Blunt Apex Research Articles

The morphological and morphometric analysis of the variant patterns of the tricipital aponeurosis: a new anatomical classification with possible clinical implications.

Tricipital aponeurosis (TA) has gained attraction as a constant and reliable landmark to identify the location of radial nerve in the setting of fracture distal humeri. The aponeurosis itself shows variant anatomical patterns. In this study, we intend to provide a comprehensive description and functional classification of observed anatomical variations with possible clinical implications. Sixty arms belonging to 30 adult cadavers were studied. TA was examined grossly to document variations in its shape and classified accordingly. Subsequently, length and breadth of TA were measured. The distance of the radial nerve (RN) from the point of confluence and from the lateral border of TA was also measured (tricepso-radial distance [TRD]). These distances were correlated with the different patterns of TA obtained. Based on the shape of the proximal apex of TA or point of confluence and frequency of their occurrence, we propose a new classification of 4 patterns for the TA anatomy. Pattern I: classically seen as the triangular proximal apex (76.67%); pattern II: tongue shaped or blunt proximal apex (18.33%); pattern III: bifurcated or dual proximal apex (3.33%); pattern IV: as the absence of TA (1.67%). The mean of length and breadth of TA was 16.58 ± 2.05 cm and 3.61 ± 0.61 cm, respectively. The mean distance of RN from point of confluence and lateral border of TA was 3.57 ± 0.19 cm and 2.04 ± 0.56 cm, respectively. The length, breadth of TA and TRD differs amongst the different patterns of TA. Anatomical variations in the shape and size of TA are frequently encountered. The proposed, hitherto undescribed, classification may make operating surgeon aware of these morphological variations and help prevent iatrogenic injury to RN. Such classification is simple and unique; however, its success relies upon universal acceptance.

Ultrastructural features on the oral cavity floor (tongue, sublingual caruncle) of the Egyptian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis): gross, histology and scanning electron microscope.

The present work was focused on the evaluation of morphological characteristics of the lingual caruncles and tongue with its papillae of Egyptian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) using gross examination, light and scanning electron microscopy. The ventral surface of the sublingual caruncle carried a small opening of the duct of both monostomatic and mandibular salivary gland. The lingual mucosa of dorsal, lateral border and, to some extent, of ventral surface of apex had lingual papillae (filiform, fungiform), while the lingual mucosa of the lingual body especially at torus linguae had conical papillae, but circumvallate papillae observed at the caudal part of body and root. The dorsal surface of the apex and body carried numerous long, thread-like, with blunt apex, caudally directed filiform papillae that covered with keratinised scales without secondary papillae. The degree of keratinisation classified filiform papillae into rostral part of high keratinisation and caudal of less keratinisation. Conical papillary surface carried exfoliated epithelium with longitudinal groove on its rostral surface and carried secondary papillae. Fungiform papillae were scattered among filiform papillae on the dorsal and ventral surface of the apex and its convex surface had exfoliated keratinised epithelium. Circumvallate papillae were surrounded by circular deep groove bordered by vallum that carried small secondary papillae that ended into the primary groove. Taste buds of circumvallate papillae opened in the lateral lining epithelium facing the groove. Von Ebner's glands were observed in computed tomography under papillae especially toward the groove and their ducts open into the base of the groove.

Pharmacognostical investigation of Clitoria ternatea L. leaves

Clitoria ternatea L. (Family: Fabaceae) is also commonly known as Aparajita or Shankapushpi. The folklore claims the use of whole plant for curing various ailments. The leaves are used for hepatic problems, otalgia and eruptions. Pharmacognosy is an indispensable aid in standardization of herbal drugs. For the present investigation, pharmacognostical evaluation of C. ternatea L. leaf is carried out for quality standards. The study involves the following parameters like macroscopic, microscopic, histochemical analysis, powder microscopy, preliminary phytochemical screening, and physicochemical analysis. The keystone characteristic of microscopic studies under light and scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of sclerenchyma ring around the vascular bundle in the midrib region and; two types of non-glandular bicellular trichomes, first type is smooth walled with curved apex, and second type is warty walled with blunt apex. The presence of wax crystalloids on the surface of the leaflets was clearly observed in ESEM. Powder study goes concurrent with microscopy. The physicochemical studies revealed i.e. total ash (8.15 %), water soluble ash (6.58 %), acid insoluble ash (1.88 %) and sulphated ash (9.05%); water soluble extractive value (14.92%) and alcohol soluble extractive values of (9.66%) which are comparatively higher to other solvents. The preliminary phytochemical and histochemical studies showed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, anthraquinone glycosides, terpenoids, flavonoids etc. In the current studies, pharmacopeial standards are laid down for the leaves of C. ternatea L.

