Bluetooth Devices Research Articles

Modelling and validation of microwave LPF using modified rectangular split ring resonators (SRR) and defected structures

We propose a design of lowpass filter (LPF) using modified rectangular split ring resonator (SRR) that acts as a unit cell of metamaterials. Initially, a conventional LPF of 4.5 GHz is designed and the low impedance line is replaced to produce a sharp cut-off with a modified SRR structure. A brief parametric study is done to establish a relationship between the inner perimeter of the SRR to the cut-off frequency of the proposed LPF. Same study is also done for the outer perimeter. Using this relationship, another LPF of 2.4-GHz cut-off frequency is obtained. Defected ground structures (DGS) and microstrip structures (DMS) are incorporated with the 2.4-GHz LPF structure for the removal of harmonics and better pass-band characteristics. The IE3D simulation results and the circuit simulation results are in good agreement with the measured results. The obtained structure can thus be used for several useful applications such as in Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, cordless phones, computers, and other wireless communication devices.

IOT Based Augmented Perturb-and-Observe Soft Switching Boost Converters for Photovoltaic Power Systems in Smart Cities

This paper focuses on IOT based soft switching boost converter based solar energy applications for smart cities and making cities smarter and greener around the globe. It presents one of the applications of the Internet of Things to design and implementation of a highly efficient boost converter used for powering the Arduino and the Bluetooth device for controlling the switching of the led and buzzer by using smart city applications. The soft switching boost converter is essential to maximize the low-level voltage obtained from the solar board to the enhanced voltage conversion ratio for the efficient electric power generation. In this paper, the three separate methodologies of DC–DC boost converters with additional resonant/snubber circuit and resistive load associated with solar panel modules proposed with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control. The MPPT is obtained by modified augmented perturb and observe algorithm. IoT helps Smart City(SC) systems to support various network functions throughout the generation, transmission, distribution and consumption of energy by incorporating IoT devices (such as sensors, actuators and smart meters), as well as by providing the connectivity, automation and tracking for such devices. It is utilized to extract the most extreme power from solar panel by controlling the duty ratio of the suggested soft switching based boost converter. In this paper a smart IOT system is used to control and monitoring the effect of reference power variations, parameter values to the voltage control to the converter. The solar panel, boost converter and the MPPT is modeled using MATLAB/SIMULINK environment and reach the power transfer efficiency up to 97%.

Two-party secure connection in Bluetooth-enabled devices

ABSTRACTSecure Simple Pairing, a Bluetooth-pairing protocol, suffers from passive off-line and active online-guessing attack. These assaults are a direct result of the shortcomings in Bluetooth specification. Bluetooth technology uses the principles of device inquiry and inquiry scan. Scanning devices listen in on known frequencies for devices that are actively inquiring. If two Bluetooth devices know absolutely nothing about each other, one must run an inquiry to try to discover the other. One device sends out the inquiry request, and any device listening for such a request will respond with its address, and possibly its name, Input/Output capability and other information. Before connection, each device knows the address, their name, their capability, Quality-of-Service, etc. During pairing, Man-In-The-Middle attacker may capture all the information of connecting devices and impersonate them. This paper introduces the security augmentation in Bluetooth pairing by postponing exchange of Input-Output capability and other information like Quality-of-Service until it is essentially required and by casing the link key with a pair of Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman keys. Consequently, this leads to increased pairing time. Yet, we overlooked the increased pairing time, as the proposed Bluetooth-pairing protocol improves security by strengthening the link key.

Cellular Data Analytics for Detection and Discrimination of Body Movements

In this paper, we show the possibility of using the smartphone built-in cellular radio modem to track sudden changes in the environment around it, thus turning the cellphone into a radio–frequency (RF) virtual sensor. In particular, we demonstrate how to isolate anomalous RF patterns by applying time series modeling and analysis of downlink multi-cell radio signals. These RF anomalies may indicate a situation change, namely, a body or object(s), movement in the surrounding of the smart-phone. Unlike Wi-Fi and Bluetooth devices, that can be turned on and off according to the user demands, cellular radios are never really disconnected. Even in idle mode, they carry out continuous and autonomous measurements of the radio channel conditions, namely, the cellular signal quality (CSQ). This is performed in agreement with standardized cell reselection procedures. Body movements or scene changes in general in the surroundings of a cellular device are responsible for small CSQ fluctuations that can be isolated from normal network operations and classified accordingly. The validation of this unconventional RF sensing method is based on extensive measurement campaigns covering a period of one month, using up to four commercial off-the-shelf smartphones. As a practical application case study, we developed a real-time demonstrator that is able to detect body proximity events close to the device and discriminate other body-induced environmental changes in the surrounding of the smartphone. Usage of data analytics tools for passive sensing from cellular signals is a novel topic that shows great potential as paving the way to new applications and research opportunities.

