Boat Operators Research Articles

소형선박조종사 면허시험 전형제도에 관한 연구

소형선박조종사 면허시험 전형제도에 관한 연구

How to manage the perfect wave: Surfing tourism management in the Mentawai Islands, Indonesia

Sustainable marine tourism management is significantly assisted by the involvement of all relevant stakeholder groups including the local community. Co-management is an effective approach to marine tourism management in Indonesia, integrating government policy, sound business practices, customary laws and local territorial rights. This paper examines the current management approach to the Mentawai Islands surfing tourism industry by exploring multiple stakeholder perspectives. Field research was conducted in the period between July and September of 2010, through 108 in-depth interviews with surfing tourists, surf operators, government officials and NGO employees. The paper indicates that surfing tourists, resort and charter boat operators and local community perceived that the current management of the Mentawai surfing tourism industry was inadequate at protecting the marine resources it was based on. A key finding of this paper was that stakeholders identified that ingrained government corruption has led to a failure of the current surf tourism management scheme. In conclusion corruption, coordination of government resources, securing the trust of stakeholders, and incorporating local community knowledge into the management framework are seen as the major barriers to effective management of the Mentawai Islands surfing tourism industry.

Metals in coastal mollusks of Costa Rica

<p>La llegada de contaminantes a los ecosistemas costeros es un problema global en aumento. Los datos sobre contaminación por metales en sitios tropicales son escasos y se necesitan con urgencia estudios para proveer un marco de referencia y estimar el impacto relativo de estos y otros contaminantes. El objetivo de este trabajo fue hacer accesible los datos de metales traza recolectados durante estudios piloto (2000-2006) en cuatro bahías de Costa Rica. Las concentraciones de Fe, Pb, Zn, Mn, y Ni fueron determinadas en moluscos mediante Espectrometría de Absorción Atómica por llama y horno de grafito, en tejidos del caracol de las rocas <em>Acanthais brevidentata</em>, los bivalvos infaunales <em>Anadara tuberculosa </em>y <em>Tagelus affinis</em> de la costa Pacífica (Bahía Culebra, Golfo de Nicoya, y Bahía de Golfito) y en la almeja <em>Polymesoda </em><em>arctata</em> de la costa Caribe (Bahía de Moín). Adicionalmente, Cd, Cu y Sn, fueron evaluados en tejidos de <em>T. affinis</em>. Un grupo de <em>T. affinis</em> fue depurado por 72 horas en agua de mar del sitio, filtrada. Las concentraciones (μg/g peso seco) variaron entre y dentro de los sitios y también entre las partes de los mismos organismos. Las concentraciones máximas fueron: Fe 2 230 (<em>P. arctata-</em>tejidos, Bahía de Moín), Pb 195 (<em>P. arctata-</em>tejidos, Bahía de Moín), Zn 961 (<em>A. brevidentata</em>-tejidos, Bahía de Golfito), Mn 921<strong></strong>(<em>P. arctata</em>-tejidos, Bahía de Moín) y Ni 10.5 (<em>A. tuberculosa-</em>concha, Bahía de Golfito). Las concentraciones mínimas fueron: Fe 5.36 (<em>P. arctata-</em>tejidos, Bahía Moín), Pb <0.20 (<em>P. arctata-</em>pie, Bahía de Moín), Zn 2.75 (<em>P. arctata-</em>concha, Bahía de Moín), Mn 5.5<strong></strong>(<em>A. tuberculosa</em>-pie, Golfo de Nicoya) y Ni 0.83 (<em>A. tuberculosa-</em>pie, Bahía de Golfito). Los tejidos de <em>T. affinis</em> no depurada mostraron concentraciones máxima-mínima de Sn (3.74-2.73), Cd (0.69-0.43) y Cu (21.6-14.8). Las concentraciones, excepto para Pb y Mn, estuvieron dentro de valores reportados en la literatura reciente. La relativamente alta concentración de Pb probablemente estuvo relacionada con el uso de gasolina adicionada con plomo en la operación de embarcaciones menores en la época de la toma de muestras, mientras que no se encontró causa evidente para los altos valores de Mn. La depuración fue parcialmente efectiva en bajar la carga de metales en <em>T. affinis</em>. Los datos obtenidos durante el estudio piloto son indicativos de condiciones relativamente limpias en Bahía Culebra, mientras que los otros tres sitios tienen concentraciones importantes de ciertos contaminantes, incluyendo metales. No obstante que los datos fueron recolectados hace más de una década, estos son los más recientes disponibles para moluscos costeros de Costa Rica.</p>

