospital Ratnagiri

Hospital sewage is a waste drained out from the various clinical facilities of the hospital. The hospital sewage contains pathogens which pose severe public health threat. Most hospitals lack sewage treatment facilities and discharge the sewage untreated directly in to the public sewer. The study was aimed to analyze the hospital sewage of District hospital Ratnagiri for Coliform count by MPN and serial plate dilution method, and identification of the Bacterial isolates by conventional method from the sewage. Physico-chemical parameters like Temperature, pH, TDS, COD, BOD5, samples were determined which affect the bacterial flora of the sewage. Presumptive and Confirmatory MPN test and Serial plate dilution was performed. Coliform were isolated and identified using Gram stain, Colony characteristics and Biochemical characteristics. Temperature was 28(+1.22)°c, pH 6.52(+0.10), TDS 251(+1.41) mg/l, COD 96.9(+0.82) mg/l and BOD 69.5 (+0.58) mg/l. TDS was higher, COD and BOD values were less as compare to the permissible limits. Presumptive MPN was >1.8 x 103, Confirmatory MPN was 3.3x101 per 100 ml and coliform count by serial dilution was 6x106 CFU/ml on Blood agar and 2x106 CFU/ml on MacConkey’s agar which indicated higher counts of coliform in the sewage. Common bacteria like Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella peumonae, Chromobacter violaceum and Bacillus subtilis were isolated. The study reveals presence of significant coliform load in the hospital sewage which poses risk of infection to the community.

Correlation of Microplastic Size Distribution and Water Quality Parameters in the Upstream Brantas River

Microplastics are contaminants resulting from plastic fragmentation with a size <5 mm. The spread of microplastics threatens the imbalance of the environment and organisms in the waters. So it is necessary to know the abundance, size distribution, and correlation between microplastic abundance and water quality parameters. This study used a quantitative descriptive method with purposive sampling. The study parameters included total microplastic abundance, microplastic abundance based on size characteristics, type of microplastic polymer, water quality parameters, and correlation between microplastic abundance and water quality. Calculating the total abundance of microplastics obtained a value range of 3311.11 – 18111.11 particles/m3. The results of the microplastic size distribution got the highest abundance percentage value in the class with a size <50 µm, which was 84.39%. There were eight types of polymers identified, including Polyethylene (PE), Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), Polypropylene (PP), High-density polyethylene (HDPE), Low-density polyethylene (LDPE, Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), Polycarbonate (PC), and Nylon. Water quality measurements obtained temperature range of 17.37-26.63 °C, pH value range of 6.66-8.51, current velocity value range of 0.13-0.8 m/s, DO value range of 4, 32-6.103 ppm, BOD value range of 4.69-6.07 ppm and TSS value range 0.005-0.019 ppm. Correlation analysis using the Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) statistical method. The study showed that water quality parameters such as temperature, current velocity, and DO have a high score of 0.95, 0.83, and 0.8.

THE EFFECT OF ADDING TOFU WASTE TO HYDROPONIC MEDIA ON THE GROWTH OF KANGKUNG (IPOMOEA AQUATICA)

A team of lecturers from the Department of Environmental Engineering has researched waste treatment in quality, quantity, and operational terms in the tofu and tempeh industry and formulated a wastewater management model using appropriate and effective technology to support sustainable development. The results of processing tofu waste will be tested on vegetable plants with a hydroponic system. The problem is that the waste from the tofu industry pollutes the environment and is not utilized. This study aims to utilize liquid tofu waste as a hydroponic medium for vegetable plants. This research was carried out experimentally by making demonstration plots using a completely randomized design (CRD) method with three hydroponic media treatments and three replications. The three hydroponic media treatments were AB mix hydroponic media with the addition of 10% tofu waste which had been coagulated with moringa seed powder (Moringa oleifera); AB mix hydroponic media with the addition of 10% tofu waste which has been coagulated with tamarind seed powder (Tamarindus indica) and untreated AB mix hydroponic media. The plant growth factors to be measured are plant height and the number of leaves. The results showed that plant height and the number of leaves on Kangkung (water spinach, Ipomoea aquatica) treated with tofu waste, both coagulated moringa seed powder and tamarind seed powder, showed lower results than plants that were not treated. This can also be seen from the survival value of the treated Kangkung, which showed a value of 50% for the treatment of moringa seed powder and 67% for the treatment of tamarind seed powder. At the same time, the survival of the Kangkung plants that were not given treatment was 83%. It needs to be reviewed, especially from the BOD and COD values ​​of tofu waste solution, which are very influential on the growth of vegetable plants. It is necessary to do research again by fulfilling the nutritional requirements needed by plants to grow and thrive.