Igaponera curiosa, a new ponerine genus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from the Amazon

The monotypic ant genus Igaponera gen. nov. is proposed to include its type species I. curiosa (Mackay & Mackay, 2010). Igaponera gen. nov. is described and phylogenetically compared with other ponerine genera based on external morphology. The type species is known from a single gyne originally described in the genus Pachycondyla Smith, 1858. Igaponera curiosa is easily diagnosed by: costate sculpture on head, mesosoma, and petiole; short, robust, triangular mandibles with blunt apex; relatively large eyes set at mid-length on sides of head; lack of stridulitrum; and presence of distinct but relatively small arolia. Putative apomorphies of the new genus are: cuticular flange concealing metapleural gland opening; vertically standing hypostomal tooth with recessed base; stout mandibular shape with blunt apex; absence of stout spine-like setae on meso- and metatibial apices. Our phylogenetic results based on morphology suggest that Neoponera Emery, 1901 and Pachycondyla are the closest lineages to Igaponera, which shows intermediate characteristics as compared to those genera. The genus is apparently arboreal, known only from a seasonally flooded Igapó forest near Manaus, Brazil. Despite the collection site being frequented by researchers, no other specimens of this genus have been collected in over 40 years prior to this study.

A new species of the genus Pseudohampsonella Solovyev amp; Saldaitis (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae) from Xizang Autonomous Region, China.

The sixth species of the genus Pseudohampsonella Solovyev Saldaitis, 2014, P. medogensis sp. nov., is described from Xizang Autonomous Region, China. The new species is morphologically similar to the congeners P. bayizhena Wu Pan, 2015 and P. hoenei Solovyev Saldaitis, 2014, but differs from them by the uncus slightly waved with a blunt apex and the phallus distinctly curved mesally. Images of adults and genitalia are presented. The circumscription of the new species is supported molecularly by the analysis of the pairwise genetic distances using mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. The minimum interspecific distance value between the new species and its sister species, P. lii Wang Li, 2017, is 7.7%.

The first description of the nymph of Potamanthodes macrophthalmus You, 1984 and reinstatements of the genera Potamanthodes Ulmer, 1920 and Stygifloris Bae, McCafferty, and Edmunds, 1990 (Ephemeroptera: Potamanthidae)

The Chinese endemic mayfly Potamanthodes macrophthalmus You, 1984 is the single species relating the taxon Potamanthodes Ulmer, 1920 to other generic taxa of the family Potamanthidae because it has larger compound eyes and longer penes than congeners. However, its nymphs remained unknown and its detailed imaginal morphology is incomplete until now. Upon newly collected materials and type specimens, the main diagnostic characters of its nymph, which is described for the first time here, are revealed. This includes relatively large eyes, tiny mandibular tusks and remarkable body colour pattern. In imaginal stage, besides longer penes and larger eyes, the blunt apex of penis and shape of bent R1 vein of hindwing are additional recognisable characters. Taxonomically, Potamanthodes presents unique characters, such as MP2 originating at base of CuA in forewing, partially pigmented forewings, acute costal projection on hindwings of imagoes and bristle-like setae row on nymphal forefemora. Therefore, Potamanthodes and Stygifloris Bae, McCafferty, and Edmunds, 1990 stat. rev. are reinstated as genera in this study.

A new species of Dudgeodes Sartori, 2008 (Ephemeroptera: Teloganodidae) from Megamalai hills of southern Western Ghats, India.

Dudgeodes sartorii sp. nov. is described based on nymphs from the Megamalai hills of Western Ghats, Southern India. The nymph of Dudgeodes sartorii sp. nov. can be distinguished from other Indian species of Dudgeodes by i) prothorax with two rounded tubercles; (ii) outer margin of mesothorax with simple setae; (iii) distinct maculae in the distal region of femora; (iv) transverse row of setae on fore femora narrower with blunt apex and (v) dark brownish band on the 5th segment of cerci.

<strong>A new miniature species, <em>Bulbophyllum nghiasonii</em>, sect. <em>Brachyantha</em> (Orchidaceae) from northern Vietnam</strong>

The new species discovered in Thanh Hoa Province of northern Vietnam described here as a new species for science. It is similar to B. muscicola but differs in smaller habit, inflorescence shorter than leaves, shorter lateral sepals with unequally lobed blunt apex, and slender stelidia. The newly described species also can be compared with B. japonicum but it differs in the size and shape of leaves, tepals, and lip. Detailed morphological description, illustration, data on distribution, and phenology of the new species are presented.

