BOD Levels Research Articles

Trend study on COVID-19 pandemic lockdown impact on rivers in Selangor, Malaysia

According to the Department of Environment, numerous rivers, and streams in Selangor, and practically all rivers, are in the 'polluted' and ‘slightly polluted' category even before the COVID-19 outbreak (DOE, 2022). Due to a lack of anthropogenic activities such as industrial discharge, agricultural, poultry, sediment, and silt erosion, the trend of pandemic lockdown on water quality parameters in Selangor is expected to decline. The goal of this research is to see if contamination of water resources and rivers increases or decreases during a pandemic by examining the trajectory of water quality parameters in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic, to figure out which parameters are affecting pollution in Selangor rivers, and to emphasize the water quality in each river for DOE (2022), utilizing data from 2016 to 2020. The results of the investigation revealed significant variations in water and wastewater quality over time. Finally, it showed positive changes during the pre-pandemic and pandemic lockdown periods. DO, TSS, ammoniacal nitrogen, and turbidity exhibited positive effects on water quality metrics during the pandemic lockdown period, however, BOD, COD, and pH levels had negative effects.

Analisis Kualitas BOD, COD, Dan TSS Dalam Pengelolaan Limbah Cair Setelah Proses Koagulasi Dan Flokulasi Pada Instalasi Pengolahan Air Limbah (Studi Pada Industri Kosmetik X Di Kota Depok) Tahun 2022

The existence of the cosmetics industry basically has a positive impact but also creates new problems because there is still inadequate management of liquid waste. The aim of the study was to find out how the coagulation and flocculation processes affect the quality of BOD, COD, and TSS in wastewater treatment plants. This research method uses a qualitative type method, based on its type with a cross sectional approach with an observational researchhmethode. The populationnof this study is the outlet of the Wastewater Treatment Plant which has undergone coagulation and flocculation processes. The samples used were outlets after the coagulation and flocculation processes were carried out at the WWTP in Cosmetic Industry X, Depok City. The results from the inlet levels of BOD 2,152 mg/l, COD 5,380 mg/l, and TSS 1,830 mg/l. The outlet levels of the Cosmetic Industry X Wastewater Treatment Installation in Depok City showed a BOD level of 15 mg/l, a COD level of 63 mg/l, and a TSS of 20 mg/l. In this study the contents of BOD, COD and TSS in cosmetic industry waste X in Depok city were included in the water quality status with good quality after coagulation and flocculation processes.

Treatment of Hospital Wastewater Using Combination of Ozone Technology With CaO and Moringa Seed (Moringa oleifera)

The ozonation process has been widely used as an alternative in hospital waste water treatment because of ozone as a strong oxidizing agent which is effective in degrading unsaturated pollutant bonds, as well as breaking down complex organics. Combination of Ozone, CaO, and Moringa seed (Moringa oleifera) as alternative technology has functions to reduce BOD and COD in hospital wastewater. This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness application of ozone technology combined with CaO and Moringa seed. The ozonation contact time was 45 minutes, CaO concentration 4% at 3 ml/l, 2 g/l in Moringa seed, and combination of CaO and Moringa seed (v/w) of 1.5:1. This type of research is a quantitative research based pure experimental method with pretest-posttest design on a laboratory scale. Samples used by hospital Bung Karno, Surakarta, Central Java. The results showed at ozone levels of 0.058 - 0.064 g/hour combined with CaO and Moringa seed (v/w) 1.5:1 was able to produce an effective reduction BOD levels by 56.00% and the effectiveness of reducing COD levels to 63.57%. Univariate analysis showed that there was an effect on the COD and BOD parameters were significantly different with p-value < 0.05 using ozonation treatment combined with CaO:Moringa seed (v/w) 1.5:1. The mean result of COD level after treatment was 156.47 + 2.11 mg/l and BOD level after treatment was 47.42 + 1.81 mg/l.