Effects of Solid Wastes (Leachates) on the Quality of Underground Water

This study investigates the impact of groundwater pollution in Oyigbo Local Government Area, Nigeria, and the consequences of solid wastes, quality, and its control. The study was inspired by the uncontrolled way that both home and industrial wastes are dumped on the ground, in rivers, burried, burned, and dumped in trash heaps. Papers and polyethene, tin and metals, ashes and dust, texture and rags, aluminum and other minerals are among the primary solid wastes produced in Oyigbo. These wastes form leachates and gases when they degrade and are washed by percolating and infiltrating rain water into the groundwater, according to an examination of the physical, chemical, and biological properties of raw water at ten distinct places in Oyigbo close to disposal grounds. However, while a small number of the water characteristics evaluated did not meet W.H.O. criteria, the majority did. Despite this, recommendations are given to address the issues, including promoting raw water analysis, awareness campaigns, increased groundwater investigation in Oyigbo, and adherence to the resource management principle. From the results obtained, it was discovered that the mean concentration values of TDS, pH, BOD and COD are 89.24mg/l, 7.62mg/l, 13.87mg/l and 14.58 for leachate samples. Also the mean concentration values for Mn, Cl, Mg in groundwater samples are 62.34mg/l, 22.74mg/l and 2.60mg/l and for well water samples and 57.35mg/l, 28.30mg/l and 1.25mg/l respectively. The characteristics of the domestic well water samples showed a mean concentration of biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD = 16.26 mg/l), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD = 18.67 mg/l), Dissolved Oxygen (DO = 4.84 mg/l) and temperature (29.66ᵒC). Also, the characteristics of the groundwater samples showed a mean concentration of biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD = 13.67 mg/l), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD = 16.11 mg/l), Dissolved Oxygen (DO = 4.03 mg/l) and temperature (27.16ᵒC). This result shows that there are high level of BOD,COD and DO in Domestic well water than that of groundwater in that location(site).

Study of using some microalgae in treatment of domestic wastewater

The present study includes growing five species of microalgae which are Chlorella sacchrophila, Chlorella vulgaris, Scendesmus obliquus, Botryococcus braunii, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii algae and using of biological treatment of domestic wastewater. The present study shows that the studied microalgae has ability to reduce the pollutants average in domestic wastewater for all stations. As the results show that the highest percentage of removal in electrical conductivity (31%) register in case using C. vulgaris, while the lowest percentage (5%) register when using C. sacchrophila. The used algae variant in their ability to reduce Salinity value which reaches the highest percentage of reduce for salinity values (21%) when using C. vulgaris and the lowest percentage of reduce was ( 6%) register when using C. sacchrophila .
 The highest percentage of highness of PH (30%)when using C. reinhardtii. The lowest percentage of highest (9.3%) register when using C. sacchrophila. The highest percentage of lowness in alkalinity value (85%) when using C. reinhardtii, whereas lowest percentage lowness was (54%) when using C. sacchrophila and C. vulgaris. The highest removal percentage of calcium and magnesium hardness value register when using B. braunii was (75% and 58%) respectively, while the lowest percentage of removal calcium hardness was (11%) when using C. vulgaris, whereas the lowest percentage of removal magnesium hardness was (37%) when using S. obliquus. The highest lowness percentage in values of total hardness when using B. braunii (66%), while the lowest percentage of lowness was registered in case using C. vulgaris which reaches (26%).
 The highest percentage of highness for dissolved oxygen values was (56%) register when using C. reinhardtii, while the lowest percentage of highness was (36%) when using C. vulgaris. BOD values were low which reaches the highest percentage of lowness (43%) when using S. obliquus, while the lowest percentage of lowness (21%) when using C. vulgaris. Nutrients represented by nitrate and phosphors, reach the highest percentage of lowness for nitrate (64%) register when using B. braunii, whereas the lowest percentage was (38%) register when using C. sacchrophila. The lowest removal percentage of Phosphors reaches (32%) when using C. vulgaris whereas the highest removal percentage was registered (64%) in case using S. obliquus.

