Blurred Lines Research Articles

The Essential Crowd: Service Workers and Social Death in Pandemic Times

During the spring of 2020, public messaging in the United States regarding COVID-19 conveyed the idea that pandemics and viral infections strike people from ‘all walks of life’ and that ‘diseases know no borders’. Corporations and media outlets disseminated the message that ‘we are all in this together’. While there might be some truth in these messages, they have also been challenged as existing social inequalities have been exposed by the impacts of COVID-19. The slogan ‘we are all in this together’—which apportions risk equally—is undermined when we consider the ‘social apparatus’ that informs people’s everyday lives. While people from some walks of life have been afforded the opportunity to telework, for instance, others have been required to report physically to workplaces. Given the tag ‘essential workers’, these people often work in places that carry greater risk of infection, partly because these spaces are some of the few remaining in which crowds continue to gather during the global pandemic. We use Lisa Marie Cacho’s (2012) formulation of the concept of ‘social death’ to offer a working theoretical model of essential workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. We engage with Cacho’s model of ‘social death’ to highlight the blurred lines, in times of crisis, between those rendered valuable and valueless (or disposable).

Eve and Other Poems

To further explore the patriarchal adaptations made to female biblical characters, I have experimented in creating poetry from the female perspective of Eve in the creation story (Genesis). Like Mary Magdalene, Eve has been aligned with original sin and it is this story that was frequently used to justify the treatment of women by the church. Instead of focusing specifically on sin, I wanted to create a poem that explored what it may have been like to exist before the concept of ‘the past’ and ‘time’, as well as suggest what it may have been like for Eve to experience the world after she had eaten from the Tree of Knowledge. If our understanding of good and bad is a result of their contrast, then surely, without ever having experienced evil before she bit the apple, how could Eve (and Adam) ever have truly appreciated or understood ‘paradise’ or the parameters of the Garden of Eden? There are more interesting philosophical discussions to be had about the creation story aside from simply that women are the cause of original sin. ‘Mother Nature’ encompasses both the labours of women and the present-day ecological issues that connect with the original creation story. Likewise, on the theme of feminist mythological retellings, the tale Pygmalion inspired the poem ‘not my bed’, which is a modern-day take on the blurred lines of consent, focusing solely on the female experience, in the wake of the #MeToo Movement and the Warwick Rape Chat Scandal.

Body Hacking and Conceptions of Corporeality

This paper is the culmination of my independent research into the phenomenon of "body hacking": DIY techno-body modification that typically involves the surgical embedding of electronic or computing devices into the body. Body hackers are operating largely within a transhumanist vision (body hacing to improve and/or transcend the self or the human condition) and outside of traditional medical institutions. My paper addresses conceptions of the hacked body, including the deliberate and physical transition into "cybrog" and the blurred line of "humanness" that comes from a surgical merge with technology. I focus on the perspectives on corporeality that come from body hackers themselves; I find that there are varying opinions within the body hacking community on the value of the material body. Many body hackers aim to transcend or render obsolete the physical body - in search of a more enlightened or convenient existence, for example - but others see body hacking as a practice that makes them more human. Many body hackers see the physical human condition as a very limited one that is in need of improvement. My paper explores these perspectives and presents a nuanced picture of the modern body hacking philosophy, as a fascinating example of the interface between materiality/coroporeality and technology.

Fearful Symmetry: Shakespeare’s <i>Dramatis Personae</i> in <i>Hamlet</i>

This research aims to make a parallel and determine the symmetry between the main male characters of the Shakespearian play “The tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark”. For this purpose, each important character is analysed in-depth with the use of the primary text and other critical views. The approach used in this paper was based on the primary source, by the employment of quotes and lines, verses and how they manage to be interpreted regarding the portrayal of the cast. There are a variety of ways in which quotes like “A little more than kin and less than kind” might be emphasized, and through the stylistic art of interpretation, the reader as well as the critic can bring new senses and meanings to a certain something. There are also the religious and philosophical aspects of the characters that are exploited in the paper and analysed through metaphorical and figurative language. Applying a developed conceptual framework combined with the opinion of other critics of Shakespeare leads to the multiple interpretations and variables of this play. Not only is it full of symbols and presents an aspect of universality unlike any Shakespearean tragedy, but it also introduces the reader to a combination of Baroque Disenchantment and typical Elizabethan drama. The emphasis of the paper is on the specific characteristics of each character in relation to the general frame and in relation to the other characters. The aim of the paper is to dissipate the blurred lines between appearance and essence and to focus on the in-depth analysis of the characters, who create the symmetry and parallelism which widens the Shakespearean universe of knowledge and literary creation. “Hamlet”, as a literary piece, is Shakespeare’s most complex tragedy. The rationale for choosing it is to highlight the universality of the play, to make the reader sympathise and look at their own reflection and think about the instances where their actions overlapped or coincided with the characters’. Tragedy, like any other literary genre, was born out of real-life situations, and readers should be aware that fiction can surpass the page and turn into reality.

