Adolescent BMI Research Articles

Randomized Controlled Trial of Healthy Harlem's Get Fit Program: An After-School Intervention for Childhood Overweight and Obesity in the Harlem Children's Zone.

Background: Although the increases in overweight and obesity observed for several decades have appeared to have leveled off, the prevalence of overweight and obesity remains exceptionally high among children of color. This article estimates the effect of Healthy Harlem's Get Fit-a 12-week after-school program aimed at helping students improve physical activity and eating habits-on BMI and weight status of adolescents. Methods: Participants were 436 students who had overweight or obesity in 12 Harlem Children's Zone after-school programs in New York. The evaluation was a randomized controlled trial where students were assigned to an intervention group that received Get Fit plus Prevention services or a control group that only received Prevention services in 2013 or 2014. Impacts were assessed on BMI z-score, percentage with overweight or obesity, and percentage with obesity using regression analysis. Results: Relative to the control group, students randomized to Get Fit experienced a decrease in BMI z-score (mean difference = -0.04; p = 0.02). The percentage of students with overweight or obesity was also lower (mean difference = -5.3; p = 0.02), but there was no effect on the percentage of students with obesity. Get Fit had an impact on BMI for girls, but not boys. Conclusions: Get Fit improved middle- and high-school students' BMI outcomes and weight status. Schools continue to face pressure to allocate time for physical education and activity while meeting their academic demands, underscoring the importance of after-school student-level interventions like Get Fit.

Influence of genetic variants in FADS2 and ELOVL2 genes on BMI and PUFAs homeostasis in children and adolescents with obesity.

Several studies identified genetic variants in FADS and ELOVL2 genes associated with obesity-related conditions, such as alterations in blood lipid parameters and insulin homeostasis. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine whether FADS and ELOVL2 genetic variants were associated with obesity and adiposity, besides dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance, in a large sample of obese children and adolescents. One thousand six hundred and forty-nine obese children underwent physical examination, anthropometry, fasting blood tests measuring plasma glucose, lipid and liver profile. Two genetic variants were genotyped: rs2236212 in ELOVL2 gene and rs1535 in FADS2, for the gene cluster FADS. In a subgroup of obese children (n = 105), erythrocyte fatty acid composition was measured. Generalized linear models were used to assess association between genotypes and variables. A positive association between zBMI and the minor allele of rs2236212 (p = 0.028), the major allele of rs1535 (p = 0.046) and the genetic score (p = 0.008), created by summing up both risk alleles, were found. The estimation of enzymatic activity revealed that minor alleles were associated significantly with a reduction of the enzymatic activity of elongase and desaturase (p = 0.048 and p = 0.0001, respectively). Common variants in the FADS2 and ELOVL2 genes were associated with BMI in a large population of obese Italian children. These SNPs were associated with alterations in LC-PUFAs homeostasis, not accompanied by modifications of plasma lipids or HOMA-IR. These findings provide additional support to the genetics accounting for BMI interindividual variability and the molecular basis of obesity.

Stunting in infancy, pubertal trajectories and adult body composition: the Birth to Twenty Plus cohort, South Africa

Background/objectivesChildhood rapid growth and earlier puberty onset have been associated with adult obesity. However, the association between childhood stunting, pubertal timing and adult obesity is unclear. We examined whether the relationship between stunting at age 2 years (y) and body composition at 23 years is mediated by adolescent body mass index, and pubertal development, using the Birth-to-Twenty Plus cohort (South Africa).Subjects/methodsFor 1036 participants, data on anthropometrics between birth and 23 years, maternal factors, and pubertal development (Tanner scale at 9–16 years) were collected. Stunting at 2 years (height-for-age z-score < −2), 5–18 years BMI-for-age trajectories, pubertal development trajectories, and DXA-derived fat mass (FM) and fat free mass (FFM) at 23 years were determined. Data were analysed using hierarchical regressions and structural equation models.ResultsStunting was directly associated with slower pubertal development and with shorter adult stature, but was not associated with adolescent BMI trajectories, adult FM or FFM. However, stunting was indirectly associated with adult FM and FFM through the direct associations between slower pubertal development and lower FM and between shorter height and lower FFM. BMI trajectories were independently associated with FM and FFM.ConclusionsBeing stunted in this population predicted adult body composition through slower pubertal development and shorter adult stature.

