Bluetooth Research Articles

Security analysis of Bluetooth Secure Simple Pairing protocols with extended threat model

Today, Bluetooth technology has become the primary means of short-distance. In the Bluetooth protocol stack, the Secure Simple Pairing (SSP) specifies three methods to provide authentication, Out-of-Band, Numeric Comparison, and Passkey Entry. All three schemes require extra or additional channel assistance in addition to the Bluetooth wireless channel during the authentication process. At the same time, attacks against the Bluetooth pairing protocol have gradually increased, and some attacks (e.g., Tap’n Ghost) targeting those extra channels have attracted the attention of the Bluetooth Association. Current attacks place new demands on Bluetooth SSP security and thus require new models to formalize these threats. Troncoso and Hale proposed the CYBORG model to address this challenge by modeling the channel between users and devices in detail and defining rich attacker capabilities and freshness rules. They also proposed an improved Passkey Entry protocol, Dual-Passkey Entry. However, the CYBORG model does not cover current attacks and threats as they claim, and it only focused on the Passkey Entry protocol. We formalized the threat models to clarify and bridge the gaps in the protocol design and practical requirements of the original CYBORG model. Attackers of Confidential- and Authenticated-extra channels are designed to deal with the settings in threats and protocol requirements. The analysis results show weaknesses and insecurities of SSP protocols.

A Survey of 3D Indoor Localization Systems and Technologies

Indoor localization has recently and significantly attracted the interest of the research community mainly due to the fact that Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs) typically fail in indoor environments. In the last couple of decades, there have been several works reported in the literature that attempt to tackle the indoor localization problem. However, most of this work is focused solely on two-dimensional (2D) localization, while very few papers consider three dimensions (3D). There is also a noticeable lack of survey papers focusing on 3D indoor localization; hence, in this paper, we aim to carry out a survey and provide a detailed critical review of the current state of the art concerning 3D indoor localization including geometric approaches such as angle of arrival (AoA), time of arrival (ToA), time difference of arrival (TDoA), fingerprinting approaches based on Received Signal Strength (RSS), Channel State Information (CSI), Magnetic Field (MF) and Fine Time Measurement (FTM), as well as fusion-based and hybrid-positioning techniques. We provide a variety of technologies, with a focus on wireless technologies that may be utilized for 3D indoor localization such as WiFi, Bluetooth, UWB, mmWave, visible light and sound-based technologies. We critically analyze the advantages and disadvantages of each approach/technology in 3D localization.

Bluetooth Localization Technology: Principles, Applications, and Future Trends

The rapid development of the Bluetooth technology offers a possible solution for indoor localization scenarios. Compared with other indoor localization technologies, such as vision, light detection and ranging, ultrawide band, etc., Bluetooth has been characterized by low cost, easy deployment, low energy consumption, and potentially high localization accuracy, which enable itself to be a competitive technology in indoor location-based services, the Internet of Things, and many other fields. In this article, we first present a comprehensive survey of Bluetooth localization technology, including the measurements for localization, working principles, and method comparison. We highlight the learning-based methods and integrated localization methods. Then, we review the applications and existing commercial solutions, revealing the possible directions for the industrialization of Bluetooth localization. Finally, this article proposes several open issues of Bluetooth localization (e.g., multichannel difference, multipath, co-channel interference, and device heterogeneity) and projects several future trends.

Wireless notice board design using bluetooth technologies

The work presented in this paper deals with the wireless notice board design using bluetooth technologies. This project deals with an innovative rather an interesting manner of intimating the message to the people using a wireless electronic display board which is synchronized using the Bluetooth technology. This will help us in passing any message almost immediately without any delay just by sending a SMS or voice message which is better and more reliable than the old traditional way of passing the message on notice board. This proposed technology can be used in colleges, many public places, malls or big buildings to enhance the security system and also create awareness of the emergency situations and avoid many dangers. Using Bluetooth module message can be displayed on the LCD display board and using GSM module SMS or voice message can be sent to the Bluetooth module. The Electronic notice board is wireless and needs no wires for displaying the information on the LCD Display. It is very easy to operate and consumes less power. The circuit of the wireless notice board is portable. The work presented here is the mini-project work of the second semester engineering students of electronics & communication engineering department of Dayananda Sagar College of Engg., Bangalore, Karnataka.