A new species of Dynoides Barnard, 1914 (Crustacea, Isopoda, Sphaeromatidae) from Canada, with notes on geographic distribution of the north-eastern Pacific Ocean species

ABSTRACT Dynoides canadensis sp. nov. is described from the south-western coast of British Columbia, Canada. This species differs from its closely related species, D. elegans (Boone, 1923) ), by the presence of a smooth pleotelson without prominent rounded tubercle on the basal part of the pleotelsonic sinus, its sinus wall lacking crenulation; in having the penial processes length 7.7 × basal width and acute distal apex instead of 2.3 × basal width and rounded and blunt distal apex in D. elegans. This new species also has an appendix masculina with the distal apex extending somewhat beyond its base, instead of not reaching the base as is the case for D. elegans. A map of the distribution for the north-eastern Pacific species of Dynoides Barnard, 1914 (D. elegans (Boone, 1921); D. crenulatus and D. saldanai Carvacho & Haasmann, 1984; and D. dentisinus Shen 1929) in the north-eastern Pacific is provided. The new species is abundant in the western coastal zone of British Columbia. A revised generic diagnosis is provided for the genus Dynoides. Publication LSID: lsid:http://zoobank.org:pub:ADF85BE9-C307-43EA-B270-1B2DB2F61883

Comparative assessment of lip print and tongue print in gender determination: A cross-sectional study

Introduction: In the recent times, anthropological traits such as lip prints and tongue prints are being acknowledged as a great fortune in gender determination. Not only the traits are unique, but also they can be acquired and secured from person through least invasive and cost-effective techniques. Aim: The aim of the study is to determine the predominant type of lip print and tongue print and to correlate the lip print with tongue print in identification of gender. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out with fifty individuals (25 males and 25 females) who were reporting to the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology. For each individual, lip prints were recorded using a dark-colored lipstick and analyzed according to Suzuki and Tsuchihashi classification, and the tongue impression was recorded by making alginate impression and being preserved using the alginate molding. The Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. Results: Type 3 pattern in males and Type 1 pattern in females were the predominant lip patterns. In tongue, the physiological texture, pentagonal shape, scrotal tongue in 8% and blunt apex were the predominant features in males whereas ovoid shape with sharp lingual apex were seen predominantly in females. A statistically significant correlation was found between the lip print and tongue print with P Conclusion: The lingual impression may constitute precise methods for forensic dentistry identification in addition to lip print.

Historia, stan i potrzeby badań nad uzbrojeniem z ziem polskich okresów rzymskiego i wędrówek ludów. Spojrzenie subiektywne (pomimo dobrych chęci)

Historia, stan i potrzeby badań nad uzbrojeniem z ziem polskich okresów rzymskiego i wędrówek ludów. Spojrzenie subiektywne (pomimo dobrych chęci)

Gross Anatomical and Ultrastructural Characterization of the Oropharyngeal Cavity of the Egyptian Nightjar Caprimulgus aegyptius: Functional Dietary Implications

Much literature exists on the comparative oral morphology of birds in relation to dietary niche, but little research has been done on the nightjars, (Caprimulgidae, Caprimulgiformes). Herein, we describe the oropharyngeal cavity of the Egyptian nightjar, Caprimulgus aegyptius, using gross anatomical analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The tongue of C. aegyptius is short with a blunt apex carrying numerous scale-like structures. The body of the tongue has both small and large conical papillae for capturing and retrieving insects, and is separated from the root by a distinct papillary crest. The laryngeal mound is bounded by a laryngeal groove with a median glottic fissure that bears two laryngeal folds rostrally and two conical papillary rows caudally. Salivary glands are scattered on the lingual body and root, the floor of the oropharyngeal cavity, and the anterior maxillary and posterior palatine regions. The palate is divided into papillary and non-papillary regions. Furthermore, the median portion of the papillary region has two main clefts: the choanal and infundibular clefts. At the rear edge of the palate, a single transverse row of large caudally-directed conical papillae is present. Our findings reveal multiple structural and functional adaptations of the lingual papillae, salivary gland distribution, and palatal architecture in C. aegypitus that reflect the species' insectivorous dietary habits.