Mediating role of disordered eating in the relationship between screen time and BMI in adolescents: longitudinal findings from the Research on Eating and Adolescent Lifestyles (REAL) study.

This study investigated whether the duration and type of screen time (ST) (TV viewing, recreational computer use, video gaming) is longitudinally associated with z-BMI and if these relationships are mediated by disordered eating (emotional, restrained). At baseline, participants were n 1197 (T1; 60 % female) adolescents (mean age = 13·51 years) who completed surveys over 2 years. ST was assessed by a self-reported measure created by the investigative team, while emotional and restrained eating was measured by the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEB-Q). Height and weight were objectively measured to quantify z-BMI. Thirty-one public and two private schools from the region of Ottawa, Canada. Students in grades 7-12. Parallel multiple mediation analyses revealed that more time spent watching TV at baseline is associated with higher z-BMI at T3 (total effect; B = 0·19, se = 0·07, P = 0·01, 95 % CI 0·05, 0·34), but no relationships were observed for total ST exposure or other types of ST and z-BMI. Disordered eating did not mediate the positive association between baseline TV viewing and z-BMI at T3. TV viewing was longitudinally associated with higher z-BMI in a community-based sample of adolescents, but disordered eating behaviours did not mediate this relationship. However, other non-pathological eating behaviours may mediate the association between ST and obesity and warrant further investigation. Finding suggests that targeting reduction in youth's TV viewing may be an effective component in the prevention of childhood obesity.

Patterns of Food Parenting Practices Regarding Fruit and Vegetables among Parent-Adolescent Dyads.

Background: The study's objective was to determine patterns of food parenting practices regarding fruit and vegetables (FV) and their associations with demographic characteristics and dietary intake in parents and adolescents (12-17 years). Methods: Dyadic survey data from Family Life, Activity, Sun, Health, and Eating, a cross-sectional, Internet-based study, conducted in 2014 were analyzed using latent class analysis. Self-report model covariates included adolescent age and parent and adolescent sex, BMI, FV intake, and FV legitimacy of parental authority (FV-LPA). Results: Based on 1657 parent-adolescent dyads, 5 latent classes were identified representing use of all 6 to use of few FV parenting practices. Parent and adolescent responses agreed in four classes. The high use class was the reference class. Compared with early adolescent dyads, middle adolescent dyads had 58% and 66% lower odds of belonging to moderate and low use classes. Compared with female parent dyads, male parent dyads had over three times greater odds of belonging to low use class. Compared with female adolescent dyads, male adolescent dyads had 44% lower odds of belonging to disagreeing class. The odds of belonging to one of the other four classes were 19%-63% lower for every one cup equivalent increase in parent FV intake. Compared with dyads with high parental or adolescent agreement with FV-LPA, dyads with low agreement had 2.5-7 times the odds of belonging to another class. Conclusions: Distinct patterns of FV parenting practices exist and are associated with parent and adolescent demographic characteristics, dietary intake, and FV-LPA.

Changes in weight early in life are important

As obesity and its complications have become an increasingly important health concern for children and adolescents, questions have been asked about potential critical periods for weight gain. A critical period is one in which excess weight gain is more likely to occur or a period in which excess weight gained is more likely to be persistent. In this volume of The Journal, Stock et al report on a study to determine the age during infancy and early childhood at which greater than expected gain in weight is associated with overweight in adolescence. They found that excess gain in weight any time in early life is associated with increased BMI in adolescence, but the impact is stronger after infancy. Although this does not give us information on specific ages or developmental stages on which to focus, it does emphasize that pediatricians must help families focus on healthy diet and physical activity during the first 4 years of life, particularly from age 1 to 4 years. Article page 120 ▸ Birth Weight and Weight Changes from Infancy to Early Childhood as Predictors of Body Mass Index in AdolescenceThe Journal of PediatricsVol. 222PreviewTo assess the time point during infancy and early childhood at which greater than expected weight gain is associated with overweight in adolescence. Full-Text PDF

Social jetlag, eating behaviours and BMI among adolescents in the USA.