Dirbtinis intelektas moterišku kūnu filmuose Ex Machina ir Ji

The article explores how artificial intelligence is constructed in a female body and showcases the boundaries between human and technological traits, as well as the relationship between human beings and technology. The article defines the notion of artificial intelligence and discusses how artificial intelligence is portrayed in science fiction films. The article does not attempt to provide new theoretical insights into artificial intelligence but, instead, to show how artificial intelligence is characterised in the context of modern science fiction films. Two contemporary science fiction films, which focus on the artificial intelligence in the female body, are analysed: Alex Garland’s Ex Machina (2014) and Spike Jonze’s Her (2013). The analysis of the films showcases the blurred lines between being a human and being a robot: AI in the female body is portrayed as having adequate cognitive abilities and an ability to experience or to realistically imitate various mental states. The AI embodiment found in the films explores different narratives: the anthropomorphic body (Ex Machina) motivates to get to know the world and thus expands one’s experience, while the partial embodiment (Her) “programs” intellectual actions and development beyond the human body. Ex Machina highlights the anti-humanity of the female robot: another (human) life is devalued in order to pursue a goal. On the contrary, Her highlights the hyper-humanity of the operating system: continuous improvements exceed the boundaries of communication with other people.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Bipolar Disorder: Diagnosis, Treatments, and Clinical Considerations: A Narrative Review

Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is one of the most common childhood mental health disorders, affecting about 5.6% of the population worldwide. Several studies have specifically shown a high prevalence of comorbid mood disorders, such as depression and bipolar disorder (BD), in those diagnosed with ADHD. Several common symptoms of ADHD are also found in BD, which are characterized by alternating periods of euthymia and mood disturbances. The inattention and impulsivity of ADHD can be seen in manic and hypomanic episodes of BD. Over the past decade, there has been an increased interest in research between the correlation of ADHD and pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD) in children. Some experts hypothesize that more children are comorbidly diagnosed with ADHD and PBD because of how many clinicians treat children with ADHD. Other factors, which may affect the dual diagnoses of ADHD and PBD, are overlapping diagnostic criteria for the two disorders, the inevitable biases seen when one disorder is diagnosed without the other, and related risk factors leading to prodromal relationships. By examining clinical trials, a better understanding of whether ADHD and PBD have a stepwise progression or if other factors influence these comorbidities, such as blurred lines of diagnostic criteria. Those with ADHD are also at an increased risk of impairment at work and in social settings. This manuscript explores both progression of this disease and its clinical connections to other disorders.

The Ethics of Innovation: Ethical Decision-Making and Review for Field Studies and Projects Targeting Dogs and Cats.

Simple SummaryInnovation and research to advance animal welfare, particularly that of companion animal species, can present unique ethical challenges, and there are presently gaps in support and independent oversight structures for ethical decision-making. This commentary details key gaps and one organization’s creation of an Ethical Review Board and structure for ethical review to help address them.To date, independent ethical oversight of many companion animal welfare initiatives has been limited and, in some instances, inadequate. Beyond a blurred line between “innovation” and “research,” the nature of the work conducted in animal welfare projects is often poorly aligned with established institutional ethical review structures, which are designed for research involving humans or research involving animals and are also focused on industry and academic institutions. This commentary details the struggle of one United States-based nonprofit organization to find ethical guidelines and support for conducting non-traditional field-based animal welfare studies, and subsequent experience establishing an Ethical Review Board to evaluate organizational initiatives. The commentary discusses member selection, materials and processes, and lessons and learnings from the creation and use of an Ethical Review Board. Sharing content of the ethical review process, as well as challenges and learnings from it, is intended to support other organizations and individuals seeking to ensure that innovation for animal welfare consistently meets high ethical standards.