A high-response transparent heater based on a CuS nanosheet film with superior mechanical flexibility and chemical stability.

Transparent heaters are widely used in technologies such as window defrosting/defogging, displays, gas sensing, and medical equipment. Apart from mechanical robustness and electrical and optical reliabilities, outstanding chemical stability is also critical to the application of transparent heaters. In this regard, we first present a highly flexible and large-area CuS transparent heater fabricated by a colloidal crackle pattern method with an optimized sheet resistance (Rs) as low as 21.5 Ω sq-1 at a ∼80% transmittance. The CuS transparent heater exhibits remarkable mechanical robustness during bending tests as well as high chemical stability against acid and alkali environments. In the application as a transparent heater, the CuS heater demonstrates a high thermal resistance of 197 °C W-1 cm2 with a fast switching time (<30 s), requiring low input voltages (<4.5 V) to achieve uniform temperatures of ∼110 °C across large areas. The temperature of the wearable CuS heater, which is stuck on the skin, can be real-time controlled through a Bluetooth device in a cell phone wirelessly. Based on the wireless control system, we demonstrated an application of the CuS heater in snow removal for solar panels. These CuS network TCEs with high flexibility, transparency, conductivity, and chemical stability could be widely used in wearable electronic products.

A Study on the Used of Bluetooth Detectors at a Fix Location for Vehicle Speed Estimation

Usage of Bluetooth for traffic monitoring has been widely researched and well understood. By placing a Bluetooth detector at each end of a segment of a road; the time difference when a Bluetooth device, traveling in a vehicle through that segment, is observed by these detectors is taken to be the time taken by the vehicle to travel along that known segment. The known distance between the detectors and the time it takes to traverse this distance makes it possible to estimate the average speed of the vehicle along that segment. The possibility of estimating the average speed of vehicles within the radio range of a Bluetooth detector, however, has not be carried out until now. The premise of this research is to determine the time a Bluetooth device takes to traverse through the radio range of a detector and from this estimation of the speed of the vehicle traveling through the radio range of the detector. The usage of multiple detectors at the same point to improve the accuracy of the estimates is also investigated. The results of our experiments and what is need to realise such a system are discussed.

Analysis of ear foreign bodies in adult patients

Background: Foreign bodies (FBs) in the ear are frequently encountered by an otolaryngologist. Certain types of ear FBs in our adult patients may reflect negative phenomena in our community. Objectives: This study was carried out to analyze the main types of adult aural FBs and to highlight the increasing frequency of already known types and more interesting newly known type of FB. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective descriptive study of adult patients with aural FB seen in the ENT Department in Al-Mahawil Hospital for the 2 years – 2015 and 2016. The clinical presentation, type of FB, and management outcome were analyzed. Results: Two hundred and thirty-two patients aged 18–82 years were evaluated. Cotton wool (of the earbuds) was the most common FB with 93 (40%) patients (male: 54, female: 39) aged 21–82 years; the insect FB with 78 (33.7%) patients (male: 32, female: 46) aged 18–58 years; and garlic with 36 (15.5%) patients (male: 15, female: 21) aged 25–74 years; the newly known interesting FB put by the students into their ears during the examination was Bluetooth device in 15 (6.5%) patients (male only) aged 18–23 years; and miscellaneous FBs such as paper, broken matchstick and clinics were found in 10 (4.3%) patients (male: 7, female: 3) aged 35–60 years. All the FBs were unilateral and removed successfully without anesthesia, except four cases removed under general anesthesia. Complications did occur such as otitis externa: 8, bleeding and laceration: 6, and abrasion: 10. The complications were mainly due to previous unsuccessful trials and delayed referral. Conclusion: The increased abuse of earbuds causes more incidence of FB in the ears. We have seen more garlic in the ears because of misunderstanding of some traditional thoughts. Moreover, recently, we observed new FB, Bluetooth device objects in the ears of students. Health education of the general population is necessary for prevention.