There is a lack of research on associations of social jetlag with eating behaviours and obesity among adolescents. We examined the associations of social jetlag with eating behaviours and BMI in adolescents before and after adjustment for potential confounders. Self-report data were collected from 3060 adolescents (48·1 % female, mean age 15·59 (sd 0·77) years) from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. In regression models, social jetlag predicted odds of consumption of breakfast, fruits/vegetables, fast food and sweetened drinks and BMI percentile. Primary models adjusted for school night sleep duration, sex, age, household income and youth living arrangements; secondary models further adjusted for race/ethnicity. In fully adjusted models, greater social jetlag was associated with lower odds of consumption of breakfast (OR = 0·92, P = 0·003) and fruits/vegetables (OR = 0·92, P = 0·009) and higher odds of consumption of fast food (OR = 1·18, P < 0·001) and sweetened drinks (OR = 1·18, P < 0·001). Social jetlag was positively associated with BMI percentile after additional adjustment for eating behaviours (b = 0·84, P = 0·037), but this relationship was attenuated after adjustment for race/ethnicity (b = 0·72, P = 0·072). Ethnoracial differences in social jetlag may attenuate the association of social jetlag with BMI and should be considered in future studies of circadian misalignment, eating behaviours and obesity markers.

Effectiveness of Text Message Interventions for Weight Management in Adolescents: Systematic Review.

BackgroundThe incidence of obesity among adolescents is increasing. Text messages are a primary communication form for adolescents and potentially a scalable strategy for delivering population health interventions.ObjectiveThis study aimed to determine the effectiveness of text message interventions in reducing BMI in adolescents and describe characteristics that are common to effective interventions.MethodsThis systematic review included randomized controlled trials of text message lifestyle interventions involving adolescents aged 10 to 19 years with outcomes focused on obesity prevention or management. Primary outcome was objective or self-report change in BMI.ResultsIn total, 4362 records were identified, and 215 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility. A total of 8 unique studies were identified, including 767 participants, mean age 14.3 (SD 0.9) years, BMI 29.7 (SD 1.6) kg/m2 and 53.1% (407/767) female (31/101, 30.7%-172/172, 100.0%). All interventions were multicomponent. The median active intervention period was 4.5 months. During the active and extended intervention phases, text messages accounted for >50% (8 studies) and >85% (3 studies) of contact points, respectively. Text messages were heterogeneous, with a median of 1.5 text messages sent per week (range: 1-21). A total of 4 studies utilized two-way text message communication with health professionals Of the 8 studies, 7 demonstrated reductions in BMI or BMI z-score in the intervention group compared with the control at the end of the final follow-up. The effect was only statistically significant in 1 study at 6 months. Over 6 months, reductions in BMI (kg/m2) ranged from 1.3% to 4.5% and BMI z-score ranged from 4.2% to 28.1%. Overall quality of the studies was low.ConclusionsFurther research is required to elucidate the effectiveness and potential impact of text message interventions on weight and weight-related behaviors in adolescents.

The associations between sugar-sweetened beverage intake and cardiometabolic risks in Chinese children and adolescents.

The intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) has been linked to an increased risk of cardiometabolic diseases. This study aims to examine associations between SSB intake and cardiometabolic risks among Chinese children and adolescences. Data from 3958 participants aged 6-17 years old were obtained in Shanghai, China, from September to October 2015. A 3-day dietary record and a food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) were applied to assess SSB consumption and frequency. Anthropometric and laboratory measurements were conducted to measure cardiometabolic indicators. After adjusting for age, sex, daily energy intake, pubertal stage, sedentary time, maternal education, and household income, SSB consumption was positively associated with serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), while it was inversely associated with systolic blood pressure (P < .05). The participants in the highest intake category (≥201.7 mL/day) of SSB consumption had 0.10 (95%CI, 0.02-0.18) mmol/L higher total cholesterol and 0.09 (95%CI, 0.03-0.16) mmol/L higher LDL-C levels than the nonconsumption group (0 mL/day). There was a quasi-U-shaped trend in LDL-C across the categories of >0 mL/day SSB consumption. SSB frequency was positively associated with BMI (P = .04). SSB intake was positively associated with serum cholesterol and was weakly associated with BMI in Chinese children and adolescents, independent of energy intake.