Secure Bluetooth Communication in Smart Healthcare Systems: A Novel Community Dataset and Intrusion Detection System.

Smart health presents an ever-expanding attack surface due to the continuous adoption of a broad variety of Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) devices and applications. IoMT is a common approach to smart city solutions that deliver long-term benefits to critical infrastructures, such as smart healthcare. Many of the IoMT devices in smart cities use Bluetooth technology for short-range communication due to its flexibility, low resource consumption, and flexibility. As smart healthcare applications rely on distributed control optimization, artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning (DL) offer effective approaches to mitigate cyber-attacks. This paper presents a decentralized, predictive, DL-based process to autonomously detect and block malicious traffic and provide an end-to-end defense against network attacks in IoMT devices. Furthermore, we provide the BlueTack dataset for Bluetooth-based attacks against IoMT networks. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first intrusion detection dataset for Bluetooth classic and Bluetooth low energy (BLE). Using the BlueTack dataset, we devised a multi-layer intrusion detection method that uses deep-learning techniques. We propose a decentralized architecture for deploying this intrusion detection system on the edge nodes of a smart healthcare system that may be deployed in a smart city. The presented multi-layer intrusion detection models achieve performances in the range of 97-99.5% based on the F1 scores.

Non-Invasive Methods of Quantifying Heat Stress Response in Farm Animals with Special Reference to Dairy Cattle

Non-invasive methods of detecting heat stress magnitude for livestock is gaining momentum in the context of global climate change. Therefore, the objective of this review is to focus on the synthesis information pertaining to recent efforts to develop heat stress detection systems for livestock based on multiple behavioral and physiological responses. There are a number of approaches to quantify farm animal heat stress response, and from an animal welfare point of view, these can be categorized as invasive and non-invasive approaches. The concept of a non-invasive approach to assess heat stress primarily looks into behavioral and physiological responses which can be monitored without any human interference or additional stress on the animal. Bioclimatic thermal indices can be considered as the least invasive approach to assess and/or predict the level of heat stress in livestock. The quantification and identification of the fecal microbiome in heat-stressed farm animals is one of the emerging techniques which could be effectively correlated with animal adaptive responses. Further, tremendous progress has been made in the last decade to quantify the classical heat stress endocrine marker, cortisol, non-invasively in the feces, urine, hair, saliva and milk of farm animals. In addition, advanced technologies applied for the real-time analysis of cardinal signs such as sounds through microphones, behavioral images, videos through cameras, and data stalking body weight and measurements might provide deeper insights towards improving biological metrics in livestock exposed to heat stress. Infrared thermography (IRT) can be considered another non-invasive modern tool to assess the stress response, production, health, and welfare status in farm animals. Various remote sensing technologies such as ear canal sensors, rumen boluses, rectal and vaginal probes, IRT, and implantable microchips can be employed in grazing animals to assess the quantum of heat stress. Behavioral responses and activity alterations to heat stress in farm animals can be monitored using accelerometers, Bluetooth technology, global positioning systems (GPSs) and global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs). Finally, machine learning offers a scalable solution in determining the heat stress response in farm animals by utilizing data from different sources such as hardware sensors, e.g., pressure sensors, thermistors, IRT sensors, facial recognition machine vision sensors, radio frequency identification, accelerometers, and microphones. Thus, the recent advancements in recording behavior and physiological responses offer new scope to quantify farm animals’ heat stress response non-invasively. These approaches could have greater applications in not only determining climate resilience in farm animals but also providing valuable information for defining suitable and accurate amelioration strategies to sustain their production.

Multimobile Robot Cooperative Localization Using Ultrawideband Sensor and GPU Acceleration