Surf tourism and sustainable community development in the Mentawai Islands, Indonesia: a multiple stakeholder perspective

Goal and objectives of the dissertationGoalThe overall aim of this doctoral study is to identify and explore stakeholder perceptions of surf tourism development in the Mentawai Islands, and to examine the issues and interrelationships that shape tourism development in the region.Objectives1. To examine the characteristics of surf tourists visiting the Mentawai Islands and to gain deeper insights into how they perceive the environmental, social and economic impacts of their travel.2. To explore how government officials, surf tour operators, surf journalists and NGO employees perceive tourism and surf tourism development in the Mentawai Islands, and to examine their attitudes towards tourism management, stakeholder participation and the future development of the surf tourism.3. To gain an understanding of how Mentawai communities perceive tourists and tourism development. What is the host population's view on current surf tourism and their participation in its development? What benefits or challenges has it brought?4. To examine the common themes and key differences that emerge from the analysis, and to identify some potential approaches to enhance the future management in the industry.MethodologyThe methodology used in this doctoral study follows the interpretive paradigm and grounded theory approach. This research employed the process of triangulation using multiple methods, including the data-collection techniques of informal observation, online questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. Between the 8th of July and the 25th of September 2010, 72 in-depth community interviews and 36 online questionnaires were completed. The study design focuses on the interviewing process undertaken with each of the individual stakeholder groups: local community; government; operators and surfing tourists. The case study region of the Mentawai Islands are examined in detail, investigating the Islands' history, culture, tourism development and the subsequent formation of the surf tourism industry.ResultsThis study found the general demographic profile of surf tourists travelling to the Mentawais was Australian or American, well-educated middle-aged males with high discretionary income, commonly travelling in groups and staying for an average of 12 nights. Most travelled on inclusive package deals, with very few being independent travellers opting to stay in local homestays. Those on package holidays had a marginally lower daily local expenditure (US$21) than independent travellers (US$22). The majority of surf tourists travelling to the Mentawais could be classed as seekers, motivated by pull factors such as surfing high-quality waves, the warm tropical climate and the islands' remote location. Very few were motivated by a desire to experience the indigenous culture, although they did say it was a dimension of their surf holiday they would be interested in exploring.Industry stakeholder perceptions were mixed regarding surf tourism development in the Mentawai Islands. Government officials and charter boat operators thought the surf tourism industry had developed in an unsustainable manner, due to the failure of the MMTA and government corruption, which did not effectively manage the region. Conversely, resort operators perceived the surf tourism industry had developed sustainably and was well within carrying capacities. Charter boat and resort operators overwhelmingly thought the greatest barrier to creating a more sustainable surf tourism industry was the current inadequate regulation by the local Mentawai government. Other obstacles identified were corruption, the logistics required to implement an effective management system, and limited human resources.Local community members interviewed at all four study villages thought tourists were a very positive force in their communities due to the economic benefits produced by their travel. There was, however, a variation in the study villages' perceptions of tourism development. …

The socio-economic effects of a Marine Protected Area on the ecosystem service of leisure and recreation

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are an important tool for the maintenance of marine ecosystem functionality and health and ensuring the onward flow of beneficial ecosystem services that support human well-being. Social and economic factors influence whether and how stakeholders exploit resources or cooperate to conserve them. Environmental managers are now turning from designating MPAs to monitoring their effectiveness. Combining spatial analysis with quantitative and qualitative survey methods this research shows that an MPA (Lyme Bay, SW England) has had varying effects on the delivery of the beneficial ecosystem service of leisure and recreation. In the survey years 2008–2011 dive businesses have increased their frequency of activity inside and outside the MPA and report an increase in turnover; though they perceive little or no effect of the MPA on business. Charter boat operators have seen an overall decline in the frequency of activity outside the MPA and an increase inside the MPA. They perceive that the MPA has increasingly had a positive effect on their business. Sea angling activity has declined at sites outside the MPA and increased at sites within the MPA, suggesting a redistribution of spatial activity. Diving activity has increased both inside and outside the MPA. Divers report that the MPA has influenced where they choose to dive. This corresponds to a potential increase in value of the MPA resource (represented as the proportional expenditure and associated turnover by these groups) of £2.2 million. This research demonstrates that the use of the resource has changed following designation and that MPAs can attract a greater proportion of the leisure and recreation expenditure and associated turnover to sites within the MPA boundary. Moving forward it is important to assess effects both inside and outside MPAs. Integrating high quality social science at MPA sites to track effectiveness can help to adapt and refine management strategies to reflect the needs of the stakeholders and support effective conservation.