Abstract P289: Parenting Practices are Associated With Body Mass Index and Blood Pressure Among Latinx Adolescents

Introduction: Adherence to dietary recommendations among Latinx adolescents is low, contributing to an increased risk for obesity and cardiometabolic disease. Parents play a crucial role in adolescents’ disease risk and diet quality due to their role in modeling healthful behaviors and providing food. However, information about how parental monitoring and eating-related parenting practices are associated to cardiovascular risk is scarce. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that unhealthful parenting practices would be associated with higher cardiometabolic risk factors among Latinx adolescents. Methods: We included 61 parent-adolescent (6 th -8 th grade) Latinx dyads. Parents self-reported information about parental monitoring, family eating habits (use of media during meals, inclusion of specific foods during dinner, fast food intake), parental feeding style, and parental energy index (whether parents have had conversations with their children regarding weight and healthful diet and physical activity behaviors). Adolescent cardiometabolic risk factors measured include blood pressure (BP), total cholesterol, and HbA1c. Age- and sex-adjusted BMI percentile (BMI%) and z-scores (BMIz) were calculated from weight and height measurements. Associations between parental practices and cardiometabolic risk factors were analyzed using linear regression (B) and correlation (r). Results: Adolescents’ measured risk factors were as follows: SBP=106±11 mm Hg, DBP=62±7 mm Hg, weight=61±15 kg, BMI%=83±20, BMIz=1.2±0.9, HbA1c=5.1±0.4 %, and total cholesterol=164±12 mg/dL. Use of media during meals (e.g., TV, electronic devices) was associated with higher adolescent weight (B=7.97; r=.31; p=.02) and BMIz (B=.37; r=.27, p=.05). Parental restrictive feeding style was associated with higher adolescent weight (B=5.54; r=.22; p=.03), BMI% (B=13.19; r=.52, p=.001) and diastolic BP (B=2.50; r=.27, p=.04). Adolescent children of parents reporting a greater parental energy index had a greater body weight (B=6.90; r=.46; p=.001) and BMI % (B=6.28; r=.33, p=.01). Parent-reported frequency of consuming family meals, frequency of fast food meals, importance of consuming family meals, and inclusion of vegetables, fruit and 100% juice, milk, and sugar-sweetened beverages during family meals were not associated with adolescents’ BMI or BP. Associations with other risk factors were not significant. Conclusions: Results suggest that unhealthful parenting practices such as restrictive feeding and allowing the use of media during meals may negatively influence cardiometabolic risk factors among Latinx adolescents. Parents of children with a greater BMI reported having more conversations about weight and healthful behaviors with their children. Future family-based behavioral interventions for this population should incorporate more parenting strategies as part of their curricula.

CHARACTERIZATION OF BODY COMPOSITION IN NORTH OF PARANÁ: LONGITUDINAL STUDY

INTRODUCTION: Brazil lives with the nutritional transition, which is characterized by a reduction in malnutrition and an increase in obesity. OBJECTIVES: To perform a longitudinal analysis classifying the BMI of children and adolescents enrolled in the year 2014 to 2018 in the municipal schools of Jacarezinho, Cambara and Andira - PR, characterizing their body composition, as well as the prevalence of malnutrition and childhood obesity, in order to support preventive health, social and cultural analyzes. METHODOLOGY: This is a longitudinal study of approximately 4,682 overweight (obese and overweight) children and adolescents from 2014 to 2018, in which body mass and height were evaluated. RESULTS: The highest percentage is eutrophic, however there is a prevalence of overweight and obesity according to the Cole method (2007), regarding malnutrition. Moreover, when the percentage of each city is observed, the city of Cambara presents a higher percentage in relation to the others, around 33%. CONCLUSION: There was an average increase in childhood obesity in relation to malnutrition in the cities of Jacarezinho, Cambara and Andira - PR characterizing the nutritional transition. In addition, all cities when analyzed generally had an increase in childhood obesity over the years 2014 to 2018 and when analyzed only the city of Cambara, it has a percentage of 33% that is higher than expected by the World Health Organization.

Influence of Parent Stressors on Adolescent Obesity in African American Youth.

Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between individual parent stressors (financial, legal, career, relationships, home safety, community safety, medical, housing, authority, and prejudice) and adolescent obesity in African American adolescents. Methods Data were from a cross section convenience sample of 273 African American parent-child dyads (ages 11–19) from Washtenaw County, Michigan. A subset of 122 dyads who completed parent and child questionnaires were included in this analysis. Parent stressors were assessed using the Crisis in Family Systems Revised (CRISYS-R) questionnaire. Height, weight, and waist circumference were measured by trained staff; height and weight were converted to BMI. Multivariate linear regression models were used to examine the relationships between individual parent stressors and adolescent BMI and waist circumference. Results Parental exposure to stressors related to safety in the community was positively associated with adolescent BMI (β = 1.20(0.47), p=0.01) and waist circumference (β = 2.86(1.18), p=0.02). Parental appraisal of stressors related to safety in the community as “difficult to get through” was positively associated with adolescent BMI (β = 0.39(0.14), p=0.006) and waist circumference (β = 1.00(0.35), p=0.005). These relationships remained significant when adjusting for behavioral and psychosocial covariates. There were no significant relationships observed between other parent stressors and adolescent BMI or waist circumference. Conclusion These findings suggest parents' exposure and appraisal of stressors related to community safety are associated with increased adolescent obesity in African American youth. Longitudinal, larger-scale studies are needed to better understand the mechanisms by which community safety may increase obesity risk in this ethnic minority pediatric population. This trail is registered with NCT02938663.

Decreased Physical Working Capacity in Adolescents With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Associates With Reduced Iron Availability

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is common and related to obesity and insulin resistance. Iron metabolism is impaired in obese individuals and iron deficiency has been associated with physical inactivity. We investigated whether iron bioavailability is reduced in patients with NAFLD and contributes to reduced cardiorespiratory fitness. We collected information on weight-adjusted, submaximal physical work capacity (PWC), ultrasound-determined hepatic steatosis, iron indices, and hematologic and metabolic parameters from 390 female and 458 male participants of the Raine Study-a longitudinal study of disease development in 2868 children in Western Australia. X2 and linear regression analyses were used to compare characteristics of study participants according to NAFLD status at age 17 years. Fourteen percent of the cohort had NAFLD. PWC was significantly reduced in adolescents with NAFLD compared to adolescents without NAFLD (reduction of 0.17 W/kg, P = .0003, adjusted for sex and body mass index [BMI]). Iron bioavailability (assessed by mean corpuscular volume [MCV], mean corpuscular haemoglobin [MCH], transferrin saturation, and serum levels of iron) was inversely correlated with BMI in adolescents with NAFLD (P ≤ .01 for all, adjusted for sex) but not in adolescents without NAFLD (P > .30). MCV and MCH correlated with PWC (MCV, P = .002 for female and P = .0003 male participants; MCH, P = .004 for female and P = .01 for male participants), irrespective of NAFLD status. Reduced PWC was associated with lower transferrin saturation in adolescents with NAFLD (reduction of 0.012 W/kg per unit decrease in transferrin saturation, P = .007) but not in adolescents without NAFLD (reduction of 0.001 W/kg, P = .40), adjusted for sex. This association was independent of MCV or MCH. In a well-defined cohort of adolescents, we found NAFLD to be associated with decreased cardiorespiratory fitness, independent of BMI. The relationship between transferrin saturation and PWC in adolescents with NAFLD indicates that functional iron deficiency might contribute to reductions in cardiorespiratory fitness.

Associations of protein intake in early childhood with body composition, height, and insulin-like growth factor I in mid-childhood and early adolescence

BACKGROUND Early protein intake may program later body composition and height growth, perhaps mediated by insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). In infancy, higher protein intake is consistently associated with higher IGF-I concentrations and more rapid growth, but associations of protein intake after infancy with later growth and IGF-I are less clear. OBJECTIVES Our objective was to examine associations of protein intake in early childhood (median 3.2 y) with height, IGF-I, and measures of adiposity and lean mass in mid-childhood (median 7.7 y) and early adolescence (median 13.0 y), and with changes in these outcomes over time. We hypothesized that early childhood protein intake programs later growth. METHODS We studied 1165 children in the Boston-area Project Viva cohort. Mothers reported children's diet using food-frequency questionnaires. We stratified by child sex and examined associations of early childhood protein intake with mid-childhood and early adolescent BMI z score, skinfold thicknesses, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) fat mass, DXA lean mass, height z score, and IGF-I concentration. We adjusted linear regression models for race/ethnicity, family sociodemographics, parental and birth anthropometrics, breastfeeding status, physical activity, and fast food intake. RESULTS Mean protein intake in early childhood was 58.3 g/d. There were no associations of protein intake in early childhood with any of the mid-childhood outcomes. Among boys, however, each 10-g increase in early childhood total protein intake was associated with several markers of early adolescent size, namely BMI z score (0.12 higher; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.23), DXA lean mass index (1.34% higher; 95% CI: -0.07%, 2.78%), and circulating IGF-I (5.67% higher; 95% CI: 0.30%, 11.3%). There were no associations with fat mass and no associations with any adolescent outcomes among girls. CONCLUSIONS Early childhood protein intake may contribute to programming lean mass and IGF-I around the time of puberty in boys, but not to adiposity development. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02820402.