To tackle the poor localization accuracy of multimobile robots caused by non-line-of-sight (NLOS) errors in a complex indoor environment and to meet the real-time requirement, this article proposes a multimobile robot cooperative localization system using ultrawideband (UWB) sensor and GPU hardware acceleration. First, a UWB multinode ranging network is established to obtain the relative distance information between robots and anchors. Then, the line-of-sight (LOS) and NLOS errors in distance information are effectively mitigated by using the proposed UWB ranging error mitigation algorithm based on the Bayesian filter. A cooperative particle filter (PF) localization algorithm based on the Gibbs sampling is designed to estimate the position information of each robot at any time. Finally, in order to improve the real-time performance of the collaborative localization system, a parallel Gibbs collaborative localization algorithm that can be accelerated by GPU is proposed considering the characteristics of GPU hardware and CUDA programming model. The experimental results of three TurtleBot2 mobile robots in real scene show that the proposed multimobile robot cooperative localization system using UWB technology can estimate the position information of each robot robustly and accurately, and the localization accuracy is superior to that of the popular extended Kalman filter (EKF) and PF algorithms. It is shown through further evaluations that the proposed parallel algorithm achieves about 3.2 times acceleration effect in the scenarios of three mobile robots. The speed gain is found more significant with more robots, which substantially improves the real-time performance of the cooperative localization system. In the test with seven mobile robots, the speedup is as high as 11.9, that is, the execution time of the algorithm is only 8.39% of that of the original algorithm. Note to Practitioners—The purpose of this article is to improve the accuracy and real-time indoor multimobile robot cooperative localization, but the method proposed in this article is also applicable to outdoor multimobile robot cooperative localization. The existing methods for indoor cooperative localization of mobile robots usually use Bluetooth, infrared, RFID, and other technologies to establish a wireless sensor network (WSN) and then combine Karman filter or particle filter (PF) to achieve cooperative localization, which is difficult to achieve low-cost and high-precision real-time localization. In this article, a new method of cooperative localization is proposed, which uses ultrawideband (UWB) ranging network with high penetration and high precision to obtain accurate distance information, then weakens NLOS error by the Bayesian filtering to further improve the accuracy of distance information, and, finally, uses a novel cooperative localization approach to realize fast and high-precision indoor multimobile robot localization. In addition, by redesigning the collaborative localization algorithm in parallel, the real-time performance of the algorithm is improved while ensuring high accuracy. The collaborative localization experiment of three mobile robots in the real scene shows that the proposed algorithm can effectively improve the localization accuracy, and the real-time performance of collaborative localization is significantly improved. However, the algorithm still has some limitations when mitigating UWB ranging errors in highly obstructed environments, and the algorithm parallelization framework can be further improved for higher real-time performance. In the future, we will further improve the robustness of cooperative localization and apply this algorithm to cooperative control of multiple mobile robots, such as formation control and cooperative search.

Research on Hospital Operating Room Management System Based on PDA Code Scanning Technology

In view of the high recognition error rate and long scanning time in the existing hospital scanning technology, a new hospital operating room scanning system is designed based on personal digital assistant (PDA). The PDA scanning device adopts PIC16F877A microcontroller of 8 bit for wireless transmission through RFID and bluetooth technology, the code scanning efficiency is greatly improved. In addition, in order to improve the accuracy of image analysis, this study also adopts the energy driven sampling classification algorithm (EDS-CA) to properly preprocess the medical data information received through PDA scanning, then constructs a function classifier, and improves the image processing efficiency according to the EDS-CA reduction process. The experimental results show that the average accuracy of the code scanning system designed in this study is 95%, which proves that PDA code scanning has good performance.

The Causal Relationship Between Radiofrequency-Electromagnetic Radiation from Wireless Phones and Brain Tumor, Part 1: A Systematic Review for Possible Biases and Confounding

Introduction: The hypothesis of this study is that RF-EMR exposure from wireless phones causes brain tumors and that this causal relationship can be accurately validated only when accurate exposure assessment methods are applied. As a starting point of this series article, a systematic review of published literature for possible biases and confounding in previous studies will be conducted in the first part. Methods: The medical librarian searched MEDLINE: PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) in the Cochrane Library (until 24 December 2020). Results and Discussion: Of the total of 13 studies included, 8 studies concluded that the risk estimates in original studies were underestimated. The other 2 studies concluded that the risk estimates in original studies were underestimated in most scenarios except for a limited number of low possibility scenarios. The other 2 studies concluded the risk estimates might be under- or over-estimated equivocally, and another 1 study concluded the risk estimates might be fair. One study insisted the accurate assessment of RF-EMR exposure should be based on (ⅰ) site-specific, (ⅱ) time integral of (ⅲ) specific absorption rate (SAR). As for the ‘site specific’ component, the fact that the widespread Bluetooth technology is making the distance between the head and wireless phones farther than before should be considered. As for the ‘time-integral’ component, almost all people in modern society are using their mobile phones every day, every minute, even when they are sleeping (as a morning-alarm device), for various purposes other than mere calling. As for the ‘SAR’ component, the fluctuating output power range according to various conditions should be considered in the exposure assessment. Conclusion: Overall, the risk estimates were underestimated in previous literature. However, a more important point is that accurate exposure assessment is required for valid epidemiologic studies.

