Board Ship Research Articles

Application of Modal Analysis for the Vibrational Comfort Investigation on Board Ships: a Case Study

Application of Modal Analysis for the Vibrational Comfort Investigation on Board Ships: a Case Study

Enhancing port preparedness in Germany in the event of infectious diseases – a best practice study

Abstract Background The maritime sector is exposed to specific risks in the area of communicable diseases. In Germany, five ports are designated to enforce the International Health Regulations (IHR) and must have certain core capacities to respond immediately to cross-border health threats. A joint external evaluation conducted by the World Health Organization (WHO) revealed a need to reinforce central structures in Germany. The overarching objective of the study is to harmonize and consolidate the requisite capacities for maritime health security. Methods Qualitative interviews (n = 35) at baseline were conducted with various stakeholders, including port medical services, port authorities and other stakeholders. The parameters to be analysed included specific activities and interfaces during infectious incidents, experience with past infection incidents, training and exercise, and the need for action. Furthermore, a document analysis was conducted, during which the existing contingency plans and standard operating procedures were reviewed. Results In essence, the initial challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic have led to the establishment of well-defined procedures and interfaces between the various stakeholders involved. There is a necessity for enhanced interpersonal communication between the various stakeholders and the implementation of sustainable training practices. Furthermore, greater transparency and standardisation of regulations in international health emergencies is desired. Conclusions Given the infrequency of cross-border infection incidents on board ships, targeted preparation within stakeholders is often given a lower priority than other work priorities. The participatory study design is intended to develop comprehensive concepts in collaboration with the IHR ports in the ongoing project. Subsequently, these concepts will be tested in tabletop exercises and incorporated into training formats for public health actors. Key messages • The qualitative interview study at baseline revealed a substantial need for sustained communication and training practices among stakeholders for infectious disease preparedness in German IHR ports. • The document analysis revealed relevant differences in the extent and scope of contingency plans of German ports designated under the International Health Regulations.

Optimization of Smoke, Flame, and Heat Detector Maintenance on MV Pan Mutiara

Smoke, flame, and heat detectors are included in the active fire protection system that must be present on board. The function of these detectors is to detect fires early. This research aims to optimize the maintenance of smoke, flame, and heat detectors on board ships. This research was conducted using a qualitative method with primary data sources obtained through notes from interviews, field observations, documentation, and secondary data obtained from various literacies. This research was conducted at MV Pan Mutiara. In this study, it can be concluded that the optimization of smoke, flame, and heat detector maintenance needs to be done on MV Pan Mutiara so that the detector can work properly because if the detector is damaged, this equipment loses its function and it can be a leading cause of fire that cannot be controlled. Then the maintenance optimization is carried out by making a special schedule, as evidenced by the results of the interview, where according to 3RD Officer the maintenance schedule is made by dividing the total number of detectors on board over 6 months, this period is taken into consideration of the workload of 3RD Officer at POS SM company which is more compared to other companies.

A Non-Weight Bearing Method for Measuring Hip Abduction Strength Overestimates Hip Abductor Muscle Fatigue During One-Leg Stance

OCCUPATIONAL APPLICATIONS Assessing workers’ strength capacities is a common practice prior to return to work following injury or illness, or assessing capabilities for strenuous jobs. Because it requires 50% or more of maximum strength capacity, hip abductor muscle strength is a strong predictor of both middle- and older-aged individuals’ ability to reliably balance on one leg and of their risk of falls. Our results suggest subjects were able to augment their hip abductor moment during unipedal weight stance via gluteus maximus activity. Weight-bearing hip abduction strength measures are important for assessing worker capacity for jobs requiring reliable unipedal balance whether during lateral loading, while walking in gusty winds, on slippery footing or resisting lateral deck movements on board ship or train. Measurements of hip abductor strength should be made in a full unipedal weight bearing posture; non-weight-bearing measurements significantly underpredicted hip abductor strength as well as endurance.

Experiences of Male Indonesian Migrant Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic to Post-Pandemic Period in Taiwan: A Phenomenological Study.

The challenges faced by male migrant workers during the pandemic have not been fully understood. This study aimed to explore the experiences of male Indonesian migrant workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan. This study used an interpretive phenomenological design. Twenty male Indonesian migrant workers in southern Taiwan were individually interviewed. Data were analyzed using reflective thematic analysis. The migrant workers had conflicting emotions during the pandemic, faced challenges during self-quarantine, lived on board ships, and experienced restrictions on social and religious activities. The workers prioritized maintaining their health to ensure that they would not be easily infected while working. COVID-19 vaccines were made available to migrant workers in Taiwan. The workers had many hopes that they would achieve a better and more prosperous life by working in Taiwan than in their home country. Although the 3-year COVID-19 period was difficult for Indonesian migrant workers in Taiwan, Taiwan's policies provided hope for them to endure the pandemic. The results have implications for Taiwan's health care system, labor development, and transcultural health care.