How to Handle Online Harassment, Cyberstalking by Patients

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Government & LegalFull AccessHow to Handle Online Harassment, Cyberstalking by PatientsAllison M. Funicelli, M.P.A., C.C.L.A., A.R.M.Allison M. FunicelliSearch for more papers by this author, M.P.A., C.C.L.A., A.R.M.Published Online:27 Oct 2021https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2021.11.31AbstractDon’t hesitate to take action if a patient engages in harassing online behavior.Several studies have concluded that as many as 75% of workplace assaults and violent attacks occur in health care settings. Furthermore, as many as 20% of physicians surveyed reported being the victim of at least one instance of stalking or harassment by a patient.Unfortunately, predicting who may exhibit this type of behavior is difficult. In addition, the internet allows perpetrators to harass their victims, such as health care professionals, more frequently, easily, and anonymously than ever before. Both male and female physicians report stalking events with almost the same frequency. Mental illness and fear are two of the top reasons cited as why patients act out against their health care professionals. Transference is another potential cause for cyberstalking and harassing behavior; a patient may redirect some of his/her feelings for others onto the psychiatrist, enhancing their need to interact with his/her psychiatrist in unhealthy ways.Online harassment is defined as using online media (such as social media platforms, websites, apps, emails, and text) to cause emotional distress to an intended victim. Cyberstalking is the repeated use of electronic communications to harass or frighten someone, for example, by sending threatening emails. APA has a resource document that addresses stalking, intrusive behaviors, and related phenomena by patients (see link below). It provides key information related to personal safety, prevention, and intervention. Depending on the level of threat, psychiatrists may need to seek personal counseling to deal with the stress of being harassed or intimidated by a patient and determine if the patient requires hospitalization or transfer of care to another psychiatrist. Moreover, consider if there is a duty to warn others who may be in danger. It may be important to inform staff members if there is a credible threat to their safety as well.Maintain clear boundaries with patients. Do not accept friend requests on social media platforms.Maintain professionalism to avoid blurred lines in the doctor/patient relationship.Report threatening behavior to law enforcement; consider filing a civil protection order for stalking behavior.Provide the minimum necessary information to law enforcement/court to comply with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA).Document the details of the event both in the patient’s medical record and in your personal records.Block the telephone number of the harasser and/or change your personal telephone number if necessary.Contact patients through HIPAA-compliant privacy apps or a patient portal that encrypts your telephone number and email address.Use separate cell phone numbers and email addresses for work and personal use.Dismiss the patient from the practice if necessary. Follow proper termination procedures.Consider safety precautions such as panic buttons installed in the office, protective barriers where possible (patient session rooms, waiting areas, private staff areas), and other security measures.Consult your risk management professional or practice attorney for guidance. ■This information is provided as a risk management resource for Allied World policyholders and should not be construed as legal or clinical advice. This material may not be reproduced or distributed without the express, written permission of Allied World Assurance Company Holdings Ltd, a Fairfax company (“Allied World”). Risk management services are provided by or arranged through AWAC Services Company, a member company of Allied World. © 2021 Allied World Assurance Company Holdings, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.APA’s “Resource Document on Stalking, Intrusive Behaviors, and Related Phenomena by Patients” is posted here.Allison M. Funicelli, M.P.A., C.C.L.A., A.R.M., is a risk management consultant in the Risk Management Group of AWAC Services Company, a member company of Allied World. Risk management services are provided as an exclusive benefit to insureds of the APA-endorsed American Professional Agency Inc. liability insurance program. ISSUES NewArchived

The chivalric tomb in fifteenth-century Portugal

The fifteenth-century Portuguese nobility was a proud and image-conscious social group that transformed tombs into opportunities for self-promotion. Manifesting changing conceptualizations of history and agency, the nobility’s elaborately sculpted sepulchres also reveal the means of successful social advancement in this society. The ruling dynasty of Avís encouraged the chivalric ethos of the long fifteenth century to exert control over the powerful nobility and validate their expansionist agenda in Africa. This profoundly shaped the visual idiom of funerary sculpture, resulting in the emergence of the ‘chivalric tomb’ in Portugal. Taking advantage of the blurred lines between chivalry and politics and between history and propaganda, Portuguese aristocrats began to manipulate their posthumous images to construct enduring, positive legacies in the public imagination. Aristocratic Portuguese tombs remain virtually untapped sources of social-historical information, particularly through their display of consistent commemorative strategies ranging from genealogical epitaphs to figural portrayals of Africans. Drawing on extensive fieldwork and archival research and offering a close examination of these monuments through visual, literary and historical evidence, this article explores the artistic intersection of death and memory in late medieval Portuguese society and elucidates how aristocratic funerary monuments performed a persuasive, as well as memorial, function.