Environmental management of boating related impacts by commercial fishing, sailing and diving tour boat operators in Australia

There are approximately 1500 commercial tour boat operators in Australia with a combined fleet of approximately 3800 vessels – the majority offer marine fishing, sailing or diving tours. Most of the fishing tour boat operators employ fewer staff and use smaller vessels than the dive and sail tour boat operators. Proportionately more of the vessels used by sail and dive tour boat operators have basic environmental management measures such as ashtrays and garbage bins to reduce overboard littering, and sewage holding tanks with pump-out systems to reduce the impacts of human waste. In addition, more of the sail and dive tour boat operators claim to be aware of their boat's environmental impacts and also claim to take steps to reduce or remediate them, including the use of environmental management guidelines. These differences in environmental management measures, however, are associated principally with patterns in vessel size, which affects both the practical and regulatory requirements. In addition, more of the dive tour boat operators operate in marine protected areas (MPAs) where regulations are quite often more stringent. Once these factors are allowed for, environmental management of boating related impacts by individual fishing tour boat operators is not significantly worse than by sail or dive tour boat operators. Overall the attempts to reduce environmental impacts are part of the broader thrust to improve sustainability by ecologically modernising the industry. In this regard, there appears to be significant scope for improvement within the Australian tour boat industry in the form of ensuring that their vessels have garbage bins and ashtrays on board, that such items are clearly labelled and that clients are both advised of their location(s) and the need for their use and especially by clearly advising their clients not to throw items overboard (particularly cigarette butts).

Issues and opportunities associated with using manatee mortality data to evaluate the effectiveness of manatee protection efforts in Florida

ESR Endangered Species Research Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsSpecials ESR 26:127-136 (2014) - DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00638 Issues and opportunities associated with using manatee mortality data to evaluate the effectiveness of manatee protection efforts in Florida C. Scott Calleson* Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Imperiled Species Management Section, 620 South Meridian Street, Tallahassee, FL 32399, USA *Corresponding author: scott.calleson@myfwc.com ABSTRACT: Protection zones to reduce risks to Florida manatees Trichechus manatus latirostris associated with boat operation have been in place since the 1990s or earlier in most areas considered important for the species. Despite the relatively long period of time protections have been in place, evaluating the effectiveness of these efforts has proven to be difficult. This paper discusses manatee mortality data, which is one of the most long-term sources of data available for analysis, and some of the difficulties associated with using these data to evaluate effectiveness. It then explores the concept of using differences in rates of change in mortality during three 10 yr periods as an evaluation metric. Rates were calculated for the state of Florida as a whole and for Treatment and No Treatment groups, with the Treatment group including all counties where comprehensive protection zones have been established. The only rates of change that were statistically different from one another were for boat-related deaths, both statewide and for the Treatment group, between the 1981-1990 and 2001-2010 periods. Statewide, the average rate of increase fell from 11.2 to 1.0% yr-1, while, within the Treatment group, the rate fell from 12.4 to 1.2% yr-1. These results provide evidence that protection efforts have likely helped to reduce boat-related mortality risks; however, the analysis does not account for some uncertainties associated with the mortality data, and the confidence intervals are fairly wide. Additional research and analyses should be pursued to account for these issues and also to consider risks related to non-lethal manatee-boat collisions. KEY WORDS: Florida manatee · Trichechus manatus latirostris · Boat speed zones · Mortality · Risk reduction · Effectiveness Full text in pdf format PreviousNextCite this article as: Calleson CS (2014) Issues and opportunities associated with using manatee mortality data to evaluate the effectiveness of manatee protection efforts in Florida. Endang Species Res 26:127-136. https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00638 Export citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in ESR Vol. 26, No. 2. Online publication date: December 10, 2014 Print ISSN: 1863-5407; Online ISSN: 1613-4796 Copyright © 2014 Inter-Research.