Mathematical Literacy as a Key Competency for Maritime Education: Systematic Review of Cadet Competencies

This study discusses the role of mathematical literacy as the main competency that cadets need to have in the field of maritime education. Through a systematic literature review (SLR), the mathematical literacy competencies needed by cadets in the maritime field are navigation, problem solving, use of modern technology, operational management, critical and logical thinking, and accurate data-based decision making. This systematic review provides an illustration of literacy mastery Mathematics not only supports cadets' understanding of basic maritime concepts, but also improves cadets' abilities in dealing with challenges or unexpected situations on board ships and while at anchor. Therefore, developing mathematical literacy must be a priority in cadet education and training programs to produce graduates who are competent and ready to face the complexity of the global maritime industry.

‘Girls are Wanted More Than Men’: A Gendered Experience of Child Migration in the Mid-Nineteenth Century

Abstract On Christmas Day 1848 the Ramillies left England bound for Port Adelaide, Australia, carrying amongst its passengers a group of girls from London’s ragged schools and Marylebone Workhouse. An incidence of brutal punishment to which some of the girls were subjected on board ship went unreported in the British press at the time but became the subject of a heated debate in Parliament 12 months later. Through an examination of letters, press reports and official records, this article uses the journey of this one ship as a case study to illustrate the range of experiences, both negative and positive, faced by young poor female emigrants and demonstrates the ways in which those experiences were shaped by gender. It explores why emigration was seen as a particularly appropriate solution to the ‘problem’ of destitute girls and why the process itself was more challenging for them than for boys, using this analysis as a tool to bring into sharper focus some of the prevailing attitudes towards poor young women in the mid-nineteenth century. Finally, it shows how, whereas young women in similar situations are often portrayed as victims, some could, albeit operating within a restricted range of options, exercise at least some degree of choice. Early emigration schemes like this, operated by the Ragged School Union and others, have rarely figured in the historiography; this article will build on existing scholarship in gender, childhood and emigration studies and offer new insights into the life experiences of pauper girls in the mid-nineteenth century.

Peranan PT IMC Ship Management Selaku Auditor Internal Terhadap Safety Management System di MV. Dewi Shinta Manggala

Internal audit activities are carried out to meet and implement the Safety Management System (SMS) rules so that safety on board ships is implemented in accordance with the ISM Code. In addition, an internal audit conducted by a shipping company can minimize the findings of an external audit of the Safety Management System (SMS). The purpose of this research is to find out the implementation process, obstacles and solutions for the implementation of MV internal audit. Dewi Shinta Manggala. The method carried out in this study is qualitative descriptive. Data collection was carried out by in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation. The results of the study show that the obstacles faced in the obstacles experienced in the internal audit process are the unsuitable time between the ship's schedule and the auditor resulting in delays, crew ratings that are not optimal in implementing the Safety Management System (SMS), and the crew's understanding of the Safety Management System (SMS) on board the ship which is considered to be still lacking. So that the efforts that must be made, namely the company's internal parties communicate well with each other, the company gives strict sanctions to crews who do not optimally implement SMS, the company requires crews to attend SMS training.

Effect of cyclic meditation on anxiety and sleep quality in sailors on merchant ships-A quasi-experimental study.

Sailors undergo anxiety and sleep disturbances due to prolonged journeys and the nature of their work on ships. Earlier studies indicate Cyclic Meditation (CM) being beneficial for managing anxiety and improving sleep quality. Thus, the current study was designed to investigate the effect of CM on anxiety and sleep quality among sailors. Fifty sailors were assigned to experimental (n = 25) and control (n = 25) groups. The experimental group received 45 min of CM, 7 days a week for 3 weeks. Control group continued with their routine activities and were offered CM practice the following 3 weeks. Hamilton Anxiety Scale for anxiety (HAM-A) and the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) for sleep along with blood pressure and pulse rate were taken at baseline and by the end of 3 weeks. Data were analyzed using Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance (RM ANOVA) for within and between group effects. Significant differences were found between the groups following 3 weeks for all the variables. Experimental group demonstrated reduced anxiety (p < 0.001) and improved sleep (p < 0.001) along with improvements in blood pressure and pulse rate. The control group did not show any significant changes following 3 weeks. CM could be incorporated as a routine for sailors to manage their anxiety and improve sleep quality during the period on board ships.

