Board Industry Research Articles

Effective and eco-friendly safe self-antimildew strategy to simultaneously improve the water resistance and bonding strength of starch-based adhesive

Starch adhesive, as a sustainable biomass-based adhesive, could be used to solve environmental problems from petroleum-derived adhesive. But its application is hindered by poor water resistance, mildew resistance, and storage stability. Here, a fully bio-based citric acid-starch adhesive (CASt) with high properties was successfully introduced by a simple method. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) determined that esterification of citric acid (CA) and starch (St) occurred to form a stable three-dimensional crosslinking structure, which strengthened water resistance and bonding strength of the starch adhesive. Compared with native starch (100 %), the soluble content of cured CASt was 1–16 %. CASt adhesive has well storage stability and high mildew resistance. Even after being stored for 5 months, the CASt-1 adhesive (mass ratio of CA/St = 1:1, and reaction time = 1 h) still have good liquidity. And its hot water strength (1.05 ± 0.22 MPa) also satisfied the standard requirements (≥0.7 MPa). The exhibited CASt adhesive is eco-friendly with components from plant resources, which performed as a bright alternative that can substitute petroleum-based adhesives in the artificial board industry.

Determinants of Corporate Water Disclosure in Indonesia

Water information disclosure by companies in Indonesia has become an important commitment to safeguarding water resources and taking responsibility for the environment and stakeholders. This study has two objectives. First, it investigates the extent of water information disclosed by manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange. Second, this study investigates the determinants that affect the disclosure of water information. Water information disclosure is analyzed using content analysis based on the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI)-G4, the CDP’s 2020 Water Safety Questionnaires, and indicators used in previous research. This study uses data from the annual reports and sustainability reports of manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2017 to 2020. The determinants tested in this study include the existence of a CSR committee, board independence, government ownership, profitability, company size, and industry type. These findings indicate that companies with CSR committees disclose less water information. Meanwhile, share ownership by the government has a significantly positive effect on water information disclosure. The variables—board independence, profitability, company size, and industry type—do not affect water information disclosure. This study contributes to the literature by providing a comprehensive perspective on water information disclosure in Indonesia.

Dar dikim aralıklarında kurulan kavak (Populus x euramericana ve Populus deltoides klonları) ağaçlandırmalarında artım ve büyüme

Bu çalışmada, levha ve kağıt endüstrisinin talebine uygun odun üretimine yönelik, dar dikim aralıklarındaki kavak ağaçlandırmalarının gelişimleri araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla, P.x euramericana ve P. deltoides klonlarıyla (I-214, I-45/51, SAMSUN (I-77/51), İZMİT (S.307-26) ve 89.M.060) deneme ağaçlandırmaları tesis edilmiştir. Denemelerde 3m x 1,5m (4,5 m2/ağaç), 3m x 2m (6,0 m2), 3m x 3m (9,0 m2), 3m x 4m (12,0 m2) ve 3m x 5m (15,0 m2) olmak üzere, 5 değişik dikim aralığı uygulanmıştır. Tüm kavak klonları için, bonitet tabloları ve çift girişli hacim tabloları düzenlenmiştir. Ayrıca, 3 bonitet sınıfı ve 5 değişik dikim aralığına göre, 3 – 12 yaş kademesi için hasılat tabloları hazırlanmıştır. Dar dikim aralıklarındaki kavak ağaçlandırmalarında çap, boy ve meşcere unsurlarının artım ve büyüme ilişkileri ortaya konulmuştur. Analiz sonuçlarına göre, en uygun klonun 89.M.060 ve dikim aralığının 4,5 m2/ağaç olduğu belirlenmiştir.