The Relationship between Socio-Demographic Characteristics and Snorkeling Satisfaction in Pulau Payar Marine Park, Kedah

Due to its popularity and lucrative business opportunity, snorkeling has become the predominant activity in many marine parks. Continuous growth in the number of tourists and mass tourism has resulted in uncontrolled number of tourists, sometimes to pass over the carrying capacity of the site. Due to the lack of control and enforcement, many tour boat operators are seen bringing snorkelers to small fragile sites at the same timeframe. Such situation has resulted in reduced quality of tourist experience and satisfaction level as they need to cram in with others at the designated snorkeling areas. This study analyzes the influence of tourist demographic profile on the satisfaction level with snorkeling experience in the Pulau Payar Marine Park, a small coral island in Malaysia. A total of 259 snorkelers answered the survey that forms the basis of this paper. The results tested using t-tests and ANOVA, show significant differences between satisfaction level and respondents’ socio-demographic characteristics. Findings of the study indicated that only origin and education level positively associated with visitor satisfaction. Several issues, such as limiting the numbers of boats to be allowed at the site and facilities management such as toilets, changing rooms and solid waste management were among issues need to be considered by the Marine Park Department, in order to protect the island and its sustainability. This study highlights the importance of site management, in environmentally sensitive areas, for marine park managers and tour operators toward developing strategic marketing mixes for the different market segments.

Crisis Response and Management Following Hurricane Sandy

The United States Coast Guard responded to the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy in New York and New Jersey under the National Response Framework's Emergency Support Function 10 Oil and Hazardous Material Response. Based on countless lessons learned; decisive response leadership is required in the initial response to build operational momentum, and establish interagency coordination. The Hurricane Sandy Pollution Response is a stellar example of how the initial actions shaped the direction and effectiveness of the rest of the response. This poster will emphasize how the leadership asked the right questions, referred to the right plans, set the right priorities and included the right partners. Additionally, it will identify the protocols that were established to execute Pollution Mitigation. The regional and area contingency plans provided supporting mechanisms and structure for multi-agency cooperation. Due to the extent of the wide spread damage pollution reporting to the National Response Center was disrupted and remained ineffective at a local level until the impacted shoreline communities were reconstituted. The Unified Command conducted wide-area assessments by aerial observers, boat operations and field personnel to quantify and assess the pollution threats from thousands of sources. The Operations Section of the Incident Command utilized Emergency Response Management System Application (ERMA) to develop the common operating picture and prioritize threats based on environmentally sensitive areas. During Hurricane Sandy, critical decision making allowed the response organization to oversee 1,500 contracted personnel, over 1,245 miles of shoreline, and mitigated 439 potential/active pollution threats. The poster will include the Response Time-line, Response Doctrine, ICS Implementation, Key Decisions, Pollution Mitigation protocols and National Strike Force Boat Operations.

Controlling invasive species by empowering environmental stakeholders: ecotourism boat operators as potential guardians of wildlife against the invasive American mink

AbstractPeople who have a stake in their environment are more likely to volunteer to assist conservation but they must be empowered to do so. This study explored the possibility of harnessing volunteers in the control of an invasive predator, the American mink Neovison vison, which decimates seabird colonies in coastal west Scotland. A questionnaire was sent to ecotourism boat operators, a group assumed to have an economic interest in wildlife biodiversity and a stake in their environment, to gauge their opinion on lethal control of American mink. The majority (64%) of respondents were concerned about the presence of mink in their area, agreed with control in principle and were willing to become involved in a volunteer capacity. Respondents who would not volunteer but agreed with control (21%) might reconsider if mink had a visible impact on their local wildlife. The minimum level of support people expected was information on where to get, and how to deploy, monitoring and trapping equipment. This study confirms that people with an intrinsic interest in wildlife consider themselves willing to protect their local biodiversity, with only limited resource input, such as an information pack, from external sources.

Economic Impacts of the U.S. Gulf of Mexico Recreational For-Hire Fishing Industry

IMPLAN Version 3.0 was used with a 2008 IMPLAN data package to estimate the economic impacts of the recreational for-hire (RFH) fishing industry in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico (GOM). Initial, direct, indirect, and induced impacts were estimated. Impacts were estimated for head, charter, and guide boat operations for Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama (combined), and West Florida as individual state models, while introducing multiregional spillover effects that account for regional linkages between states. These updated data are necessary to meet national standards set forth by the Magnuson-Stevens Act, such that social and economic ramifications of proposed federal fishing regulations in the GOM can be made part of the overall decision- and policymaking process.