Effect of loud music and active telephonic conversation on simple visual reaction time

Background: In India, there is at least one death for every 4 min due to road traffic accidents (RTA’s) (1.37, 423 deaths in a year), of which 77.5% are due to fault of drivers. Many vehicles are equipped with high volume speakers and Bluetooth hands-free devices. Furthermore, pedestrians and two-wheeler drivers use headset or Bluetooth connected to phones or MP3 players. These may decrease visual, mechanical, and cognitive abilities. India’s contribution to global RTA’s is around 10%, despite very few studies were done in this regard (World Health Organization, 2004). Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study is to find the independent relation between listening to loud music and active telephonic conversation on simple visual reaction time (VRT). Materials and Methods: A total of 40 healthy, male subjects within the age group of 20–25 years are recruited in the study. VRT is estimated using Gary-Darby RT software, version-V4.03. Subjects are tested without any distractions and then while engaging in active telephonic conversation using hands-free device and finally are tested while listening to their favorite music at high volume. Results: Statistical analysis was performed by student t-test and P ˂ 0.05 is considered as statistically significant. Mean average VRT and mean longest VRT without distractions are 0.32 ± 0.08 and 0.41 ± 0.13, with active telephonic conversation are 0.70 ± 0.23 and 1.10 ± 0.44, and with loud music are 0.34 ± 0.06 and 0.44 ± 0.09, respectively. Conclusion: Active telephonic conversation is significantly affecting VRT and hence driving ability. The effect of loud music on VRT is not significant; more research is required in this regard to other thought process such as choice RT, emotion, and judgment.

Resident Stress Level during Steps of Cataract Surgery

Purpose To investigate intraoperative stress levels using heart rate monitoring during each step of cataract surgery. Setting Single tertiary hospital. Design Observational study recording resident heart rate as a measure of acute stress level during cataract surgeries. Methods Emory ophthalmology postgraduate year (PGY) 3 and PGY-4 residents operating at Grady Memorial Hospital during the time period of the study were eligible to participate. Chest-strapped Bluetooth devices recorded heart rate during the surgeries. The mean, maximum, and minimum heart rates were then analyzed individually for the following steps of surgery: incisions, continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis, hydrodissection, nucleus disassembly, quadrant removal, cortical cleanup, intraocular lens insertion, and closure. Data collection started in April 2017 and ended in February 2018. Results Out of the 549 surgeries recorded, 427 yielded viable data. Across that dataset, quadrant removal had the highest adjusted mean heart rate value (90.3; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 82.9–97.7; p &lt; 0.0001), highest adjusted maximum heart rate value (97.3; 95% CI: 89.5–105.3; p &lt; 0.0001), and highest adjusted minimum heart rate value (82.1; 95% CI: 75.2–89; p &lt; 0.0001). Nuclear disassembly and incisions were second and third highest, respectively. Conclusions Quadrant removal, nucleus disassembly, and incisions are the three most stressful steps for resident surgeons. This knowledge should be applied to enhance the resident experience by emphasizing these steps during surgical preparation and training. Future studies using intraoperative heart rate monitoring may be warranted to better understand the resident and attending experience and ultimately improve surgical outcomes.

Design of Android Based Smart Car

Android smart car is designed with safety in mind. A simple and sensitiveline, included steering wheels and new voice events, this is designed to reduceinterruption so you can stay focused on the highway.This car which can be controlling using an Android APP for smart phones.A car is regularly an electronic mechanic machine that is guide by computer and electronic controlling programming. The innovation of the Smart Car technology to developing based on remote connection using android application can control the car movements. This system use Bluetooth device controller to control the mobile App. This Bluetooth device interface with UART communication. The UART receive the command via the Bluetooth device. This design is may helps to our rural citifies. This system is developing to help to self driving vehicles.

Programs for Young Patients Can Help Them Achieve Life’s Milestones

Programs for Young Patients Can Help Them Achieve Life’s Milestones

Beacon-based tourist information system to identify visiting trends of tourists

In this study, we propose a system that provides tourist information and obtains trends of visiting tourists using beacons and cloud service. As part of our research, we are working on the promotion of local area tourism in cooperation with a local community. A low energy Bluetooth device is used as a beacon to transmit a universally unique identifier. In addition, beacons are placed at sightseeing spots and tourist facilities. Our proposed system comprises two application programs; one is a client-side application program that provides area-specific tourist information corresponding to the detected beacon. The other is a server-side application to record time and location information of the detected beacons. In this paper, we describe the scheme of our system, and present the results of experiments conducted using the prototype system in the local tourist area. In addition, we discuss an open platform for information collection services using beacons.