Spatio-Temporal Variations in Physico-Chemical Parameters of River Tawi

Pollution-free Rivers confer a signal of a vigorous environment. The present study highlighted the impact on river Tawi. Tawi River is the single river flowing in Jammu city and the longest tributary of the river Chenab. The water samples were analyzed in the month of November 2021. The samples were collected from different five locations (Nagrota, Bagh-e-Bahu, Below Tawi River Bridge, Belicharana, and Surajpur) and investigated the sample in the regional JKPCB laboratory in Jammu. The important parameters ware analysis such as pH, Temperature, Turbidity, DO, TDS, COD, BOD, Total Alkalinity, Hardness, Chloride, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium, etc. The result shows river is fit for washing and bathing apart from below Tawi River Bridge. In these locations, BOD, COD, and Calcium values were found to be high corresponding to BIS because of the household and municipal waste discarded. Expulsion of waste generated due to development activities and demographic explosion in the basin of the Tawi River turn down the quality of water.

Determination the effects of grey water irrigation in chlorophylls a, b pigments concentrations and some primary products in Vicia faba and Citrullus lanatus and some soil properties

Determination the effects of grey water(kitchen sewage-treatment 1) irrigation on chlorophylls a, b and total chlorophylls pigments and some primary products(starch and total proteins) concentrations in Vicia faba and Citrullus lanatus and some soil properties compared with tap water(control) and with tap water contain phosphate fertilizations(treatment 2) was the aim of the study. Grey water was light acidity(pH=5.7) and its electrical conductivity high respectively 0.42ms/cm because its contents of total dissolved solids 2.02ppm and total suspended solids 1.4ppm and 1.45ppm organic material content with high BOD values respectively 18ppm and higher COD values 22.5ppm, phosphate ions values were higher 16.8ppm than nitrate ions concentrations 0.126ppm and anions concentrations(sulphate 2.4ppm and chloride 0.145ppm). Grey water irrigation effected in total chlorophyll pigments concentrations positively in Vicia faba recoded 0.386mg/g and less than in Citrullus lanatus recorded 0.241mg/g compared with tap water irrigation values(0.303mg/g in Vicia faba and 0.712mg/g in Citrullus lanatus) and tap water contain phosphate fertilizations values(0.224 mg/g in Vicia faba and 1.037mg/g in Citrullus lanatus). Starch values did not effected by grey water irrigation because the values recorded in Vicia faba 150µg/g and Citrullus lanatus 166µg/g were the lower values but higher values 230µg/g in Vicia faba and 300µg/g in Citrullus lanatus recorded were irrigating by tap water and less than in plants irrigated with tap water contain phosphate fertilizations(200µg/g in Vicia faba and 166µg/g in Citrullus lanatus). Proteins values showed different affect with types of water used in irrigation when recorded 32.5µg/g such as higher value in Vicia faba irrigated by grey water and 8.5µg/g in Citrullus lanatus such as lower values irrigated by tap water contain phosphate fertilizations. Grey water irrigation increased electrical conductivity and organic materials contents and less effected in phosphate concentrations and had not effected in nitrate, sulphate and chloride concentrations in soil. Grey water effected in soil natural floral when Streptococcal fecalic and Escherichia coli recorded in soils irrigated with it and tap water added Enterobacter to soils irrigated with it therefore we can use grey water as sources of water without expensive treatment.