There Was a Young Woman Who Lived in a Shoe: Understanding the Juxtaposition of Love, Hate, And Patriarchal ConfinementIn Sylvia Plath’s poem “Daddy”

In the opening of Sylvia Plath’s poem “Daddy” one glimpses a troubled young woman struggling to break free from patriarchal confinement. In a stark play on imagery, she equates her tomb of darkness to a “black shoe” where she has submissively “lived like a foot//Barely daring to breathe or Achoo” for her entire life (Plath 2-3,5). Plath opens the poem with an oppressive tone of confinement. Her tone is that of a victim unable to break free from the powerful pressing of her father. The daughter is acknowledging her life-long imprisonment through the image of conformity and obedience. Her testimony, “You do not do, you do not do/Anymore.” is an awakening, an ethereal understanding, she is no longer satisfied with being under her father’s foot (Plath 1-2). She mocks her submissiveness and fear by “Barely daring to breathe.” or express her autonomy outside of the domineering treatment designated by her father (Plath 5). “Daddy” juxtaposes the extremely childish and infantile dependency on the image of father versus the inherent desire to break free from the entrapment of masculine dominance. As Maher Mahdi points out in the article “From a Victim of the Feminine Mystique,” Plath is using “aspects of objectification” to create a breakdown of the typical family dynamic between father and daughter (98). The struggle is real, vigorous, and traumatic to the daughter speaking blatantly throughout the lines of “Daddy.” The battle rages as father and daughter fight metaphorically within the confines of the speaker’s mind. Plath offers the war-torn country as a backdrop to ease the reader into a sense of disquiet and upheaval. There is something obscenely immature in her attachment to the deceased father. She loves and hates him, desires her independence yet craves the security of her dependency, and she longs for him and yet strives to exorcise his demon from within her own soul. This emotional upheaval allows the reader to assess the speaker’s mental anguish and analyze “Daddy” on a more complex level. This study will explore 1) The juxtaposition of victim versus villain in the familial relationship of father and daughter; 2) The daughter’s search for autonomy and her unhealthy Oedipus complex; 3) Establishing identity beyond infantile attachment, or as Maher Mahdi points out, breaking free from immaturity requires a certain amount of viciousness in order for the daughter’s true liberation (Mahdi 100); 4) The exposure of the Jekyll and Hyde persona, which is noted by Isabelle Travis as the “blurred line” between recognizing the issues and finding one’s own part in the familial downfall (Travis 279).

Accurate endoscopic identification of the afferent limb at the Y anastomosis using the fold disruption sign after gastric resection with Roux-en-Y reconstruction.

In patients with Roux-en-Y (RY) reconstruction for gastric resection, the newly defined "fold disruption" (FD) sign can be useful to distinguish the afferent limb from the efferent limb at the Y anastomosis when balloon endoscopy-assisted endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (BE-ERCP) is performed. The FD sign was defined as endoscopic findings of the internal folds disrupted toward the afferent limb and continued toward the efferent limb at the Y anastomosis. In this prospective observational study, the accuracy of the FD sign was evaluated for those who underwent BE-ERCP after gastric resection with RY reconstruction. Of 28 patients for whom the accuracy could be evaluated among 30 enrolled patients, the afferent limb was identified using the FD sign with 100% accuracy. For the other two patients, the scope could not reach the target lumen due to severe intestinal adhesion in one and reached the target lumen without recognition of the Y anastomosis in the other. There was no patient for whom the FD sign could not be judged for any reason, such as a blurred anastomosis line, unclear folds, sticky discharge and blood coating the surface, when the Y anastomosis was recognized. The FD sign was a highly accurate tool for distinguishing the afferent limb from the efferent limb in patients after gastric resection with RY reconstruction. This study was registered in UMIN (issued ID, UMIN000038326).