The Babar Sari Water Quality Status of Analysis in Eco-Tech-Edu Tourism Planning Al-Amin Living Lab and Industrial Park

UNPAB is currently developing a use plan for 10 ha and is expected to cultivate a total of 20 ha of land. In this planning, UNPAB involves all study programs that are in its hands. Basic Concepts The development of the land meets the needs of learning, practicum, research, and innovation centers of UNPAB which can become an income generator. The flow of Babar Sari river looks clear and flows well, so this is used in the construction of living labs and industrial parks. To determine the burden of pollutants, it is necessary to carry out water analysis and water status analysis based on the Decree of the Minister of Environment no. 115 of 2003 concerning guidelines for water quality status. This study is an experimental descriptive study. COD levels are higher than BOD levels. Bod and COD levels were 83.53 mg/L and 40.7 mg/L, respectively, indicating that there are many organic compounds in the water. The value of COD is always higher than that of BOD, this is because many organic substances are chemically oxidized but cannot be biologically oxidized. A score of -18 belongs to class C or moderately polluted. Based on the US-EPA that Class C: moderate, score = -11 to -30 including moderate pollutants at the time of sampling was raining. And some of the previous days also rained successively and affected the BOD, COD, and DO values of the Babar Sari river. However, the Babar Sari river can be utilized by water management and management in the planning of the Al-Amin Living Lab and Industrial Park. Keywords: Al-Amin Living Lab and Industrial Park, Water Quality, Water Quality Status

Assessment of the Impact of Industrial Wastewater on the Water Quality of Rivers around the Bole Lemi Industrial Park (BLIP), Ethiopia

The discharge of industrial waste into water bodies without significant treatment can be a source of water pollution. This study was conducted to assess the impact of industrial wastewater on the water quality in rivers around the Bole Lemi Industrial Park (BLIP). Data were collected from six sampling stations in midstream, downstream, and upstream locations between May and June 2021. In situ (pH, electrical conductivity [EC], total suspended solids [TSS], and temperature) and ex situ (chemical oxygen demand [COD], total nitrogen [TN], total dissolved solids [TDS], total phosphorus [TP], and biological oxygen demand [BOD]) determinations of water quality were conducted. The quality of the water samples was examined using the weighted arithmetic water quality index (WQI) method. A statistical analysis showed that there are significant differences in the water quality parameters among the sampling stations along the river. The results showed different levels of temperature, EC, pH, TSS, TDS, COD, BOD, TN, and TP. The pH values were higher than the pH ranges (6.5–8.5) of USEPA, EU, CES, and WHO at two sampling stations. The results of the WQI showed that the analyzed water samples were in the “unsuitable for consumption” water quality category. These results will be useful for the city administration of Addis Ababa in crafting strategies for the protection and sustainable management of the Bole Lemi River.

Effects of Solid Wastes (Leachates) on the Quality of Underground Water

This study investigates the impact of groundwater pollution in Oyigbo Local Government Area, Nigeria, and the consequences of solid wastes, quality, and its control. The study was inspired by the uncontrolled way that both home and industrial wastes are dumped on the ground, in rivers, burried, burned, and dumped in trash heaps. Papers and polyethene, tin and metals, ashes and dust, texture and rags, aluminum and other minerals are among the primary solid wastes produced in Oyigbo. These wastes form leachates and gases when they degrade and are washed by percolating and infiltrating rain water into the groundwater, according to an examination of the physical, chemical, and biological properties of raw water at ten distinct places in Oyigbo close to disposal grounds. However, while a small number of the water characteristics evaluated did not meet W.H.O. criteria, the majority did. Despite this, recommendations are given to address the issues, including promoting raw water analysis, awareness campaigns, increased groundwater investigation in Oyigbo, and adherence to the resource management principle. From the results obtained, it was discovered that the mean concentration values of TDS, pH, BOD and COD are 89.24mg/l, 7.62mg/l, 13.87mg/l and 14.58 for leachate samples. Also the mean concentration values for Mn, Cl, Mg in groundwater samples are 62.34mg/l, 22.74mg/l and 2.60mg/l and for well water samples and 57.35mg/l, 28.30mg/l and 1.25mg/l respectively. The characteristics of the domestic well water samples showed a mean concentration of biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD = 16.26 mg/l), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD = 18.67 mg/l), Dissolved Oxygen (DO = 4.84 mg/l) and temperature (29.66ᵒC). Also, the characteristics of the groundwater samples showed a mean concentration of biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD = 13.67 mg/l), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD = 16.11 mg/l), Dissolved Oxygen (DO = 4.03 mg/l) and temperature (27.16ᵒC). This result shows that there are high level of BOD,COD and DO in Domestic well water than that of groundwater in that location(site).