In Epigenomic Studies, Including Cell-Type Adjustments in Regression Models Can Introduce Multicollinearity, Resulting in Apparent Reversal of Direction of Association.

Background: Association studies of epigenome-wide DNA methylation and disease can inform biological mechanisms. DNA methylation is often measured in peripheral blood, with heterogeneous cell types with different methylation profiles. Influences such as adiposity-associated inflammation can change cell-type proportions, altering measured blood methylation levels. To determine whether associations between loci-specific methylation and outcomes result from cellular heterogeneity, many studies adjust for estimated blood cell proportions, but high correlations between methylation and cell-type proportions could violate the statistical assumption of no multicollinearity. We examined these assumptions in a population-based study.Methods: CDKN2A promoter CpG methylation was measured in peripheral blood from 812 adolescents aged 17 years (Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort Study). Loge adolescent BMI was used as the outcome in a regression analysis with DNA methylation as predictor, adjusting for age/sex. Further regression analyses additionally adjusted for estimated cell-type proportions using the reference-based Houseman method, and simulations modeled the effects of varying levels of correlation between cell proportions and methylation. Correlations between estimated cell proportions and CpG methylation from Illumina 450K were measured.Results: Lower DNA methylation was associated with higher BMI when cell-type adjustment was not included; for CpG4, β = −0.004 logeBMI/%methylation (95% CI −0.0065, −0.001; p = 0.003). The direction of association reversed when adjustment for six cell types was made; for CpG4, β = 0.004 logeBMI/%methylation (−0.0002, 0.0089; p = 0.06). Correlations between CpG methylation and cell-type proportions were high, and variance inflation factors (VIFs) were extremely high (25 to 113.7). Granulocyte count was correlated with BMI, and removing granulocytes from the regression model reduced all VIFs to <3.1, with persistence of a positive association between methylation and BMI [CpG4 β = 0.004 logeBMI/%methylation (−0.0002, 0.0088; p = 0.06)]. Simulations supported major effects of multicollinearity on regression results.Conclusions: Where cell types are highly correlated with other covariates in regression models, the statistical assumption of no multicollinearity may be violated. This can result in reversal of direction of association, particularly when examining associations with phenotypes related to inflammation, as CpG methylation may associate with changes in cell-type proportions. Removing predictors with high correlations from regression models may remove the multicollinearity. However, this might hinder biological interpretability.

Consequences of Overweight and Obesity in Adolescence against the Risk of Hypertension in Adulthood

Population increase in adolescence are associated with increased overweight and obesity problems. If this problem not early intervention will have an impact on increasing hypertension prevalence and risk of death. This research aimed to explain the consequences of overweight and obesity in adolescent to hypertension in adults. The study used Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) data with a retrospective cohort study. Adolescent BMI measurements on 2007 and the risk of hypertension on 2014. Population are all adolescents aged 10-20 years in 2007. Sample of 1,697 adolescent who randomly IFLS 2007 with the inclusion criteria: biological children and a single birth, children living with biological parents, children remain alive until adulthood on 2014. Multivariate analysis used logistic regression. The study found 8.1% women and 5.6% men were overweight and obes. In adulthood, there was a 45.4% incidence of hypertension. Incidence of hypertension in men (67.3%) more than women (26.8%). The multivariate model showed adolescence BMI affects the blood pressure after controlled the BMI adult, adolescence blood pressure, area of residence, and gender.Gender interacts with adolescence BMI. The risk of hypertension in adulthood based on overweight and obese in adolescent boys is 3 times and girls is 2 times.