Demon in a Dress?

Demon in a Dress?

Nomadland: The blurred lines between nationalistic and ethnic identities in Singapore

Nomadland: The blurred lines between nationalistic and ethnic identities in Singapore

Calories and control: Eating habits, behaviors, and motivations of Generation Z females

Objective This qualitative phenomenological study explored eating habits, behaviors, and motivations of Gen Z females (born 1996-2002). Participants Ten participants met selection criteria: female aged 18-24 (thus, part of Gen Z), enrolled full-time at the University and able to share experiences. Maximum variation was sought for race/ethnicity, Greek life/sorority involvement and hometown regional area. Methods Semi-structured interviews elicited detailed descriptions of lived experiences. Data consisted of five face-to-face interviews and five Internet-based teleconferenced interviews. Saldana’s First Cycle/Second Cycle constant comparative method was used for data analysis. Results Four themes and four subthemes were identified: Blurred Lines (healthy versus disordered behaviors), Rationalizing Behaviors (Denial), Technological Influences (Social Media; Self-Worth), and Pandemic Influence. Conclusion Gen Z represents a pivotal population with diverse characteristics. These findings are helpful to health professionals, faculty, academic administrators, and others with vested interests in promoting healthier living, learning and work environments for this population.

“Necessarily Hidden Truth(s)”: Documenting Queer Migrant Experience in Rigoberto González’s Crossing Vines

Abstract The interpretation of documents holds together the center of Rigoberto González’s Crossing Vines (2003). Presented as time-stamped vignettes detailing the life of laborers at a vineyard for an university assignment, the novel throws into question the distance between the experiences the characters have and those accessible to Leonardo, the ethnographer-in-training. In Crossing Vines, queer migrant characters such as Aníbal and Moreno develop a narrative agency over access to details that the government or ethnographer might solicit in these narrative gaps. Analyzing González’s use of character’s institutional and personal archives, such as Permanent Resident Cards/green cards, photographs, and Leonardo’s ethnography, I argue that despite offering competing narratives about migrant life, these documents methodologically limit how queer migrants are textually represented and interpreted. Crossing Vines critiques the institutional processes by which migrant stories are gathered, interpreted, and violently cross-examined to foreground the blurred lines between studying and surveilling migrant communities. Whereas Leonardo’s project and the inspection of green cards puts pressure on the migrants in the novel to disclose information to produce or cross-reference an institutional archive, González asks us to put the limitations of the documents under scrutiny. In representing what these archives cannot, Crossing Vines makes a case for the utility and centrality of fiction in attending to the often intentional oversights of institutional archives, including those in our own fields of study.

Artists’ Catalogs:

Since the 1960s, artists’ books have become an essential form of contemporary art. In this context, artists have also used their exhibition catalogs as forms of artistic expression. Within this framework of creative practices, this article delves into the characteristics that could lead to the definition of artists’ catalogs as a specific artistic genre. The concepts of artists’ books and exhibition catalogs are compared to discuss the ambiguities and blurred lines that make a precise delimitation difficult. The combination of both typologies is analyzed through a series of works by artists in the field of catalogs as works of art. Despite the great variability that emerges from the different perspectives through which artists’ catalogs have been conceived and produced, some common features come to light. These common features, as well as an examination of the functions and uses associated with artists’ catalogs, pave the way for answering the crucial questions as to whether these publications—as the works of art they are—are still catalogs and if they might even be considered as a differentiated genre of artists’ books.

Developing Peer Review of Instruction in an Online Master Course Model

In this study we looked at how participation in a peer-review process for online Statistics courses utilizing a master course model at a major research university affects instructor innovation and instructor presence. We used online, anonymous surveys to collect data from instructors who participated in the peer-review process, and we used descriptive statistics and qualitative analysis to analyze the data. Our findings indicate that space for personal pedagogical agency and innovation is perceived as limited because of the master course model. However, responses indicate that participating in the process was overall appreciated for the sense of community it helped to build. Results of the study highlight the blurred line between formative and summative assessment when using peer review of instruction, and they also suggest that innovation and presence are difficult to assess through short term observation and through a modified version of a tool (i.e., the Quality Matters rubric) intended for the evaluation of an online course rather than the instruction of that course. The findings also suggest that we may be on the cusp of a second stage for peer review in an online master course model, whether in-person or online. Our findings also affirm the need for creating a sense of community online for the online teaching faculty. The experiences of our faculty suggest that peer review can serve as an integral part of fostering a departmental culture that leads to a host of intangible benefits including trust, reciprocity, belonging, and, indeed, respect.