An algebraic attack to the Bluetooth stream cipher E0

In this paper we study the security of the Bluetooth stream cipher E0 from the viewpoint it is a “difference stream cipher”, that is, it is defined by a system of explicit difference equations over the finite field GF(2). This approach highlights some issues of the Bluetooth encryption such as the invertibility of its state transition map, a special set of 14 bits of its 132-bit state which when guessed implies linear equations among the other bits and finally a small number of spurious keys, with 83 guessed bits, which are compatible with a keystream of about 60 bits. Exploiting these issues, we implement an algebraic attack using Gröbner bases, SAT solvers and Binary Decision Diagrams. Testing activities suggest that the version based on Gröbner bases is the best one and it is able to attack E0 in about 279 seconds on an Intel i9 CPU. To the best of our knowledge, this work improves any previous attack based on a short keystream, hence fitting with Bluetooth specifications.

Location Contact Tracing: Penetration, Privacy, Position, and Performance

The 2020 COVID-19 pandemic radically changed the world and how people interact, move, and behave. Following a lockdown that was imposed worldwide, although with different timing, Mobile Contact Tracing Apps (MCTAs) were proposed to digitally trace contacts between individuals while gradually releasing mobility constraints mandated to contain the spread of disease. General concern for privacy regarding the use of GPS data shifted the efforts toward distributed applications, which use Bluetooth technology to trace proximity and potential infections. Nonetheless, GPS data would help more health operators to understand where hotbeds are and to what extent the spread is progressing and at what pace. In addition to these issues, in this work we take a closer look at the major pillars of MCTA: Penetration, Privacy, Position, and Performance. We focus on (i) how the penetration rate affects the ability of a tracing application to work; (ii) the proposal of a novel method of tracing, which builds on the GPS technology; (iii) how the position of infections is beneficial to rapidly reduce the infection; and (iv) the discussion of the effects of such paradigms in different scenarios.

A Novel Low-Latency and Energy-Efficient Task Scheduling Framework for Internet of Medical Things in an Edge Fog Cloud System.

In healthcare, there are rapid emergency response systems that necessitate real-time actions where speed and efficiency are critical; this may suffer as a result of cloud latency because of the delay caused by the cloud. Therefore, fog computing is utilized in real-time healthcare applications. There are still limitations in response time, latency, and energy consumption. Thus, a proper fog computing architecture and good task scheduling algorithms should be developed to minimize these limitations. In this study, an Energy-Efficient Internet of Medical Things to Fog Interoperability of Task Scheduling (EEIoMT) framework is proposed. This framework schedules tasks in an efficient way by ensuring that critical tasks are executed in the shortest possible time within their deadline while balancing energy consumption when processing other tasks. In our architecture, Electrocardiogram (ECG) sensors are used to monitor heart health at home in a smart city. ECG sensors send the sensed data continuously to the ESP32 microcontroller through Bluetooth (BLE) for analysis. ESP32 is also linked to the fog scheduler via Wi-Fi to send the results data of the analysis (tasks). The appropriate fog node is carefully selected to execute the task by giving each node a special weight, which is formulated on the basis of the expected amount of energy consumed and latency in executing this task and choosing the node with the lowest weight. Simulations were performed in iFogSim2. The simulation outcomes show that the suggested framework has a superior performance in reducing the usage of energy, latency, and network utilization when weighed against CHTM, LBS, and FNPA models.

Hand orthosis design for the rehabilitation of people with rheumatoid arthritis

This project is based on the design and development of a hand orthosis controlled by wireless communication through a mobile application, developed in MIT AppInventor, and a web interface, designed in HTML and CSS; using a NODEMCU ESP8266 V3 development board as a microcontroller in order to obtain the benefit of Wi-Fi communication without ruling out the use of Bluetooth technology. This medical device is focused on the rehabilitation of patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis, or some other pathology that directly affects mobility in the joints of the hands. Similarly, the device has an electromyography module, designed from scratch, in order to monitor the patient's muscle activity and, in the future, achieve control of the orthosis through the possible actions issued by the user or patient. On the other hand, a "Local Network" was implemented with the aim of migrating or embodying the project within a rehabilitation center and having its own communication network, isolated from the outside. Thus, the rehabilitation doctor or physical therapist will be the only person who can control the device when the patient comes to the clinic for therapy or progress review.