Shortage of Qualified Filipino Personnel on board vessels: A myth or a reality?

The maritime industry, which mainly relies on Filipino sailors, has recently expressed alarm over a potential scarcity of skilled workers on board ships. By closely assessing the current situation of Filipino maritime labor, this study determines if the claimed shortage is a myth or a reality. The study investigates Filipino seafarers' availability, qualifications, and deployment, utilizing data from industry reports and employment trends. The investigation reveals a complicated problem. On the one hand, there are noticeable shortages in certain fields, particularly among officers and highly specialized professions. These shortages are exacerbated by an aging workforce, a lag in sophisticated marine training, and rising competition from other sectors and nations providing more attractive opportunities. On the other hand, the total supply of Filipino seamen remains. To address these challenges, the paper suggests several strategies, including improving the quality and relevance of maritime education and training, fostering stronger collaboration between the government and industry stakeholders, and implementing By aligning educational outcomes with industry needs and addressing the root causes of perceived shortages, the Philippines can maintain its position as a leading supplier of seafarers to the global fleet. This study indicates that, while there are areas of concern, the overall narrative of a scarcity of competent Filipino seafarers is more complex than appears, necessitating a nuanced and strategic approach to maritime workforce development.

Comparing modelled and measured exhaust gas components from two LNG-powered ships

Bottom-up modelling is used frequently to estimate emissions produced by seagoing vessels, and the accuracy of modelling is dependent on the data the model is trained with. Observational studies can be used to increase the model accuracy. Here we compared data from two measuring campaigns conducted on board ships that use Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) as primary fuel in internal combustion engines (ICE) in a diesel-electric setup with values obtained from the Ship Traffic Emission Assessment Model (STEAM).The power demand for propulsion calculated using Automatic Identification System (AIS) data matched observations reasonably. The root mean square error between the modelled and observed power demand was 759–914 kW (28.6–34.5%) for the measured ropax vessel and 1869–1916 kW (16.7–17.1%) for the large cruise vessel over four voyages while the ships were underway. The discrepancy is largely explained by the auxiliary power demand, which was 4 times higher on the large cruise vessel than the model prediction.Using meteorological data to estimate the increase of resistance did not improve the goodness of fit between modelled and observed engine power demand. STEAM model's base-specific fuel consumption calculation method fits observed values reasonably when the engine load is over 50%, but ICEs used in constant speed mode have increased consumption at lower engine loads compared to variable speed ICEs.The share of pilot fuel of total energy consumption was found to play a significant role in the emission factors for measured exhaust gas compounds. More accurate functions to model fuel consumption and emissions were derived using the observed data.

Перспектива застосування хімічних окислювачів для нейтралізації та дегазації фосфіну в морській фумігації вантажів

ABSTRACT. The transportation of grains, legumes and other regulated articles requires mandatory fumigation. Toxicological safety of fumigation team and crewmembers of the sea merchant fleet is a mandatory condition for fumigation. Hazardous waste is generated on board the ship during the work of the fumigation team. The development of a technique for phosphine residues degassing in containers, fumi-sleeves, etc. on board of a ship is an important scientific and applied task. Аim of the research. Study the possibility of application of well-known oxidizers (hydrogen peroxide, chloramine, ozone, potassium permanganate) for neutralizing and degassing of phosphine and phosphine-containing poison fumigants in marine cargo fumigation, conduct an analysis of redox reactions of degassers with phosphine and assess the toxicity of chemical reaction products. Materials and Мethods. The analysis of phosphine content was carried out by the method of stationary gas chromatography on the Tsvet-160 chromatograph, as well as by the method of electrochemical analysis using the Pac III – PH3, Accuro (Germany) and ToxyPro (USA) portable devices. An analytical review of the literature was performed, laboratory-experimental and field studies for degassing of phosphine and poisonous fumigants during marine fumigation of grain and fodder cargoes were conducted on ships of the bulk fleet and in the seaports of Odesa, Chornomorsk, and Yuzhne. The results. It is shown that, contrary to existing methods, water and its soap solutions do not have destructive and neutralizing properties in relation to phosphine and phosphine-containing preparations. Their use for phosphine degassing is impractical and dangerous. Conclusions. The application of aqueous solutions of typical oxidizers (chlorine, hydrogen peroxide, ozone, and potassium permanganate) for degassing used containers from phosphine-containing preparations and fumigants on board ships can be recommended for use in national and international practice of maritime fumigation of cargo. Keywords: maritime fumigation, poison fumigants, phosphine, chemical oxidizers, degassing of containers from fumigants, simultaneous extinguishing and degassing of fumi-sleeves from phosphine fumigants