Recycling of wet grinding industry effluent using effective Microorganisms™ (EM)

A considerable volume of effluent released from the food processing industries, after the extensive use in the products manufacturing and industrial process. Effluents, either without treatment or with improper treatment, released out from the industries would severely damage the environment and human health. An investigation was done by recycling the effluent samples, collected from the wet grinding industry, Madurai, India, which was determined with an acidic pH (5.93), high turbidity (160.78 NTU), high BOD (62.4 mg/l) and COD (274.38 mg/l) and a significantly higher quantity of starch (115.81 mg/l). Biological wastewater treatment method was chosen in this experiment on the basis of the biodegradability index of effluent (3.21–10.75). The main goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of wastewater treatment in a prototype STP utilizing the Effective Micro-organisms™ Consortium application. The US EPA International Water Quality Standards and the Water Quality Index were used to compare the water quality of the recycled effluent with and without the EM application. The effluent from the EM consortium treatment was found to have acceptable levels of pH (7.38), salinity (1.94 ppt) and Conductivity (4.05 mS); and a declining trend found in TDS (1.81 ppt), BOD (24.4 mg/l) and COD (148.83 mg/l) level when the effluent treated using EM. Removal effectiveness of EM significant reduce in the treated effluents starch (85.15%), sulphate (78.42), phosphate (79.60), nitrogen (65.54%), and turbidity (82.73%) level were observed. Which was shown to be comparatively better than employing without EM treatment. This research substantially intends to the best practices, towards sustainable industries through Cleaner Production Mechanism.

Study of influence of environmental variables on water quality parameters of Thippayya Lake of Mysore, India

In order to distribute and utilize the water resources as effectively as possible, it is crucial to evaluate quality of the water. Knowing the water demand for diverse uses, such as irrigation, industry, public health, and domestic uses, both now and in the future, becomes essential. An evaluation of the water quality of the Thippayya lake has been attempted in the current study. Analysis was done on the physico-chemical characteristics of water samples taken from the Thippayya Lake in four different months, including colour, odour, temperature, electrical conductivity, total hardness, total dissolved solids, alkalinity, calcium, magnesium, chloride, fluoride, phosphate, iron, sulphate, and nitrate, as well as their correlation to water quality. The physico-chemical characteristics of the water sample showed a substantial variation over the course of four months. BOD and COD readings fluctuate more than other parameters do. Alkalinity, turbidity, calcium, and magnesium hardness, DO, BOD, and COD levels in the current study are over the acceptable limit. Controlling the lake's physicochemical parameters may lead to balanced phytoplankton growth and a reduction in eutrophication.