An initial investigation to explore the feasibility of fruit waste fillers for developing sustainable thermoplastic composites

The current research work is aimed to study the potential of citrus limetta peel (fruit waste) as a novel filler in thermoplastic composites. Three different sizes of citrus limetta peel (CLP) fillers were processed and their thermal characteristics such as thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) were evaluated to investigate the degradation behaviour of each filler size under temperature. FTIR analysis of the CLP was also done to study the structure of inter- and intra-molecular hydrogen bonding in cellulose. The morphological study was also performed on both the outer surface as well as the inner surface of CLP in order to examine the surface characteristics. Based on the thermal characteristics of CLP filler, CLP-filled thermoplastic (poly-lactic acid) composite samples (by 20% weight percentage) were successfully fabricated using the injection moulding technique and were evaluated for their thermal, mechanical, and microstructural behaviour. It has been established that CLP fillers are amenable to processing using closed-mould processes such as injection moulding with fabricated products finding possible application in non-structural products, preferably in the particle board industry. As per the feasibility analysis, CLP fillers have the potential to be commercially exploited for product development.

Integrated Inspection on PCB Manufacturing in Cyber–Physical–Social Systems

The printed circuit boards (PCBs) industry is one of the fastest-growing industries in recent decades. The PCB manufacturing process is highly complicated and severely affected by social factors, which makes it very important to conduct integrated inspection, assuring and improving the production quality. In this article, we propose an artificial systems, computational experiments, and parallel execution-based integrated inspection method in cyber–physical–social systems (CPSS) to realize smart manufacturing. In this inspection system, rather than simply performing modeling, analysis, and control, we perform descriptive intelligence to construct production processes with limited multimodal information, perform predictive intelligence to conduct defect detection and defect prediction, and perform prescriptive intelligence to achieve defect diagnosis and defect management. In this way, our inspection system could offer a learning and training platform for workers to master professional inspection skills, provide an experimentation and evaluation platform for product defect monitoring and early warnings, and supply guidance about defect management and control to improve manufacturing processes. For technical implementation, we leverage a Transformer-based foundation model to achieve knowledge reasoning and human–computer interaction. As a result, we provide an innovative solution to cope with the challenges of quality inspection in current smart manufacturing, and expect its further applications in the PCB industry.

The impact of board characteristics on environmentally friendly production: A cross country study in Asia and Europe

The present study investigates the impact of board characteristics on environmentally friendly production. The current research uses secondary data extracted from the Refinitiv Eikon database. The data is extracted from the database for a sample of 8094 corporates from 2 continents, Asia and Europe, from 2016 to 2021. Panel data analysis with fixed effect models is used to estimate the results. The findings reveal that board size, independence, and industry expertise significantly impact environmentally friendly production. The results also indicate that board diversity correlates positively with environmentally friendly production in European corporates but negatively in Asian corporates. Findings show that the moderating role of environmental teams has a greater interaction effect with board characteristics in Europe than in Asia. Finally, the results also show that higher environmental performance and environmental, social, and governance scores lead to higher levels of environmentally friendly production. The study has valuable insights and implications for board members, practitioners, academicians, and policymakers. Further, the study contributes to the strand literature by investigating the role of environmental teams on the relationship between board characteristics and environmentally friendly production. The findings are supported by agency, legitimacy, and stakeholder theories, which contribute to a better understanding of the relationship between board characteristics and environmentally friendly production. The evidence about this issue is still unknown and critical, particularly in the context of developing countries where there is a lack of regulatory enforcement related to environmental, social, and governance disclosures.

Laser‐Induced Carbonization for Anticounterfeiting Tags

AbstractThe counterfeiting of products is a serious concern for any nation with the increasing activity of counterfeit markets. Anticounterfeiting tags demand low‐cost, unclonable, facile, and ultrafast manufacturing processes. In this study, a laser‐induced carbonization (LIC) technique is employed to produce discrete sizes of LIC spots distributed randomly in an array fashion, as a tag, preferably on a laser wavelength‐sensitive polyimide (PI) film. This technique enables the intrinsic creation of LIC spots in PI without any foreign functional materials, thus avoiding the need for external material. Owing to laser technology, based on the input design and laser processing parameters, the reconfigurable desired output tags can be accomplished in a very short time. Different forms of LIC spots in an optical image are grouped and sorted into three‐level bits based on their sizes and brightness for digitalization. The unique LIC‐based tags can be applied to the flexible printed circuit board industry to address counterfeiting.