Voice Controlled Robot Vehicle Using Arduino

Abstract: This project was created in such a way that voice instructions are used to control the robot. For required duties, an android application with a microcontroller is employed. Bluetooth technology facilitates the connection between the android app and the automobile. The robot is operated by the user's spoken orders or buttons on the application. The two dc servo motors attached to the microcontroller on the receiver side aid the robot's movement. The Bluetooth RF transmitter converts the commands from the application into digital signals at a range of about 100 metres to the robot. The data is deciphered by the receiver and supplied to the microcontroller, which controls the DC motors to perform the required job. The goal of a Voice Controlled Robotic Vehicle is to complete a task by listening to the user's commands. For the user to operate the robot smoothly, a prior preparation session is required. A code is used to give instructions to the controller in the same way. The project "Voice Controlled Robotic Vehicle" has numerous uses both now and in the future. In the future, improvements can be added to the project to make it more effective. The project has a wide range of applications, including military, home security, rescue missions, industry, and medical support. Using the given resources, we were able to create a rudimentary model of a voice-controlled robotic car. Because this project is simple to implement, this robot is advantageous to human life. The Voice Control Robot is beneficial for monitoring and assisting disabled persons. It is simple to use because it operates with basic voice commands. It is effective in locations where humans are unable to reach. As a result, we can employ this robot to spy on people. It has the potential to be utilised for surveillance. For security purposes, we can incorporate a web cam into this robot. The voice recognition software is highly sensitive to background noise and has a high accuracy for identifying a voice command.

Based on mesh sensor network: design and implementation of security monitoring system with Bluetooth technology

One of the most <span>critical aspects to consider in wireless sensor networks is security, particularly in internet of things (IoT) implementations. Sensor network applications had risen in the past 5 years since these networks have been used in various parts of life (smart residential and commercial buildings, medical, and agriculture). In this study, we provide a novel network of sensors based on the Bluetooth network that may be used to protect commercial buildings. The Bluetooth type HC 06 was chosen since it has a low energy consumption and a communication range of 100 meters. Such security network includes motion sensors and control cameras that are controlled by an Arduino Nano microcontroller. The motion sensor's primary characteristics are solely applicable to humans, and the Arduino Nano is an open-source microcontroller. The key benefit of this research is that it demonstrates how to create a low-cost Bluetooth sensor security network with limited storage space for control movies.</span>

Bluetooth Verisi Kullanarak Kentsel Arterlerde Seyahat Süresinin Değerlendirilmesi

Reliable estimation of speed or travel time (TT) of an urban arterial is the fundamental task for better management of the traffic. Traditionally, such data are collected via loop detectors, inductive loops, video cameras, but their installation cost were not always allowed to locate every specific point. Recently, Bluetooth (BT) technology has been widely used as a traffic data source due to the i) low installation cost, and ii) providing continuous data even 24-h period. The principle of BT-based traffic data is simply capturing the timestamped of the unique Media Access Control (MAC) of Bluetooth devices. Detecting the same MAC addresses from multiple different locations enabled to estimate the Origin and Destination (O-D) of the trips and travel time information. This study evaluates the distribution of TT information from different perspectives in which BT-based traffic data were obtained from five consecutive signalized intersections located in Mersin, Turkey during morning peak hours of 07:30-09:30 for the two weekdays. The results indicated that the data had considerable success in estimating travel times and urban traffic monitoring with adequate sampling rates. However, the filtering process must be carefully handled to distinguish the motorized movements from non-motorized ones.