EFISIENSI PENURUNAN KADAR BOD DAN TSS DENGAN BAKTERI KULTUR EM4 PADA AIR LIMBAH RUMAH SAKIT DENGAN SISTEM AERASI

Water is an important resource for human life and other living things, and is also a valuable capital investment. Water quality is a problem because of the large amount of waste generated by human activities. This waste includes things like wastewater from households, factories, and other activities. Therefore, an effective micro-organism-4 (em4) is needed to treat wastewater. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the use of EM4 can reduce the amount of pollutants in hospital waste. The research method used is a laboratory experimental method used to study the effect of the variables studied. Experiment using the formula . The results of this study show the effectiveness of pollution levels using EM4 culture with a time of 16 days with the highest efficiency value found on day 16 in each parameter. Treatment on day 0 shows BOD 20.035 mg/L until treatment on day 16 results in BOD value of 6.087 mg/L and the second repetition (Y2) treatment on day 0 shows BOD value of 20.022 mg/L until treatment on day 16 BOD value is 5.022mg/L. It shows that the mean (Mean) BOD decreased from the initial concentration of 20.029 at 0 days to 5.555 at 16 days treatment. On the 16th day the efficiency value of setting aside BOD levels is 72.3%, on day 0 the TSS result is 85 mg/L until the repetition (Y1) on the 16th day the BOD result becomes 28 mg.L and the second repetition (Y2) on day 0 TSS result 83 mg/L until repetition (Y2) on day 16 the result TSS value 26 mg/L. Then the mean value (Mean) of TSS decreased from the initial concentration of TSS value of 84 mg/L on treatment day 0 and became 27 mg/L. on 16 days of treatment while for TSS levels that is equal to 67.86%.

Aspen Plus designing and optimizing the hospital wastewater treatment by wet air oxidation method

Healthcare establishments, pharma industries, and medical laboratories generate various waste materials, collectively called hospital or healthcare waste. Waste management regulations differ depending on the laws and acts adopted by the authorities and their level of compliance. For instance, in the United States of America, hospitals follow the rules set by the Environmental Protection Agency. In Europe, hospitals adhere to guidelines and standards set by the European Environmental Agency, while globally, the World Health Organization has established standardized policies and regulations. As a result, waste treatment technologies have become more prevalent for making medical waste non-infectious. These treatments include thermal treatment using microwave technologies (e.g., Wet air oxidation), steam sterilization, electro-pyrolysis, and chemical and mechanical systems. This research aims to model the treatment of hospital wastewater by wet air oxidation method using Aspen Plus for the first time in Lebanon. The simulation showed that the reaction conversion yield for thiols or mercaptans was 89.7% and 83.8% for sodium hydrosulfide, and the COD and BOD5 levels were reduced by 79.1% and 88%, respectively.

COVID-19 lockdown affects zooplankton community structure in dolphin appearing site of the River Ganga at Patna

Abstract The advent of the 2019 Corona virus impacted day-to day human activities and the nationwide lockdown in India completely paralyzed life (midnight of 24th March, to 31st June, 2020). However, this complete halt of human activity allowed the Ganga ecosystem to realise its maximum self-purification potential, resulting in the improvement of flow regime, water quality and over all restoration of the river. The most common manifestation of restoration of an aquatic ecosystem is zooplankton community structure; i.e. relative proportion of various functional feeding groups. The present study compares selected water quality parameters (DO, BOD, pH, Total coliform, Fecal coliform), and zooplankton community structure estimated during the lockdown period with the values recorded for the same period in previous three years at dolphin appearing site near Kalighat, (25° 37’ 19.398’’ N; 85° 9’ 55.8972’’ E), middle of the Patna city and Mittal Ghat (downstream site of the Patna City) at Gurhatta (25° 36’ 24.5772’’ N; 85° 13’ 1.6788’’ E). During each sampling, the dolphin emergence site and frequency were monitored for three hours duration. Monthly zooplankton samples were collected at both the sites using a 53 µm mesh size plankton net beginning January 2018 by filtering 45-50 l of river water. Zooplankton were identified and segregated based on functional feeding groups. The values of dissolved oxygen were significantly higher, whereas that of BOD level, total coliform and total fecal coliform were lower during the lockdown period than those in previous years. Detailed analyses revealed that relative proportions of Cladocera were significantly higher, whereas that of bacterivorous Rotifera were significantly lower than the previous values of the same months. The highly indicator species at both the sampling sites was Moina micrura during March-May 2020; in previous years it was Brachionus rotifers 8.8 (ind l-1) at Kalighat and Moina micrura (15 ind l-1) at Gurhatta. Our results suggest that during the lockdown the dolphin appearing sites at both stations shifted towards the riverbank whereas, zooplankton community structure changed towards algaevorous Cladocera without affecting overall species richness.