Analisis Determinan Faktor Lingkungan Fisik terhadap Upaya Pencegahan Penyakit Akibat Kerja (PAK) di Industri Papan Semen Cor

Occupational diseases still contribute to high mortality rates. Physical environment will always be encountered by workers so the risk of exposure will be higher. Physical Environment hazard can cause occupational disease due to work and affect losses both workers and company seriously. The purpose of this study is to analyze correlation between the determinants of physical environment factor with the efforts to prevent occupational disease in the Cast Cement Board Industry, Malang Regency.Observasional-analytic with cross-sectional method was conducted to determine the association between determinants of physical environment factors with the efforts to prevent occupational disease in the Cast Cement Board Industry, Malang Regency. A total sample size of 188 workers were included in this study. Data collection was done directly through questionnaires. To process the data, SEM-PLS (Structural Equation Modelling - Partial Least Square) analysis was conducted.The result showed that there was an correlation between physical environment factors in workers with the efforts to prevent occupational disease (P= 2,683, P>1,96) and there was also a significant correlation between noise (P= 6,029, P> 1,96) and climate (P=4,592, P> 1,96) with the efforts to prevent occupational disease.This study concludes that there is a significant relationship between physical environment factors with the efforts to prevent occupational disease.

An Improved YOLOv5 Network for Detection of Printed Circuit Board Defects

With the rapid development of China’s printed circuit board industry, bare‐board defect detection has high research and application values as an important factor in improving production quality. In this paper, a new detection method based on YOLOv5 is proposed to solve the balance problem of efficiency and performance in the task of circuit board defect detection. First, the k‐means++ method is used to improve the location matching of the prior anchor boxes. Second, the Focal‐EIOU loss function is used instead of GIOU to address the former’s degeneration issue. Finally, the ECA‐Net module is added to enhance the sensitivity of the model to channel features. Experiments were conducted on a public defect dataset, and superior performance was achieved. The proposed method achieves 99.1% mean average precision at 86 frames per second. Compared with other advanced methods, the proposed method achieves the highest mean average precision value, and the detection speed allows real‐time applications.

Eco-friendly particleboards with low formaldehyde emission and enhanced mechanical properties produced with foamed urea-formaldehyde resins

Urea formaldehyde (UF) is the most widely used thermoset glue in the wood composite board industry. UF has formaldehyde emission, which is harmful to the environment and human health. In this study, it was aimed to ensure more efficient use of glue by foaming UF, as well as to reduce the amount of formaldehyde emission and thus to realize a cleaner production. In the UF resin foaming process, egg white (EW) and blood flour (BF) were used as foaming agents, which increased the resin volume by 4–7 times. Ammonium sulfate (AS) was used as a hardener for the UF. The UF resin and AS solid concentrations were 65% and 30%, respectively. The resins used in the production were prepared by blending UF, AS, and blowing agents using a mixer at 1000 rpm. The resin was then sprayed onto the surface of the wood chips via an air gun under 5 bar pressure. The PBs were produced as a monolayer from only a core layer (CL) of wood chips. The obtained PBs were characterized by their physical and mechanical properties and formaldehyde emissions. The morphological characterization of the foamed resins was also examined. The results showed that the foaming process had improved the mechanical properties of the PBs by about 30%; however, no significant differences were found in the physical properties of the PBs. Morphological characterization showed that the UF foaming with blow agents had proved to be successful and the resin volume had been increased 4–7 times by the foaming. Formaldehyde emissions were found to be lower (2.5–5.1 mg/100 g) than for the un-foamed resins (3.95–7.31 mg/100 g). It was concluded that PBs with good mechanical properties and low formaldehyde emission can be manufactured by using 30% less UF resin.

Pengaruh fraksi volume pada komposit serat kulit jagung dengan matriks polyester terhadap kekuatan tarik sebagai bahan baku industri papan

Corn is one of the important crops in Indonesia. Corn crop yields produce waste that is underutilized by the community, one of which is corn husks. Innovation in the field of engineering introduces composite materials consisting of reinforcement and fasteners. Corn husk fibre contains 38% cellulose, which serves as a reinforcement for composite materials. The use of composite materials continues to be developed to meet the community’s need for wood raw materials which is decreasing every year. This study aims to obtain the maximum tensile strength of corn husk and polyester matrix composite materials with volume fractions of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%. The method in this study is an experiment, starting from the corn husk soaking process, adding 5% NaOH, printing specimens to testing the tensile strength with Universal Testing Machine (UTM) HT-2402. All tensile strength test results are following the JISA5905-2003 board industry standard with the highest tensile test at a 4% volume fraction of 26.84 MPa.