Model of Mitigation: Strategies to Utilise Unique Insider Research Opportunities

Insider research has in the past challenged researchers in terms of blurred lines, objectivity, bias confidentiality and maintaining professional working relationships. The opportunities it presents however include access to information, trust in the data collection, insider and intimate knowledge, and the ability for rich inside data collection. This paper discusses these opportunities and challenges, then makes recommendations for ten strategies to assist in data collection by an insider researcher. These strategies include communication, mixed methods, reflections, debrief, distance, confidentiality, interview technique, social network, voluntary and objectivity. The research concludes with the creation of a Model of Mitigation, which posits the ten mitigation strategies along with the four opportunities to assist insider researchers to overcome obstacles when conducting insider research, as insider research has been shown to collect rich data and enable organisations to reflect on the research findings and to implement recommendations made on an individual but organisation wide basis.

Blurred Lines: Intersections of Ethnography and Rape in South Africa and Mozambique

SummaryIn this article, I examine the blurred lines between my own experience of violence in South Africa and that of the women I encountered while doing fieldwork in Pafuri, Mozambique. I centralize the importance of personal insight to deal with violent sexuality and rape and argue that reflection provides meaning to the process of ethnographic fieldwork. I examine the similarities between my own experience of violence in South Africa and that of my interlocutors in Mozambique, set within a regional political system that marginalizes women's experiences in both countries. While negative experiences of rape stem from a prejudiced history, I argue that these experiences can be overcome through rebirth or initiation. In my case, this was achieved through the personal level of transformation that fieldwork produced, while for women in Pafuri, the initiation (vukhomba) of young girls translates violence into empowerment.

Reconceptualizing Necessity Entrepreneurship

Recent scholarly work on necessity entrepreneurship has highlighted shortcomings in theoretical development underlying the construct and, by extension, limitations in our understanding of the behaviors of individuals we assign to this category. While necessity entrepreneurs compose a sizable proportion of the world’s entrepreneurs (approximately 30% according to Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data), theory about their behavior remains sparse, and our understanding of who they are, their motivations and their outcomes remains limited. Often conceptualized within a push-pull framework, necessity entrepreneurship occurs when individuals are pushed into entrepreneurship by negative forces, as opposed to opportunity-motivated entrepreneurship, which occurs when individuals are pulled into founding a venture by the attractiveness of an opportunity. This push-pull framework has resulted in a dichotomous view that, despite being widely used, some scholars have described as over-simplified, and unable to account for the wide array of antecedents, processes and outcomes. In this symposium, we convene established scholars who routinely use these constructs in the field. We highlight recent work to develop the constructs, identify use cases where a dichotomous framing of entrepreneurial motivation is insufficient, and suggest ways to develop a more meaningful framework moving forward. This symposium aims to contribute by further developing our understanding of the necessity entrepreneur, by considering new frameworks to better explain the nuance in nascent entrepreneurial motivation, and by discussing practical steps for measuring these constructs in the field. Entrepreneurial Processes Under the Condition of Basic Needs Presenter: Marc B. Gruber; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Blurred Lines: NE and OE Amongst Rural Coffee Farmers Presenter: Robert Nason; McGill U. - Desautels Faculty of Management Presenter: Pierre-Yann Dolbec; John Molson School of Business, Concordia U. Entrepreneurship in Response to the COVID-19 Crisis: The Fine Line Between Necessity and Opportunity Presenter: Angelique Slade Shantz; U. of Alberta School of Management Presenter: Madeline Toubiana; U. of Alberta Necessity Entrepreneurship: A Construct Cut Adrift? Presenter: Philip James O'Donnell; Dublin City U. Presenter: Margot Leger; Utrecht U. School of Economics The (Not-So) Bare Necessities of Entrepreneurship Presenter: David Gras; U. of Tennessee Presenter: Ace Beorchia; U. of Tennessee A Needs-Based View of Entrepreneurial Motivation Presenter: Sanwar A. Sunny; U. of Baltimore Presenter: Chad David Coffman; U. of Missouri, Kansas City