Domestic wastewater reduction using constructed wetlands

Domestic wastewater is household liquid waste that comes from sinks, bathrooms, and wastewater from washing machines. In Johan Pahlawan Sub-district, West Aceh District, the community and government's concern is still low towards achieving environmental health where the coverage of wastewater management has not been optimized. This is shown by people who do not manage wastewater properly. One of the alternative domestic wastewater management technologies is the concept of constructed wetlands with phytoremediation techniques. This study aims to determine the efficiency of reducing wastewater concentrations using phytoremediation with Eichhornia Crassipes plants, Pandanus amaryllifolius plants and Scirpus grossus plants. After the phytoremediation process with the concept of CWs-SF and CWs-SSF, it shows that the use of pandanus has not been effective in reducing contaminant levels in domestic wastewater. While Eichhornia Crassipes and Scirpus grossus plants are much better at reducing wastewater concentrations. The efficiency of reducing BOD values with a contact time of 3 to 9 days can reduce BOD levels by 80%-91%, COD and TSS can reduce the wastewater to 89%-90%, the temperature of the wastewater has been qualified with Eichhornia Crassipes and wlingen plants with 290C, and the pH of the wastewater has increased to 7.5-8.

Assessment of Water Quality in Selangor, Malaysia during the Pandemic Movement Control Order

The COVID-19 lockdown reduced the amount of human activity in Selangor, resulting in improved water quality, less water pollution, and a restored ecosystem. The purpose of this research was to investigate water quality before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as changes in water pollution. After acquiring all of the data from third-party sources, this study analyzed the data using a methodical and statistical approach to determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Selangor. The purpose of the data analysis was to determine whether the parameters in the water samples met the Malaysian water quality standard. To summarise, there were positive impacts on DO, TSS, ammoniacal nitrogen, and turbidity during the pandemic lockdown period, but negative impacts on BOD, COD, and pH levels. The National Water Quality Standards (NWQS) (2022) also indicated that typical water resources remained polluted and that moderation activities for pH, ammoniacal nitrogen, and turbidity parameter were required to assure improved water resources in 2023. This observation was further demonstrated and agreed upon as the impact of the blockade became evident and the anthropogenic impact on water quality became apparent. Based on observations and analysis, it is possible to highlight the positive and negative aspects of the pandemic lockdown period in terms of water quality and wastewater in Selangor.

APLIKASI MOVING BED BIOFILM REACTOR (MBBR) DENGAN MEDIA BAMBU UNTUK MENGURANGI KADAR PENCEMARAN AIR SUNGAI (STUDI KASUS ANAK SUNGAI MUDING KAJA)

Changes in the function of land on the riverbanks into residential areas have triggered a large amount of organic material that enters into river water, causing river water to degradation in quality. If we ignored this, it will trigger the growth of pathogenic bacteria that endanger human life. One alternative way to overcome the degradation in river water quality due to increased organic material is using the MBBR method with bamboo as its media. This one of method that uses the growth of bacteria attached to the media to reduce the organic material content in river water. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effect piece of bamboo media and the biggest effectiveness value of reducing BOD and COD levels in Muding Kaja tributary water with a determined of filling ratio, dissolved oxygen and detention time. The results show that the highest effectiveness using the MBBR method with bamboo media can reduce BOD level until 90,946 % with filling ratio 30% and time detention as long 5 hours and reduce COD level until 30,435 % by using filling ratio 30% and time detention for 5 hours. From this research we can conclude that MBBR method using bamboo as media affected to reduce BOD5 dan COD level. MBBR Method very efffective to reduce BOD5 level and less effective to reduce COD level in water river.&#x0D; Keywords: River water pollution, Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor, Bamboo media, Effectiveness

FITOREMEDIASI LIMBAH DOMESTIK (Greywater) MENGGUNAKAN TANAMAN MELATI AIR (Echinodorus palaefolius) DAN ECENG GONDOK (Eichornia crassipes) UNTUK MENURUNKAN KONSENTRASI BOD, COD DAN AMONIA