Energy Management System Based on Automatic Intelligent Controller for Grid Connected Commercial LOADS

This paper grants the strategy and model of the automation system developed for managing electrical power demand in the home. All types of commercial loads are controlled by smartphones via Bluetooth technology. It can be controlled overall power that can be turned ON/OFF or can also control individual loads that are connected with relay and Arduino by simply pressing a button on mobile phone. This paper uses the HC-05 Bluetooth module to receive and transmit data from mobile phones and to home appliances. It improves better communication and responses between mobile phones and the home appliances. The purpose of the research is also to manage household appliances in order to reduce the risk of electric shock and for the convenience of elderly and physically disabled individuals who can easily access and control home appliances while staying in one location and without the assistance of others. Our home automation system works smartly by improving the quality of life and giving comfort to consumers thereby reducing the energy demand.

A Chip Antenna for Bluetooth Earphones with Cross-Head Interference Tested from Received-Signal Sensing.

In this paper, a novel chip antenna and its function in wireless connectivity are presented for Bluetooth (BLT) earphones. The chip antenna is a metamaterial so compact (<λ/8), as the size of 4.9 × 13.0 × 2.0 mm3, that when it is mounted on the realistic PCB, it can be held in the enclosure of the BLT earphone. This setting does not degrade the resonance (S11 < −10 dB) of the proposed antenna. As two earphones in a pair are demanded to communicate with each other, one shares an RF signal with the other and they take turns as the master and slave. The received signal sensing is conducted with the latest model of human head-ear-phantom located between the earphones to mimic the real use-case and cross-head interference. Electromagnetic simulation of the antenna is done and verified by fabrication and measurement. Particularly, received-signal strength indications between the proposed antennas in the earphones are experimentally obtained as −67.5 dBm and −70 dBm without and with the head-ear-phantom, respectively, much greater than −120 dBm, the limit of detection, and implying acceptable connectivity and invulnerability over cross-head-interference problems.

Biosensors in cardiology. T-CARE project: a preliminary study on an innovative wearable telemonitoring system

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Public Institution(s). Main funding source(s): REGIONE PUGLIA Introduction The demographic trend evolution and the modification of health needs highlight the requirement for a novel organization of the healthcare system. Telemedicine allows the assistance of patients remotely, breaking down geographical barriers. Purpose The aim of the present study was to assess the validity of a novel wearable system to monitor EKG, heart rate and pulse oximetry in patients with chronic cardiac diseases. The equippement included a T-shirt with electrodes and a band with a photopletimosgraphic sensor, connected to a tiny dock station (Figure 1, panel A). Methods We enrolled 38 patients admitted to the coronary care unit at our hospital in Italy, 71% male, mean age 67 years, mean EF 45%. The main characteristics of the sample are listed in Table 1. The system was entirely automatic. Health parameters recording started as soon as patients wore T-shirt and band. Data were transmitted by Bluetooth technology to an external control unit. Recordings could be stored or could be checked in real time from a control room. Data were compared to measurements obtained by traditional monitoring system (telemetry). Results The devices tested in this study showed a satisfying level of reliability in monitoring heart rate, pulse oximetry, QT interval, QRS complex duration, and onset of arrhythmic events. Indeed, the difference between traditional monitoring system and the new wearable equipment in acquiring health parameters was not statistically significant (Figure 1, panel B). However, alerts produced by arrhythmias different from atrial fibrillation were not completely reliable. Conclusions The most important aspect of this new equipment was the need of minimal patient’s interaction. This system was not inferior to traditional telemetry in recording health parameters.

Comparison of Three Prototypes of PPG Sensors for Continual Real-Time Measurement in Weak Magnetic Field.

This paper is focused on investigation of three developed prototypes of sensors based on the photoplethysmography (PPG) principle for continual measurement of the PPG signal in the magnetic field environment with the inherent radiofrequency and electromagnetic disturbance. The tested prototypes differ in the used optical part of the PPG sensor and their working mode, control unit, power supply, and applied Bluetooth (BT) communication methods. The main aim of the current work was motivated by finding suitable and universal parameter settings for PPG signal real-time recording in different working mode conditions. Comparative measurements in laboratory conditions by certified commercial pulse oximeter and blood pressure monitor (BPM) devices show good stability and proper accuracy of finally determined heart rate values. The supplementary investigation certifies the necessity of the placement of the pressure cuff of the BPM device on the opposite arm than the tested PPG sensor. Measurement experiments inside the scanning area of the running weak field magnetic resonance scanner verify proper function and practical usability of sensed PPG signals for further processing and analysis in all three prototype cases. Additional testing shows that the BT transmission in the scanning area has no visible influence on the quality of the finally obtained scanner images.