The Analysis of Motion Dynamics and Resistance of the Multipurpose Boat Operating in Shallow Water

Polish market of small boats has been developed very dynamically in recent years. Market competition forces the shipyards to build new more efficient hull forms and to cut the cost of production as well. This is why modern computer simulation programs are used more often by naval architects. Another trend is to design more universal ships that may be used by larger number of diversified customers. This paper presents project proposal of multipurpose boat hull form. The boat was design to fulfill the requirements imposed by public services like water police, fire brigades, and border guards. It is supposed to be operated on unexplored floodplains and other type shallow waters. The analysis of boat’s motion was based on computer simulations. The resistance curve was evaluated with two methods: comparison study of model test results of similar ships and CFD methods. The results obtained from Ansys Fluent and FINE/Marine systems were compared in this paper. It was shown that taking into consideration dynamic trim and sinkage has a significant impact on free surface capture and resistance values.

An Evaluation of Snorkeling Experience in Pulau Payar Marine Park, Kedah, Malaysia

Marine Parks in Malaysia receive almost 7.4 million tourists for the past ten years from all over the world. Continuous growth in the number of tourists and mass tourism has resulted in uncontrolled number of tourists, sometimes surpassing the carrying capacity of the site. Due to the lack of control and enforcement, many tour boat operators are bringing snorkelers to small fragile sites at the same timeframe. Such situation has resulted in reduced quality of tourist experience and satisfaction level, among others, as they need to cram in with others at the designated snorkeling areas. Taking Pulau Payar Marine Park for an example, this study evaluates the snorkeling experience of 259 selected respondents in the marine park. The results employed Importance-satisfaction analysis (ISA) and Gap analysis on both satisfaction and importance level. The research result showed that the perceived mean is less than the expected mean for all attributes except for ‘lack of crowd’ and ‘fish feeding activity’. Over sixty eight percent were satisfied with their snorkeling experience but there are several issues need to be managed by the Marine Park Department. Suggestions, such as limiting the number of visitors to the park, improving public facilities and solid waste management of the park to protect the island and its sustainability were introduced. This study highlights the importance of site management in environmentally sensitive areas, for resort and tour operators towards developing better service quality for a better tourist experience.

1A1-I06 外乱の影響を考慮した運航支援システムの開発(水中ロボット・メカトロニクス(1))

The possible cruising distance of the electric boats is still short compared with that of similar-sized internal combustion engine boats. Currently, electric boat operators have to estimate the possible cruising distance from weather (wind direction or power), wave (height and tide), and battery (voltage, current, state of charge) conditions. Battery failure has to be avoided from the viewpoint of operational safety. In order to solve this problem, a Navigation Support System (NSS) that provides the possible cruising distance and the recommended speed, and restricts the output power to achieve the desired operation, have been developed. However, the previous NSS cannot adapt changes of disturbances. Therefore, this study proposed the new NSS that provides the suitable output power etc considering the influence of disturbances.

タグボート乗組員の常態化したヒヤリハットについて

In a harbor, vessels frequently need the assistance of tug boats, for example, when berthing, escorting or towing. These are a great help for vessels' navigation and for the traffic efficiency. There has been sparse research on the subject of tug boats, due to the specific character of tug boats' work. For the purpose of learning more about safe tug operation, there is a need know how often there are, or have been, near-misses for tug crew. In this study, the authors distributed more than 2,000 questionnaires to tug crew all over Japan and received the sufficient answers to analyze the point of problem. This will be a useful tool for enhancing safety and mutual understanding between the tug boat operators and the assisted vessel. From the collected results of those questionnaires, the authors could consider that the most of crew members of tug boat are aware of risks in many situations. Therefore, the authors propose that this fact should be made public, especially to those tug boat operators and also the assisted vessel side. In a final conclusion, the authors work for this study should be helpful to minimize the near-miss or improve the safety environment.

Effect of motorized watercraft on summer nearshore turbidity at Lake Tahoe, California–Nevada

The Lake Tahoe clarity trend is dominated by a consistent long-term decline attributed to the influx of nutrients and fine inorganic particles. The South Lake Tahoe nearshore clarity can be affected by factors such as wind waves, streamflow, boating, and urban stormwater, and the turbidity in the nearshore is greater during the summer than during the winter. In this study we measured the summer nearshore turbidity from 2 piers in South Lake Tahoe and found the summer nearshore transparency to be influenced by wind, boating, and lake currents, but not streamflow or urban stormwater. During summer 2012 the average daily increase in turbidity of Lake Tahoe's southern nearshore was 1.19 NTU following high intensity boating and 0.10 NTU following low intensity boating. Wave action and turbulence from boating in Lake Tahoe's shallow nearshore are likely to suspend sediment and release nutrients; however, there are no restrictions for boat operation in Lake Tahoe's shallow nearshore.