Stability Over Time and Between Generations of Differential DNA Methylation Identified by Epigenome-Wide Association Study of Adolescent Adiposity

Background: Obesity predisposes to cardiovascular disease, itself influenced by perinatal factors. Epigenetics is hypothesized to link perinatal influences with later obesity. We aimed to identify, using an epigenome wide association study, differentially methylated CpGs measured at 17-years-old that associated with concurrent adiposity, then to ascertain whether the strongest of these associations were stable over time, between generations, and mediated the association between early life environment and later body composition. Methods: Genome-wide DNA methylation profiles were assayed using Infinium HumanMethylation 450K BeadChip arrays on blood samples from 1050 17-year-olds from The Raine Study (Generation 2). CpGs associated with adiposity measures (anthropometry, subcutaneous/visceral fat thickness by ultrasound) were pyrosequenced at 17 and 20-years-old (n=817), and in their mothers (n=406). Perinatal factors were examined as mediators of associations between CpG methylation and adiposity. Findings: Increased methylation of pyrosequenced CpGs within Musashi RNA Binding Protein 2 (MSI2), solute carrier family 25 member 10 (SLC25A10) and Ras Association (RalGDS/AF-6) Pleckstrin Homology Domains 1 (RAPH1) were associated with adiposity. Adjusting for perinatal factors, these CpGs independently predicted adolescent BMI accounting for 24% of the variance. MSI2 remained associated with BMI over time (β/SD, false discovery adjusted p-values: 17-years-old β=0.026, p=0.0025; 20-years-old β=0.027, p=0.0029), between generations (mother β=0.044, p=7.5e-04), with high sensitivity C-reactive protein (β=0.120, p=0.023) and leptin (β=0.149, p=0.0004). Interpretation: We report novel associations between DNA methylation within MSI2, SLC25A10 and RAPH1 with increased adolescent adiposity. For MSI2 these were stable over time, consistent across mother and child and, associated with inflammation. Funding Statement: The Raine Study Team, The NH&MRC, and The Telethon Kids Institute provided long term support of the Study. The University of Western Australia (UWA), Curtin University, The Telethon Kids Institute, Women and Infants Research Foundation, Edith Cowan University, Murdoch University, The University of Notre Dame Australia and Raine Medical Research Foundation provided funding for Core Management of the Raine Study. The DNA methylation work was supported by NHMRC grant 1059711. The 17 year follow-up was supported by National Health and Medical Research Council Program grant (ID353514) and Project grant (ID403981). RCH and TAM are supported by NHMRC Fellowships (grant number 1053384 and 1042255, respectively). S.R is supported by National Health and Medical Research Council EU grant (1142858) and the Department of Health, Western Australia FutureHealth fund in connection with the European Union's Horizon2020 grant 733206. This work was supported by resources provided by The Pawsey Supercomputing Centre with funding from the Australian Government and the Government of Western Australia. KMG is supported by the UK Medical Research Council (MC_UU_12011/4), the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR Senior Investigator (NF-SI-0515-10042) and the NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre) and the European Union (Erasmus+ Programme Early Nutrition eAcademy Southeast Asia-573651-EPP-1-2016-1-DE-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP). Declaration of Interests: KMG has received reimbursement for speaking at conferences sponsored by companies selling nutritional products, and is part of an academic consortium that has received research funding from Abbott Nutrition, Nestec and Danone. All other authors declare no conflicts of interest. Ethics Approval Statement: Institutional ethics approval has been obtained through the University of Western Australia Ethics Committee (RA/4/1/6613, 1214-EP, RA-4-1-2646). Informed consent was obtained from legal guardians or parents of those under the age of 17 years with assent of the child. Informed consent was obtained for those 17 years and older.

Indicators of dopamine system dysfunction and body mass index as prognostic markers for the of emotional status disturbances in pubertal age children