Sustainable development can lead to an increase in the amount of wastewater produced from industrial waste and household domestic wastewater which contains materials/substances that can endanger human life and disrupt environmental sustainability. The aim of this research is to determine the optimum concentration of domestic wastewater for growth of water jasmine and water hyacinth and to determine the effectiveness of the phytoremediation method using plants water jasmine (Echinodorus palaefolius) and water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes) in reducing concentrations of BOD, COD and ammonia in domestic greywater wastewater. The stages of the research method began with sampling waste water, testing wastewater, acclimatization of plants, range finding test / phytoreactor test and continued with data analysis. The results of the test parameters of domestic greywater waste for 7 days obtained the final value of COD is 0.50 mg/L, BOD is 0 mg/L, and Ammonia is 0 mg/L. Based on the research results obtained the effectiveness of reducing COD concentrations by 99.65%; BOD of 100%; and 100% ammonia. This shows that the use of the phytoremediation method using water jasmine and water hyacinth is very effective in reducing the levels of BOD, COD and ammonia in domestic greywater wastewater and has met the quality standards for domestic wastewater.&#x0D; Keywords: Phytoremediation, Domestic Greywater, Water Jasmine, Water Hyacinth

Influences of Spatial and Seasonal Variation on Khabur River Pollution by Municipal Wastewater in Zakho District, Iraq Kurdistan Region

Samples of water were collected from the Khabur River in Zakho city in Iraqi Kurdistan Region in three seasons, the summer, autumn, and winter of 2021, at three different locations, before arriving at the city, inside the city, and after passing the city, and some Physio-chemical properties of water were determined to evaluate the spatial and seasonal variation effects on the renowned Khabur River properties. The result revealed the dissolved oxygen DO, biological oxygen demand is significantly (p<0.01) influenced by the summer season than autumn and winter, as the high temperature minimizes the dissolvability of oxygen necessary for life in the water, however, the level of BOD in Khabur river in three seasons not exceeded the recommended level of WHO and Iraqi slandered 3 mg/l. The pH of the Khabur River is not significantly affected by seasonal changes, while EC is significantly affected by seasonal variation. The alkalinity of the Khabur River is significantly higher in summer than in autumn and winter, and the opposite of almost all the studied parameters that increased in winter. The river has a total hardness greater than 200 mg/l as well as total calcium and magnesium. Hardness is significantly high in winter, as the dissolution of both Ca and Mg from bedrock and soil is increased by the action of heavy rainfall on the eroded soil. Regarding the spatial variation, the most studied parameters of the Khabur deteriorated when the river enters Zakho city, as approximately all the sewage water of this city is discharged into the river without any proper treatment.

Entropy approach to assessment of the ecological state of a water course

Purpose. Water quality assessment of the Dnipro Reservoir using the entropy index. Methods. Analytical-synthetic method, geo-informational (cartographic modeling), analysis of information sources, entropy analysis. Results. It was established that the water does not meet the upper limit of the 1st quality class according to DSTU 4808:2007 by all parameters except BOD5, COD and suspended matter. There is a decrease in the level of BOD5 at posts in the city of Dnipro, which indicates the entry into the watercourse of substances that inhibit biochemical processes (t4 and t5) and a gradual increase of this indicator at the exit from the city and further downstream, which indicates the entry of organic substances. The oxygen content decreases in the part of the watercourse located in the city (t4 - t6) and increases in the middle and lower part of the reservoir. There is also a trend of growth of sulfates, nitrogen compounds, phosphates, SPAR and COD for control points located within the city of Dnipro. The highest values of the entropy index of water quality are characteristic of points t2 (0.5444), t7 (0.6264) and t8 (0.5322). These control points are located at a considerable distance from industrial centers, so pollution caused by agricultural production probably plays a decisive role in the formation of water quality. The lowest value of the index (0.3889) is characteristic of item t1 - s. Shulgivka, after GVK Dnipro-Donbas. Conclusions. It was established that the main water pollutants are nitrites, nitrates, phosphates and suspended solids. It can cause a negative impact on health due to mutagenic and carcinogenic effects, and also accelerates the eutrophication of the water body. A negative impact of agro-industrial production on the ecological condition of the Dnieper Reservoir is observed. The value of the entropy index of water quality ranges from 0.3889 to 0.6264.