The Readiness Of Shipping Companies In Tegal Region To Implement IMO Regulations In The Field Of Marine Pollution Prevention

Marine pollution that occurs due to ship waste increasingly threatens Indonesian waters. Sources of marine pollution are caused by shipping and port activities. Handling this pollution must be carried out with facilities and infrastructure holding marine pollution in accordance with international standards on board ships and at loading and unloading ports, so competent professionals are also needed in their fields. The purpose of this study is to determine and analyze the readiness of shipping companies in the Tegal region to face IMO rules in the field of marine pollution prevention. The study used qualitative description methods by conducting observations, interviews, and literature. Based on the results of the research, it was found that the problem that occurred was administrative; companies related to human resources could meet competencies. Shipping agents in the Tegal area are limited to serving ship document management, while the procurement or repair of pollution prevention equipment is under the authority of the ship owner through his representative, who will conduct a survey when the ship carries out docking/repair at TUKS or Tersus. There are still docking companies that handle the remaining sludge waste from OWS, which is landfilled, so if it accumulates a lot, it can cause soil pollution. The lack of public awareness and limited facilities and infrastructure for ship waste management in the port area are problems for the government and other stakeholders at the port.

Penerapan Matriks Boston Consulting Group untuk Penanganan Muatan Barang Berbahaya pada Kapal Barang Nasional

The main problem of the research lies in the lack of training, competencies and skills of the crew due to the lack of discipline and the understanding of marine matters, especially related to dangerous goods handling on board. The purpose of the study is to analyze the position and management strategies offered in handling dangerous cargo, especially explosives on board of Sinar Palaran ship. The method to analyze the data was using Boston Consulting Group (BCG) Matrix analysis tool. The result shows that the intensity of dangerous goods cargo mishandling increase. Based on the analysis of Boston Consulting Group Matrix, the position of Sinar Palaran Ship is in Quadrant I, which indicates the company is facing the problem of low competence of the ship’s crew in handling dangerous goods cargo. The strategy offered through BCG Matrix is the strategy to develop, build and increase the intensity of training, discipline and maritime education for crew members to improve their competencies and skills in handling dangerous goods cargo.

Justifying an application of the explanatory sequential mixed methods research design in maritime research

ABSTRACT Despite the efficacy of the mixed methods research design, there appears to be a need for more application in the maritime theme areas. This paper demonstrates the use of explanatory sequential mixed methods research (MMR) design in investigating the retention of ship officers. Previous studies often relied on the lopsided viewpoint of industry employers (using qualitative-oriented mono-methods) without capturing the employee side of the discourse. A web-based survey of 305 ship officers and a semi-structured telephone interview with 20 senior managers helped identify factors predicting the departure of ship officers to landside jobs. A long period of separation from family is a vital issue. Analysis of the interview transcripts helped explain the survey results. Sustainable HR practices are needed among shipping industry employers. Many respondents indicated that personal reasons accounted for the departure to landside jobs. The lack of support from employers during times of crisis compounds a high turnover conundrum among highly skilled ship officers. Shipping industry employers need to dedicate more resources to seafarer training even as the emergence of new technologies on board ships is placing existing skills out of fashion.

Advancing zero-emission maritime solutions: Case study of an ammonia-powered fuel cell system implementation

The international scientific community asserts that ammonia will play an essential role in decarbonizing ships, primarily due to its abundance, availability in ports, and potential for production from renewable sources (green ammonia). Moreover, ammonia can serve as an energy carrier for the hydrogen economy. The paper considers using PEM fuel cell technology as the primary power generation system on board ships to achieve zero-emission conditions. Additionally, it examines the refitting of a mega-yacht as a case study. As a result, the ammonia processing system for hydrogen generation is heavier and bulkier than a conventional Genset, and certain installation constraints must be addressed. However, this study confirms that this installation does not require significant modifications to the original design, and the flotation and trim are verified. However, the limited available space for ammonia storage tanks reduces autonomy to a range of 3–6 days, depending on operating conditions.

How Can Helicopters Help Us Determine the Health of Antarctica’s Oceans?

In East Antarctica, warm ocean water travels toward the Totten Ice Shelf. This water melts and thins the ice shelf, and speeds up the rate at which ice moves into the sea, leading to sea-level rise. Scientists often get on board ships called icebreakers to study the ice and water in these regions. However, sea ice and icebergs are major obstacles to navigation and scientific operations. For example, American, Australian, and Japanese icebreakers tried but could only observe a small area where sea ice was more broken up. So, we used a helicopter to measure the ocean during one of our research expeditions. Helicopters can travel faster than icebreakers. They can fly over sea ice and icebergs, and trained workers can drop sensors into small gaps in the ice. In 6 days, we observed ocean temperatures at 67 sites, covering a large area that could not be studied before. We identified wide pathways of warm water flowing toward the Totten Ice Shelf.