Odun esaslı levha sektöründe Yaşam Döngüsü Analizi’ne bir bakış

Hayat Boyu Değerlendirme (LCA) bir ürün sisteminin yaşamı boyunca çevresel yönlerini ve potansiyel çevresel etkilerini ele alan bir teknik olup elde edilen veriler; karar verme, stratejik planlama, öncelik belirleme ve tasarlama çalışmalarında kullanılır. Bu çalışmada; LCA ve odun esaslı levha sektörü ilişkisi, sektörün çevreye etkileri, alınabilecek önlemler ve gelecekte planlanabilecek LCA çalışmaları ile ilgili olarak literatür bilgisi verilmiştir. Özellikle odun hammaddesinin fabrikalara taşınması, üretim ve levhaların satış notlarına taşınması, kullanımı ve ekonomik ömrünü tamamlayan levhaların tekrar değerlendirilmesi sırasındaki çevresel etkilerinin belirlenmesi tanımlanmıştır. Dünya orman ürünleri sektöründe uygulanan LCA yaklaşımları, faydaları, güçlü ve zayıf yönlerine bağlı potansiyel etkilerinin değerlendirilmesi yapılmıştır. Son olarak, bir simülasyon uygulaması incelenmiştir. Yapılan bu çalışma sonucunda odun esaslı levhaların yenilenebilir kaynaklardan üretilerek sürdürülebilir olması, potansiyel ikame malzemelerinden düşük enerji gerektirmesi, atık hacminin değerlendirilebilmesi avantajlarına sahip olduğu ve petrokimyasal tutkalların yerine yeşil formülasyonlarla üretim sağlanırsa ekosistem ve iklim değişikliği üzerinde olumlu sonuçlar oluşturacağı belirlenmiştir.

The Effect of Corporate Governance Structure on Fraud and Money Laundering

This paper aims to assess the effect of corporate governance mechanisms, including board members’ and audit committee members’ characteristics, particularly their independence, expertise in terms of finance and industry and efforts on the level of fraud and money laundering (ML) in financial statements of the listed firm on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The procedure of the study is descriptive correlation based on published information from firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange from 2014 to 2020, using a sample of 154 firms with 1071 observations. The method used for hypothesis testing is linear regression using panel data. The Benish model is used measure the level of fraud in financial statements, and for ML, the auditors’ opinion are used. The results show that board characteristics, including independence, financial expertise, industry expertise and board effort, as well as audit committee features, such as independence, financial expertise, industry expertise and audit committee effort, have a significant and negative impact on the fraudulent financial reporting and ML. Moreover, since this paper was carried out in an emerging financial market, particularly in Iran, to figure out the effect of corporate governance structures on financial statement fraud and ML, it can provide helpful information for investors and policymakers in this regard.

A Review and Future Research Agenda on Female Leadership & Organizational Context Factors

Scholars have begun to study different organizational context factors (i.e., organizational variables that could affect behavior occurring in the organization) that may impact whether women obtain and retain leadership positions. So far, scientific insights in this field lack an overarching framework that contextualizes existing research findings and points out overlooked themes as well as promising future research areas. To provide an overview of the current state of research, we conducted a systematic literature research and identified 91 articles studying organizational context factors and female leadership. Using VOSviewer, we extracted three clusters representing underlying areas: (1) structures & workforce composition, (2) career & development, (3) second-generation gender bias. The first cluster includes articles on HRM processes, gender diversity of board members or industry types. The second and smallest cluster consists of articles on leadership development programs. The third and largest cluster contains articles on stereotypes and invisible barriers in organizations that characterize corporate cultures and negatively impact female leaders, as well as initiatives to overcome these obstacles. We suggest future theoretical and methodological research directions such as overlooked contextual factors (e.g., company reputation), introducing an intersectionality perspective, and field (intervention) studies. We end with a systematic overview summarizing practical implications.

Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) generation and removal paths analysis in printed circuit board (PCB) industrial wastewater: Lab-scale investigations

With the rapid development of printed circuit board (PCB) industry, the problem of the release of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) during PCB manufacturing processes was recognized and harmful to the receiving water body. In this study, TBBPA generation paths, fates in industrial wastewater in the PCB manufacturing processes were analyzed. Gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) scanning results showed that the raw materials including solder mask ink, character ink and dry film mainly contained TBBPA. The PCB fabrication procedures, mainly including development, etching, stripping of inner layer manufacturing process, and pattern plating, tin-plating of outer layer manufacturing process, and development during the forming and surface treatment process would introduce TBBPA into wastewater. Flocculation and activated sludge process (ASP) that were commonly used for industrial wastewater treatment were selected to assess their removal capability for TBBPA in the wastewater, both which could remove more than 80% TBBPA. Low pH below 7, increased PAC and PAM dosages, and proper dosing during the slow-stirring stage could enhance the TBBPA removal of flocculation-sedimentation process. The ASP removes TBBPA mainly by the path of adsorption. High activated sludge concentration, low pH, medium-temperature and limited competitive adsorbates (NH4+, Cu2+) were beneficial to remove TBBPA by the ASP.

Determinants of Corporate Social Responsibility: Evidence from the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange Listed Firms

The study's aim was to examine the level of corporate social responsibility disclosure and the determinants of corporate social responsibility disclosure by Zimbabwe Stock Exchange listed firms for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2020. The level of corporate social responsibility disclosure for all active firms listed on the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange was reviewed using content analysis. The findings show that corporate social responsibility disclosure is still very low, with community involvement disclosure accounting for 40% of all corporate social responsibility information disclosed, followed by environmental disclosure (30%), products and consumer information disclosure (29%), and human resources disclosure (28% ). A positive relationship between corporate social responsibility disclosure and board independence, leverage, industry affiliation, and firm size was discovered using a multivariate regression analysis, as well as a negative relationship with profitability and ownership structure. However, no statistically significant relationship was discovered between corporate social responsibility disclosure and the presence of an audit committee.

Impact of Paper Board Industry Effluent Irrigation to Agroforestry System on Changes in Soil Quality

The study assessed the impact of paper board industry effluent irrigation on soil quality under agroforestry system. The agroforestry system was maintained at the Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Paper Limited (TNPL) - Unit II located at Mondipatti Village, Manaparai Taluk, Trichy district, Tamil Nadu. The site is situated at the intersection of latitude 10º 41' N and longitude 78º 26" E. The soil analysis were carried out for various quality parameter as per standard procedure. The results reveals that application paper board industry effluent were significantly influenced the organic carbon, Available P, and K. Hydraulic conductivity of surface soils was ranged from 2.02 to 4.39 cm h-1 with the mean value of 3.27 cm h-1. Infiltration rate was ranged from 6.6 to 52.5 cm h-1 with the mean value of 23.0 cm h-1. Among the micronutrients status zinc was recorded below the critical level whereas cupper, iron and manganese were recorded above the critical level. Microbial biomass carbon (MBC), Soil microbial population (Bacteria, Fungi and Actinomycetes) and enzyme activities (Urease and Phosphatase) were significantly higher when application with paper board industry effluents under agroforestry system. The activity of soil enzymes and MBC showed significant positive correlation with organic carbon, available water and pH. These findings reveal that paper board industry effluent act as an irrigation source and fertigation under agroforestry system.