Building/Environment Data/Information Enabled Location Specificity and Indoor Positioning

The building/environment data and information system (BeDIS) described here is a part of infrastructure needed to support location-specific, active emergency preparedness and responses within large buildings. Building/environment data and information (BeDI) based indoor positioning system (BeDIPS) is one of its components. BeDIPS can provide people in large buildings with sufficiently accurate location data. It is scalable, disaster resilient, and easy to configure, deploy, and maintain. BeDIPS works without Internet and serves both smart phones and most legacy Bluetooth devices. The other component of BeDIS is BeDI mist, a virtual repository of data and information on the building, interior layouts, and facilities. The mist uses micro data servers and smart gateways to deliver fine-scale, location-specific decision support data on a timely basis to hundreds and thousands of active devices and mobile applications.

Suppression of coupling in a microstrip antenna array by grounded defective strips in Bluetooth devices

The reduction of destructive mutual coupling in microstrip patch array antenna design for Bluetooth application has been proposed. The designed array contains two rectangular microstrip patch antenna elements, three grounded metallic strip lines, one substrate layer and a common ground plane. Nearly \(-36\) dB coupling isolation is observed at 2.4 GHz resonance frequency. The simulated and measured parameters verify the improvement of isolation by nearly 20 dB, when it is compared to those without metal strip lines. Radiation patterns remain unaffected after etching strip lines in the proposed design of microstrip patch antenna array.

Evaluation of fingerprinting-based WiFi indoor localization coexisted with Bluetooth

WiFi and Bluetooth are two most commonly used short range wireless communication technologies. Recent years, with increasing number of WiFi and Bluetooth mobile terminals, tags, and other devices, a demand for integration and coexistence of these two technologies including their positioning function is booming. In this paper, we firstly investigate the interferences between WiFi and Bluetooth signals from the signal and protocol perspectives. Secondly, the principle of fingerprinting approach for WiFi positioning is introduced. In order to evaluate the performance of WiFi fingerprinting coexisted with Bluetooth, both occurrence-based and Weibull-based approaches are utilized for generating the database. Field tests present the interference in the WiFi and Bluetooth coexistence environments. A WiFi mobile device with a Bluetooth device nearby obtains poor positioning results due to the interference. Weibull-based database has more robust performance than occurrence-based database in the coexistence environments.

RANCANG BANGUN SMART HOME AUTOMATIC CONTROL dengan KOMUNIKASI MELALUI BLUETOOTH HC-05 BERBASIS MIKROKONTROLER ARDUINO dan ANDROID

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;D&lt;/strong&gt;esign of Smart Home Automatic Control with Communications Via Bluetooth HC-05-Based Microcontroller Arduino and Android, will provide all the comfort, safety, security and energy savings, which takes place automatically and programmed via microcontroller, the house or building. Design of Smart Home Automatic with Control Communications Via Bluetooth HC-05-Based Microcontroller Arduino and Android is intended for automatic control processes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The system consists of seven sensors, keypad password for security doors, HC-05 Bluetooth GSM alarm application and device control applications aktuaktor, and aktuaktor buzzer, dc motors, lights, fans and fan dc exhausting. Among these sensors is a PIR sensor to detect theft, sensor MQ6 to detect leakage of LPG gas and smoke from fires, sensor HC-SR04 ultrasonic for automatic garage doors, fire sensors to detect a fire, the sensor LM35 to detect the temperature of the room, when the room temperature is hot the fan will be on automatically, when the cold room temperature will shut off the fan and LDR sensor to detect the intensity of light during the day which turn the lights off automatically and vice versa, thus saving energy. Homeowners can also control lights and monitoring sensors with android phones that are connected with communication via Bluetooth HC-05 microcontroller arduino, and can receive GSM alarm application sensors such as calling and sms.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Test results are used UART communication data transmission between the microcontroller serial monitor monitor has an error of 0 % . HC - 05 Bluetooth can accept orders at the farthest distance of 11 meters . The fire sensor can work well when the fire was 1-10 cm . Sensor HC - SR04 is already working with an error rate of 0.3 %, so the accuracy of this tool by 100 % - 0.3 % = 99.7 % .&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Keywords :&lt;/strong&gt; Security Door , Bluetooth HC - 05 , Microcontroller Arduino and Android , Application Control and Application GSM alarm.&lt;/p&gt;