Objective. To create a prognostic algorithm of emotional disorders development in pubertal age children based on markers of dopamine system dysfunction and depending on body mass index and pubertal periods.Materials and methods. In the cross-sectional study Depression Self­RatingScale (DSRC) was used in 120 children aged from 11.6 to 17.9 years (the 2nd — 5th Tanner’s puberty stages). to establish depression risk (total DSRC score) and depressive symptoms (no depression; one depressive episode; presence of depression). Patients were stratified into groups BMI SDS: group 1 — children with normal weight, group 2 —those with simple obesity and group 3 — morbidly obese. All children were further divided into subgroups by gender and sexual development stage according to Tanner. Patients of 2 and 3 Tanner puberty stage were combined into early puberty (EP) subgroup, those of stage 4 and 5 — into late puberty (LP) subgroup Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was uses to identify blood dopamine (D) concentration in 88 patients. Two children with maximum and minimum D values were excluded from the study.D level quartiles were as follows: 1st—low concentration (&lt; 10.9 pg/ml); 2nd — moderately decreased concentration (10.9—16.17 pg/ml); 3rd — moderately increased levels (16.17—19.3 pg/ml); 4th — high concentration (&gt; 19.3 pg/ml). Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS Statistics 21 using Spearman’s nonparametric correlations (r), mathematical modeling method (logistic polynomial regression) (p &lt; 0.05).Results and discussion. In the general group of children of LP age, the values of D and the indicators of emotional status formed a model with a statistically significant estimate (p = 0.016) to predict the probability of dopamine dysfunction. For example, a LP age patient with the presence of depression will have moderately decreased D concentration with 33.3 % probability, moderately elevated — with 16.7 %, and high D levels — with 50 % probability. In the subgroup of pubertal adolescent children with obesity, the values of the D ranges and the indicators of emotional status formed a model with a reliable statistical estimate (p = 0.05) to assess the probability of dopamine system dysfunction. For example, an obese adolescent with depression will have moderately reduced blood D level with 50 % probability; moderately elevated D — with 33.3 % and high D level in — 16.7 %. Based on these two models, we created the prognostic algorithm for diagnosing of dopamine system dysfunction in adolescents. It could be used as a tool for further scientific research in studying mechanisms of morbid obesity development in children.Conclusions. We developed prognostic math models with good statistical significance.It could be used to evaluate the effect of dopamine concentration ranges on the likelihood of depression presence, its single episode presence or its absence in adolescent children with obesity (p = 0.05) and in LP age patients (p = 0.016) regardless from body weight. Based on the developed mathematical models, we created the algorithm for diagnosing dopamine system dysfunction using BMI, puberty stage, and emotional status characteristics in adolescents.

BMI Indicators in Children with Intellectual Disabilities

Nowadays, the problematics of obesity in people with intellectual disabilities, who are limited by the handicap in their everyday lives, is getting more and more to the forefront. Currently, there is a lack of real data for the population of children with intellectual disabilities.The aim of the research is to find out whether children with intellectual disabilities in early and middle adolescence have a tendency to obesity, how many children have a normal weight in comparison with the intact population, what are the differences in the BMI indicators between boys and girls, if any of the development stages in boys and girls is connected with obesity, what is the proportion of each level of intellectual disabilities between boys and girls and if there is a bigger tendency to obesity in a certain level of intellectual disability.Quantitative and comparative research with deduction were the used methods. The machine InBody was used for finding out the BMI indicators. In total, 35 children from two special elementary schools participated in the research.The result of the research is as follows: More than half of the children with intellectual disabilities in early and middle adolescence have the weight in the norm of the intact population of the same age. In boys, there is an assumption that they will have a lower BMI in middle adolescence than they had in the previous stage of early adolescence. On the contrary, in girls, there is an assumption that their BMI will be higher in middle adolescence than it was in their previous stage of early adolescence. Obesity in boys is connected with early adolescence and the mild and the moderate level of intellectual disabilities. In girls, obesity is connected with middle adolescence and the mild level of intellectual disabilities.The contribution for practice is the finding that children with intellectual disabilities have similar BMI indicators as healthy Czech children because obesity is found in the same degree in both groups.

Two Family Interventions to Reduce BMI in Low-Income Urban Youth: A Randomized Trial.

Our primary aim was to evaluate the effects of 2 family-based obesity management interventions compared with a control group on BMI in low-income adolescents with overweight or obesity. In this randomized clinical trial, 360 urban-residing youth and a parent were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 behaviorally distinct family interventions or an education-only control group. Eligible children were entering the sixth grade with a BMI ≥85th percentile. Interventions were 3 years in length; data were collected annually for 3 years. Effects of the interventions on BMI slope (primary outcome) over 3 years and a set of secondary outcomes were assessed. Participants were primarily African American (77%), had a family income of <25 000 per year, and obese at enrollment (68%). BMI increased over time in all study groups, with group increases ranging from 0.95 to 1.08. In an intent-to-treat analysis, no significant differences were found in adjusted BMI slopes between either of the family-based interventions and the control group (P = .35). No differences were found between the experimental and control groups on secondary outcomes of diet, physical activity, sleep, perceived stress, or cardiometabolic factors. No evidence of effect modification of the study arms by sex, race and/or ethnicity, household income, baseline levels of child and parent obesity, or exposure to a school fitness program were found. In this low-income, adolescent population, neither of the family-based interventions improved BMI or health-related secondary outcomes. Future interventions should more fully address poverty and other social issues contributing to childhood obesity.