PERENCANAAN INSTALASI PENGOLAHAN AIR LIMBAH DOMESTIK (IPALD) SKALA KOMUNAL DESA SUKOHARJO KECAMATAN MARGOREJO KABUPATEN PATI

AbstractDomestic wastewater in Sukoharjo Village, Margorejo District, Pati Regency hasn’t been managed optimally, even there’s already a Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plant (DWWTP) build, but it’s only intended for 46 SR. Based on these conditions, a DWWTP with a capacity up to 200 SR will be planned so that it can cover more residents. The DWWTP planning begins with licensing, field surveys, data collection, literature study, planning, discussion, and conclusions. Primary data that used is field observations, COD and BOD data, then secondary data that used is Population Data, Groundwater Level, Land Slope, STBM, and Gambiran DWWTP Working Drawings. This DWWTP planning uses combination of ABR and AF wastewater treatment techniques. The use of clean water for 200 SR is 90 m/day, with a waste volume of 72 m/day and a sludge volume of 15 m/year. The wastewater has 15 mg/L BOD values and 40 mg/L COD Values. Based on the planning results, the DWWTP design was obtained which includes 1 inlet tank measuring 1 x 1 m with a depth of 3 m, 1 settler tank 3.5 x 3.5 meters with a depth of 3.5 m, 4 ABR tanks 1 x 3.5 m with a depth of 3.5 m, as well as 4 1 x 3 m AF tanks with a depth of 3.5 m. 6-inch diameter PVC pipe used to drain the waste water, accompanied by 85 control tubs with a diameter of 0.6 meters.Keywords: Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plant, Anaerobic Baffled Reactor, Anaerobic Filter, Domestic Wastewater

PERENCANAAN INSTALASI PENGOLAHAN AIR LIMBAH DOMESTIK (IPALD) SKALA KOMUNAL DESA SUKOHARJO KECAMATAN MARGOREJO KABUPATEN PATI

AbstractDomestic wastewater in Sukoharjo Village, Margorejo District, Pati Regency hasn’t been managed optimally, even there’s already a Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plant (DWWTP) build, but it’s only intended for 46 SR. Based on these conditions, a DWWTP with a capacity up to 200 SR will be planned so that it can cover more residents. The DWWTP planning begins with licensing, field surveys, data collection, literature study, planning, discussion, and conclusions. Primary data that used is field observations, COD and BOD data, then secondary data that used is Population Data, Groundwater Level, Land Slope, STBM, and Gambiran DWWTP Working Drawings. This DWWTP planning uses combination of ABR and AF wastewater treatment techniques. The use of clean water for 200 SR is 90 m/day, with a waste volume of 72 m/day and a sludge volume of 15 m/year. The wastewater has 15 mg/L BOD values and 40 mg/L COD Values. Based on the planning results, the DWWTP design was obtained which includes 1 inlet tank measuring 1 x 1 m with a depth of 3 m, 1 settler tank 3.5 x 3.5 meters with a depth of 3.5 m, 4 ABR tanks 1 x 3.5 m with a depth of 3.5 m, as well as 4 1 x 3 m AF tanks with a depth of 3.5 m. 6-inch diameter PVC pipe used to drain the waste water, accompanied by 85 control tubs with a diameter of 0.6 meters.Keywords: Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plant, Anaerobic Baffled Reactor, Anaerobic Filter, Domestic Wastewater

Photocatalytic Degradation of Inherent Pharmaceutical Concentration Levels in Real Hospital WWTP Effluents Using g-C3N4 Catalyst on CPC Pilot Scale Reactor.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of a solar photocatalytic process using g-C3N4 as photocatalyst on the degradation of pharmaceutical compounds detected in hospital wastewater treatment plant secondary effluents. A compound parabolic collector pilot plant, established in the secondary effluent stream of the Ioannina city hospital wastewater treatment plant, was used for the photocatalytic experiments. The analysis of the samples before and after the photocatalytic treatment was accomplished using solid phase extraction (SPE), followed by UHPLC-LTQ/Orbitrap HRMS. Initial effluent characterization revealed the presence of ten pharmaceutical compounds. Among these, amisulpride, O-desmethyl venlafaxine, venlafaxine and carbamazepine were detected in all experiments. Initial concentrations ranged from 73 ng L-1 for citalopram to 2924.53 ng L-1 for O-desmethyl venlafaxine. The evolution of BOD5 and COD values were determined before and after the photocatalytic treatment. All detected pharmaceuticals were removed in percentages higher than 54% at an optimum catalyst loading ranging between 200 and 300 mg L-1. The potential of the catalyst to be reused without any treatment for two consecutive cycles was studied, showing a significant efficiency decrease.