THE BOD-COD REDUCTION IN LEACHATE WATER USING RICE HUSK ASH

The purpose of this research is investigating the effect of rice husk ash in reducing of BOD, COD and TSS in leachate water. In this research, the protype of water purifier was created and the rice husk was conducted in this instrument. Before using as an adsorbent, the rice husk ash was heated at furnace at 500 °C. The process of water purifying using rice husk as an adsorbent was performed from 0 min to 120 min. The BOD-COD levels and the TSS content in leachate water was investigated before and after purifying using rice husk ash. The BOD level at this time was decreased from 412.5 to 126.25mg/L during contact time optimum 45 min.. The optimum time in reducing COD was also reduced from 861.0 to 261.25 mg/L during 45 min respectively. After 45 min , the content of BOD and COD was increased. The TSS content of leachate water after treatment using rice husk ash was changed from 99.0 to 5.0 mg/L after 30 min contact with rice husk. We conclude that the rice husk was effective in decreasing BOD, COD and TSS in leachate water. Keywords: Rice husk ash, BOD, COD.

Performance and Evaluation of Sewage Treatment Plant Based on MBBR and EBB Technologies

Abstract: The rapid expansion of modern housing and industrialization around the cities has polluted environment. This trend was observed in many developed countries in the beginning of nineteenth century which resulted in the contamination of air, water, soil etc. with pollutants. If the pollutants are released in the environment and left untreated they would cause serious diseases in both humans and animals. Large scale pollution of water bodies around the globe became a major problem due to release of industrial and domestic waste directly in water streams. To prevent the leaching of pollutants in the ground water scientist developed various methods of wastewater treatment based on the hazardous chemicals and microorganisms, which were present in the untreated water. Modern sewage treatment plants were installed in big cities to treat the water released from households. Most STPs were designed based on the stringent criteria to check the pollutants levels in the treated water so that when it is released or recycled it is safe to the environment. Modern day STP plants have a high cost of operation due to huge power consumption. In order to reduce the pollutant levels in the wastewater this study was conducted using a Eco Bio Block (EBB) techniques with aeration and without aeration. A comparison of EBB was also carried out with MBBR technique. Our results show that when EBB technique was applied with aeration it is effective in reducing pollutant levels in the wastewater akin to MBBR. In addition, we tested the EBB without aeration and found that the treated waste water has relatively low levels of BOD, COD and turbidity, suggesting that the treated water can be utilized for landscaping and horticulture activities. Overall, the outcomes from this study are encouraging to adopt EBB in smaller towns and in small housing societies to treat the wastewater prior to release

Aplikasi Melati Air Dalam Menurunkan BOD dan COD Limbah Cair Kelapa Sawit

Wastewater produced oil industry mustard t containing organic content of high BOD and COD. BOD and COD stating the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by microorganisms to decompose the material organic of a waste. Therefore, high levels of BOD and COD must be lowered in organic levels before being discharged into the water. One way that can be done using phytoremediation technology that is environmentally friendly. The purpose of this research to see the effectiveness of the water jasmine plant's ability to reduce levels of BOD and COD in palm oil industrial wastewater. This study used a batch system with variations in the number of plants used were 4, 12 and 16 individual plants and variations in contact time of 5 and 9 days. The initial testing of the waste obtained a BOD value of 4,236 mg / L, and a COD value of 5760 mg / l. After the phytoremediation test was carried out, the best decrease in BOD values was up to 96 mg / L and the greatest efficiency was obtained 97.73%. The decrease also occurred very well in COD, namely up to 342 mg / L with the greatest efficiency obtained by 93.88%. The decrease in the optimum levels of BOD and COD was found in variations in the number of plants 16 and on the 9th day. This proves that these plants are effective in eliminating liquid waste levels in the palm oil industry, especially BOD and COD