Implementation of the MLC Convention in Albania and its Role in Seafarer’s Standards

The Maritime Labor Convention (MLC) is an international labor standard adopted by the International Labor Organization (ILO) in 2006 [1] . The MLC was designed to ensure that seafarers receive decent working conditions on board ships, without any difference regardless their nationality. The convention sets out minimum requirements to be met by authorities, shipping companies, for seafarer’s employment rights, working conditions, and social protection. Convention, 2006, as amended (MLC 2006) on 28 Oct [2]ober 2016, and the convention entered into force in Albania on 28 October 2017. The amendments of the Code of the Convention approved by the International Labor Conference (ILC) in 2018 entered into force in Albania on 26 December 2020. The aim of this paper is to examine the implementation of MLC requirements and its impact in Albanian maritime industry, and to identify the needed steps to be undertaken by Albanian maritime authorities to fully comply with MLC requirements.&#x0D; &#x0D; Received: 23 February 2024 / Accepted: 18 March 2024 / Published: 23 March 2024

Changes in source contributions to the oxidative potential of PM2.5 in urban Xiamen, China

The toxicity of PM2.5 does not necessarily change synchronously with its mass concentration. In this study, the chemical composition (carbonaceous species, water-soluble ions, and metals) and oxidative potential (dithiothreitol assay, DTT) of PM2.5 were investigated in 2017/2018 and 2022 in Xiamen, China. The decrease rate of volume-normalized DTT (DTTv) (38%) was lower than that of PM2.5 (55%) between the two sampling periods. However, the mass-normalized DTT (DTTm) increased by 44%. Clear seasonal patterns with higher levels in winter were found for PM2.5, most chemical constituents and DTTv but not for DTTm. The large decrease in DTT activity (84%−92%) after the addition of EDTA suggested that water-soluble metals were the main contributors to DTT in Xiamen. The increased gap between the reconstructed and measured DTTv and the stronger correlations between the reconstructed/measured DTT ratio and carbonaceous species in 2022 were observed. The decrease rates of the hazard index (32.5%) and lifetime cancer risk (9.1%) differed from those of PM2.5 and DTTv due to their different main contributors. The PMF-MLR model showed that the contributions (nmol/(min·m3)) of vehicle emission, coal + biomass burning, ship emission and secondary aerosol to DTTv in 2022 decreased by 63.0%, 65.2%, 66.5%, and 22.2%, respectively, compared to those in 2017/2018, which was consistent with the emission reduction of vehicle exhaust and coal consumption, the adoption of low-sulfur fuel oil used on board ships and the reduced production of WSOC. However, the contributions of dust + sea salt and industrial emission increased.

ECDIS Cyber Security Dynamics Analysis based on the Fuzzy-FUCOM Method

ECDIS is one of the most important pieces of navigational and information equipment on board ships, as well as a vital component of the ship's cyberspace. ECDIS has cyber vulnerabilities because of its connections to external systems like RADAR or GPS, sensors via serial (IEC61162-1/2), analogue, and digital interfaces, as well as onboard Wi-Fi, internet, and LAN technologies. This study identifies and ranks the cyber risks that cause ECDIS control loss, as well as the barriers that can be put in place to stop them, the potential consequences if they are not stopped, and the mitigations that can be utilised to avoid them. Due to a lack of historical data and research on identifying and prioritising ECDIS cyber security dynamics in the literature and the fact that this field necessitates specialised knowledge in terms of computer science and operational maritime navigation, the Fuzzy Triangular Full Consistency Method (FUCOM-F), based on expert opinion, is used in this study. Then, a bow-tie framework is employed to visualize the dynamics of ECDIS cyber security and their hierarchical classification from the analysis as a cyber-architecture. The results indicate that the primary cyber threat for ECDIS is "malware infection via the internet and intranet (M1)." The primary potential consequence, in the event that these cyber threats targeting ECDIS cannot be prevented, is the unavailability of the system (O1). The most efficient barriers against M1 attacks are “up-to-date virus protection” and “scanning software," while the most crucial measure to prevent the impact of O1 is "network segregation." Consequently, in addition to its strong methodological foundation, this research offers significant benefits to maritime professionals and cybersecurity experts by providing valuable insights on preventing cyber-attacks on bridge system infrastructure, particularly ECDIS.