A new marine magnetotelluric measurement system in a shallow-water environment for hydrogeological study

We have developed a new marine magnetotelluric (MT) measurement system that can reduce noises caused by sea wave motions and can be applied to measurements under very shallow seawater areas, such as a coastal region with a sea depth of 10 to 100 m. The difficulties of geophysical exploration in shallow water and coastal areas include (1) fishery activity, (2) limitations of survey vessel size, and (3) motion noise caused by sea waves. In order to overcome these difficulties, we selected a MT method that uses natural EM fields without transmitting an electric current in seawater, which enables the method to be used in areas with active inshore fisheries. In addition, the developed marine MT system is very short, which reduces motion generated by sea waves, and compact, which enables light-draft small survey boat operation. We conducted offshore data acquisition using a new MT measurement system and an onshore MT survey at the Horonobe coastal area, Hokkaido, Japan. High-quality data were successfully obtained in both onshore and offshore field surveys. Two-dimensional (2D) inversion for field data from onshore to sea bottom reveals that a quaternary sedimentary layer of a few hundred meters in thickness, which was determined by well logging to be a freshwater layer, extends horizontally offshore for several kilometers under the sea. The results obtained herein demonstrate that the newly developed marine MT measurement system can be used to clarify the geoelectrical structures of brackish/fresh groundwater distributions and in coastal areas. • We have developed a new magnetotelluric system for very shallow seawater region. • High-quality data were obtained in field surveys at coastal area. • 2D inversion reveals the geoelectrical structure from onshore to sea bottom. • The new system can be used to estimate groundwater distributions in coastal areas.

Socioeconomic factors associated with fishing pressure in small-scale fisheries along the West Philippine Sea biogeographic region

Small-scale fishers in the Philippines are highly diverse in their fishing behavior and demographic characteristics. Understanding this heterogeneity will provide valuable insights for fisheries management efforts that could result in win–win outcomes, both for (i) improving sustainable incomes for fishers, and (ii) facilitating recovery and resilience of depleted fisheries. We determined how different socioeconomic factors were associated with fishing effort, measured as the number of fishing trips per month, in six neighboring coastal towns along the West Philippines Sea biogeographic region of the Philippines. We found that types of alternative livelihoods and fisher age were the most important factors influencing fishing effort. Employed fishers (e.g. drivers, boat operators, construction workers, carpenters, etc.) had lower fishing effort than both those without alternative livelihoods and self-employed ones (e.g. subsistence farmers/livestock raisers and small business operators). Younger fishers fished more frequently than older ones. Our study provides valuable insights for management interventions that can effectively foster transitions into alternative livelihoods to alleviate fishing pressure while providing fishers with sustainable source of income.

Sacred habitats at got Ramogi cultural landscape opportunities and strategies for ecotourism in Siaya County, Kenya

Considering that tourism is one of the World’s largest industry, inter and intra-regional competition is unavoidable. The competition has been further worsened by the globalization nature of tourism. As such, tourism business is better realized when efforts are put towards destination as opposed to regional or national tourism promotion. Against this background, developing and making the ecotourism business plan operational will not only unlock the tourism potential but also help in the management, promotion and protection of the sites for future generations and enhance economic growth of Siaya County in Kenya. In the development of this business plan, a participatory approach was adopted. The participation involved stakeholders; namely Community based organizations (CBOs), boat operators, beach leaders, religious leaders, Kenya Forest Research Institute (KEFRI), operators of hospitality services in the region, local community representatives as well as Provincial administration. The stakeholders were put in a workshop setting which was facilitated by four consultants from Bondo University. The plan also used secondary information sources from Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS), and web sites among others.

재결서 분석을 통한 어선-비어선간 충돌사고에 관한 연구

The analysis of the written verdicts in recent five years was conducted to obtain preventive measures of collision between fishing vessel and non fishing vessel. As a result, a collision much happened in offshore trap for fishing vessel and below 5,000 tons of small and medium class for non fishing vessel. A person involved in a marine accident occupied 68% in sixth class deck officer and small boat operator for fishing vessel and 29% in third class deck officer for non fishing vessel. 90% of the collision happened in a underway by operating state and 84% in sight of one another by visibility state. The systemic radar training was required since 47% of the collisions was occurred on the condition of radar operation in fishing vessel. The main cause of poor lookout was a intensive fishing and poor lookout on movement by radar for fishing vessel and one man watch system and no recognition of one another by radar for non fishing vessel. This result is expected to contribute for the decrease of collision.