Assessment and Mapping of Groundwater Quality for Irrigation in and Around Areas of Paper Board Industry

Water has become a scarce commodity due to its over exploitation as well as its pollution due to different reasons. For many important agricultural areas groundwater is the ultimate source of fresh water as surface water sources have been depleted. The quality of groundwater is important because it determines the suitability of water for drinking, and domestic and irrigation purposes. A survey was undertaken during the year 2020 to assess the quality of groundwater for irrigation in Mondipatti region of Tiruchirapalli district of Tamil Nadu. A totally 18 samples were collected from bench mark wells of (W1-W18) in and around the paper board industry and GPS locations of sampling points were recorded. The water samples were analyzed for various chemical properties viz., pH, EC, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+; CO32-, HCO3-, Cl- and SO42-. The pH, EC, SAR and RSC in groundwater ranged from 7.6-8.4, 0.68-5.12 (dS m-1), 0.69-12.9 and -8.1 to 5.3 (meq L-1), respectively. The concentration of cations viz., Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ and Na+ varied from 1.7 to 10.8, 0.7 to 14.3, 0.009 to 0.931 and 2.8 to 39.2 meq L-1 with average of 5.4, 4.51, 0.190 and 9.24 meq L-1, respectively. The concentration of anions viz., carbonate, bicarbonates, chloride and sulphate varied from nil to 3.2, 3.2 to 9.6, 2.8 to 39.2 and 0.25 to 4.52 meq L-1 with average values of 0.64, 6.72, 11.88 and 1.31 meq L-1, respectively. The relative abundance of ions for most of the water samples were Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ for cations and Cl- > HCO3-> SO42- > CO3- for anions. According to CSSRI water quality classification, 44.5, 44.5, 5.5 and 5.5 per cent of good, marginally saline, High SAR saline and Alkaline, respectively. Spatial variability maps of pH, EC, SAR and RSC of groundwater used for irrigation in and surrounding areas of paper board industry were also generated. As a result, it's critical to analyse groundwater quality not only for current use, but also as a future water source. Assessment and mapping of quality of groundwater may help the farmers in choice of crops and other agronomic management practices for getting profitable yields without affecting the soil health.

Board industry expertise and innovation input: evidence on the curvilinear relationship and the moderating effect of CEO

PurposeThe study empirically investigates whether the board of directors' expertise in the focal firm's industry has implications for innovation input. Additionally, it explores how this relationship is shaped by the CEO's educational level and background in the technology area.Design/methodology/approachThe article tests the hypothesized relationships through the Arellano–Bond generalized method of moment estimators, proxying innovation input by R&D to total sales. Moreover, it analyses a sample of privately-held Italian medium and large high-tech companies observed over four years by relying on a unique hand-collected dataset.FindingsThe research documents an inverted U-shaped relationship between board industry expertise and innovation input and shows that such curvilinear effect is moderated by the CEO's educational level and technology background. Specifically, while the curvilinear slope is less steep for highly educated CEO, it becomes steeper in the presence of technology trained CEO.Practical implicationsThe paper recommends how to shape the board human capital as a meaningful driver of board effectiveness and innovation. Additionally, it calls the managerial attention towards the interaction and the interplay between board industry expertise and CEO education as able to influence the above-mentioned outcome.Originality/valueWhile previous studies have focused on the linear and positive effect of board industry expertise on innovation, this research advances current knowledge in innovation management literature by testing the presence of a curvilinear relationship. Moreover, by exploring the moderating effect of CEO education, the paper provides a comprehensive picture on the interplay among board industry expertise, CEO educational training and innovation input.

Estimation of Production and Consumption of Particle Board and Medium Density Fibre Board in India during the Year 2019-20

and Shyam MukundumThe study was carried out to understand the current status of particle board (PB) and medium density fibre (MDF) board industries of India. A survey was conducted covering 49% of particle board industries and 89% of MDF industries in India. The status and trend of particle board and MDF products were analyzed to estimate future demand and consumption of particle board and MDF in India. The estimated production of particle board and MDF during the year 2019-20 is 2.63 million cum and 1.47 million cum respectively. However, consumption of particle board and MDF was 2.91 million cum and 1.68 million cum. The import of particle board and medium density fibre was 0.29 million cum and 0.26 million cum respectively and the export of PB and MDF was 0.01 million cum and 0.03 million cum respectively during the year 2019-20. It is projected that the average annual growth rate (AAGR) of production will be 6.5% for particle board and 6.1% for MDF.