New data on wild grey mullet (mugil cephalus linnaeus, 1758) myxosporean (myxobolus episquamalis egusa et al., 1990) in the black sea

Flathead grey mullet, Mugil cephalus, with mass whitish cystlike plasmodia on their scales were collected at Kerchensky preglass of the Black Sea in 2015. The prevalence of infected fish varied from 15% in spring, reached 100% in summer, and declined to 2.5% in autumn. No fish mortality was detected. The spores were oval in frontal view, tapering to a blunt apex. Two unequal polar capsules were pyriform and extended over the anterior half of spore. Spores were 8.2±0.03 µm (7.9-8.4) long, 5.9±0.23 µm (5.2-7.3) wide, and 4.4±0.17 µm (4.0-4.7) thick. Two pyriform and unequal polar capsules were observed (4.0±0.07 µm (3.3-4.5) long, and 1.5±0.24 µm (1.1-1.8) wide). The investigation of nucleotide sequences of the 18S rDNA gene of the myxosporean spores from scales with universal primer А (5′-ACCTGGTTGATCCTGCCAGT-3′) and В (5′-TGATCCTTCTGCAGGTTCACCTAC-3′) showed 100% identity with episquamalis, and 99 % with M. bizerti, M. ichkeulensis, M. spinacurvata and Myxobolus sp. previously detected in mullets. The results obtained from the present study reveal that M. episquamalis, found on the scales of M. cephalus from Kerchensky preglass of the Black Sea, is new record for Russian waters.

Choana Morphogenesis in Developmental Stages of Muscovy Ducks

This study was performed by using fourty nine Muscovy ducks to obtained sufficient information about the development of the choanal slit from 1 to 60 days old. The choanal slit formed nearly one third of the total length of the palate in all studied ages; consisted of rostral narrow and caudal wide parts. The ratio of the length of narrow part to the total length of the choanal slit was generally low at the young ducks and increased in the older ones, while that of the wide part reversing the ratio of the narrow part. By SEM, 2 rows of papillae can be identified on the edges of the wide part of the choanal slit in all studied ages. The papillae of those rows were mostly cone-shaped with pointed apices, but some of them are dome-shaped with blunt apices were demonstrated at 60 days old and numerous openings of the intraepithelial glands were scattered within the epithelium of the choanal slit. At the edges of the choanal slit at one day old, the stratified squamous epithelium continues for a short distance before transforming into ciliated respiratory epithelium. This epithelium was interrupted by intraepithelial mucous glands. These glands and their ducts surrounded by multiple lymphatic infiltration and nodules at 15- 60 days old. The lamina propria of the palate at the level of the choanal slit contained palatine salivary glands, these glands in older ages surrounded by numerous lymphatic nodules.

Evaluation of Blood Clot, Platelet-rich Plasma, Platelet-rich Fibrin, and Platelet Pellet as Scaffolds in Regenerative Endodontic Treatment: A Prospective Randomized Trial

IntroductionRegenerative endodontic procedures (REPs) using autologous platelet concentrates as scaffolds can improve the biologic outcome of treatment. This prospective, randomized trial compared the clinical and radiographic performance of REPs using platelet-rich plasma (PRP), platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), a platelet pellet (PP), and an induced blot clot (BC). MethodsSixty-seven healthy children (aged 8–11 years) with 88 immature necrotic incisors were included. After the root canal disinfection step, the teeth were randomly assigned into 1 of the following groups (n = 22/group) according to the scaffold used: PRP, PRF, PP, and BC. In the PRP, PRF, and PP groups, the platelet concentrates were introduced into the root canal without prior induction of apical bleeding. Treatment outcomes were assessed using a combined clinical and radiographic scoring system, whereas the changes in root dimensions were compared using linear measurements of root length and width with ImageJ (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD) and Turboreg (Biomedical Imaging Group, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland) and planar measurements using the radiographic root area (RRA) and radiographic canal area (RCA) techniques. One-way analysis of variance, the Duncan multiple range test, the Kruskal-Wallis test, the Mann-Whitney U test, and chi-square dependency tests were used for statistical analysis of data (all P = .05). ResultsExcept for 2 teeth in the PRF and BC groups, all teeth showed similar and high success scores (periapical healing, radiographic root development, and positive response to sensitivity tests) after an average follow-up time of 28.25 ± 1.2 months. Of all teeth, 73.9% showed complete apical closure with similar closure rates among groups (P > .05) and a greater tendency for conical-shaped apical closure than a blunt apex. Although linear measurements indicated a similar increase in root length and width among all groups (P > .05), the RRA of the BC group was significantly greater than those of the PRF and PP groups, and the RCA of the BC group was significantly greater than PRP, PRF, and PP (all P < .05) when the follow-up time was not used as a factor. Eighty-six percent of the teeth showed a positive response to sensitivity tests with similar initial response times (P > .05). ConclusionsPRP, PRF, and PP can yield similar clinical and radiographic outcomes to BC without the need for prior apical bleeding and with significantly less tendency for root canal obliteration. RRA and RCA may reveal minor differences that cannot be determined by linear measurements.

A new termite species of the genus Dihoplotermes Araújo (Blattaria, Isoptera, Termitidae) from the Brazilian Amazonian rainforest

ABSTRACT Dihoplotermes, a previously monotypic genus, is now composed of two species. Dihoplotermes taurus sp. nov., a new Termitinae termite species, is illustrated and described based on morphological characters from soldiers, workers, and imago. The new species is distinguished from Dihoplotermes inusitatus Araujo by having a spine-like protuberance with blunt apex on the postmentum, the presence of a spine on the gizzard and the absence of dimorphic soldiers. Furthermore, the internal morphological characteristics of a Dihoplotermes worker are described for the first time. Both internal and external morphological characters were used to improve the characterization of the species.

A new species of Amyema (Loranthaceae) and a new Gastrodia (Orchidaceae) record for the Philippines from Negros Island

Our recent fieldwork in the island of Negros, Philippines resulted in the discovery of a species new to science, Amyema lisae (Loranthaceae), and a new record for the Philippines, Gastrodia sabahensis (Orchidaceae), which we describe and report here. Amyema lisae differs from similar species with verticillate phyllotaxy and inflorescences of simple umbels by having relatively smaller leaves and 5-merous flowers that are yellow and tomentose. This new species is named in honor of Lisa J. Paguntalan, a champion of biodiversity conservation in the Philippines. In the same island, we also collected Gastrodia sabahensis, previously only known to occur in Borneo. Our specimens differ from typical plants of this species by having larger flowers with column bases that are slightly broader and stelidia that are broad with blunt apices.

Spiranthes himalayensis (Orchidaceae, Orchidoideae) a new species from Asia.

Spiranthes himalayensis is described here as a new species based primarily on molecular phylogenetic evidence followed by morphological comparison with other Asian Spiranthes species. It is distributed widely from southern India to tropical China. Phylogenetic analysis shows its close affinity to S. nivea which is endemic to Taiwan. Morphologically, the new species looks close to S. sinensis and S. hongkongensis. S. himalayensis is an allogamous species which can be differentiated from its allies on the basis of pubescent plant body, floral bract longer or of the same length as that of ovary, petals with blunt apex, labellum width around hypochile same as the width of epichile, epichile widely flabellate or semi-tunicate, column length equal to or more than 1.5mm, clavate operculum attached to the column on the broader part by an arm-like extension emerging from the upper part of column and a well developed rostellum partitioning the stigma and pollinarium.

Nososticta nicobarica sp. nov. (Odonata: Platycnemididae: Disparoneurinae) from Great Nicobar Island, India

The damselfly Nososticta nicobarica sp. nov. (Odonata: Platycnemididae: Disparoneurinae) is described (holotype ♂: ZSI-ANRC-T-4418; 11.ii.2016) from Gandhi Nagar, Great Nicobar Island in the Andaman &amp; Nicobar Islands, India. This is the first record for the genus Nososticta from the Indian sub-continent, and a formal description is given. The new species is described on the basis of male anal appendages, particularly cerci with a deeply bifurcate, acute apex, distinctly curved downward. Paraprocts almost straight with blunt apex slightly curved upward and inner margin with small, roughly rectangular hook. The female is characterised by the anterior lobe of the pronotum, which bears two long, divergent horn-like processes and a short posterior lobe with paired club-shaped processes. Affinities with species of Lesser Sundaic region are discussed.

Electron field emission from SiC nanopillars produced by using nanosphere lithography

Field emitter arrays of silicon carbide based nanopillars with high emitter density were fabricated by using a combination of nanosphere lithography and inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching techniques. The electron field emission characteristics of the produced nanopillars with two different aspect ratios and geometries were investigated, and the obtained results were compared with each other. The authors found that unlike the samples containing low aspect ratio SiC nanopillars with blunt tip apex, the samples comprising high aspect ratio nanopillars with sharp tip apex generate greater emission currents under lower electric fields. The nanopillars with sharp tip apex produced field emission currents up to 240 μA/cm2 under 17.4 V/μm applied electric field, while the nanopillars with blunt tip apex produced an emission current of 70 μA/cm2. The electric fields required to obtain 10 μA/cm2 current density are found to be 9.1 and 7.2 V/μm for the nanopillars with blunt and sharp tip apex, respectively. Time dependent stability measurements yielded stable electron emission without any abrupt change in the respective current levels of both samples.