Man-in-the-middle attacks on Secure Simple Pairing in Bluetooth standard V5.0 and its countermeasure

Bluetooth devices are widely employed in the home network systems. It is important to secure the home members' Bluetooth devices, because they always store and transmit personal sensitive information. In the Bluetooth standard, Secure Simple Pairing (SSP) is an essential security mechanism for Bluetooth devices. We examine the security of SSP in the recent Bluetooth standard V5.0. The passkey entry association model in SSP is analyzed under the man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks. Our contribution is twofold. (1) We demonstrate that the passkey entry association model is vulnerable to the MITM attack, once the host reuses the passkey. (2) An improved passkey entry protocol is therefore designed to fix the reusing passkey defect in the passkey entry association model. The improved passkey entry protocol can be easily adapted to the Bluetooth standard, because it only uses the basic cryptographic components existed in the Bluetooth standard. Our research results are beneficial to the security enhancement of Bluetooth devices in the home network systems.

SmartITS: Smartphone-based identification and tracking using seamless indoor-outdoor localization

Localization in both indoor and outdoor environments is a long-studied problem. Using Smartphone for localization has also gained popularity recently. However, none of the existing solutions consider seamless localization and tracking of individuals in both indoor and outdoor stretches with significant accuracy. In this paper, we propose a human identification, monitoring, and location tracking system, called SmartITS, which continuously tracks MAC ids of user equipment (Smartphones, BLE tags, and Bluetooth devices) and can provide a Google map-based visualization of their trajectories. Our tracker is a portable mobile entity comprising of a Smartphone and an external Wi-Fi adapter which does not require any extra hardware infrastructure to deploy as well as does not need any modification in hardware design at all. Extensive testing with a prototype testbed system in densely populated areas shows that the SmartITS system can seamlessly track user trajectories in indoor and outdoor stretches with a high aggregate location accuracy which is up to 44.49% more accurate than the simple GPS based location tracking system. Our proof-of-concept prototype shows the usability of SmartITS architecture. We also perform several experiments for evaluating the Smartphone’s performance as a scanner and as a sensor tag.

Assessing the Utility of a Novel SMS- and Phone-Based System for Blood Pressure Control in Hypertensive Patients: Feasibility Study.

BackgroundAlthough hypertension (HTN) is a major modifiable risk factor for arterial damage, blood pressure (BP) remains poorly controlled in the hypertensive population. Telemedicine is a promising adjunct intervention that may complement traditional therapies and improve adherence rates; however, current approaches have multiple barriers to entry, including the use of relatively expensive Bluetooth devices or the dependence on smart phone utilization, which tend to exclude low-income and more elderly populations.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to design and implement a new phone call- and short message service text messaging-based intervention, Epharmix’s EpxHypertension, in a quality improvement project that demonstrates the feasibility of this system for BP control in a family medicine setting.MethodsWe recruited 174 patients from a community clinic in St Louis from a database of patients diagnosed with HTN. An automated call or text messaging system was used to monitor patient-reported BPs. If determined to be elevated, physicians were notified by an email, text, or electronic medical record alert. Mean systolic BPs (SBPs) and diastolic BPs (DBPs) were compared at the beginning and end of 12 weeks.ResultsAfter 12 weeks on the system, patients with a baseline SBP of 140 mm Hg or higher reduced SBP by 10.8 mm Hg (95% CI −14.5 to −7.2, P<.001) and DBP by 6.6 mm Hg (95% CI −9.9 to −3.4, P=.002), but no significant changes were observed in overall BPs and BPs in the group with baseline SBP less than 140 mm Hg.ConclusionsEpxHypertension provides a viable means to control HTN in patients with high baseline BPs despite previous therapy. This community implementation study demonstrates the feasibility of implementing EpxHypertension across a primary care setting without the need for smartphones or Bluetooth-linked BP cuffs. Future studies should evaluate its effectiveness in a randomized control trial compared with standard of care.

Revisiting Urban War Nibbling: Mobile Passive Discovery of Classic Bluetooth Devices Using Ubertooth One

The ubiquitous nature of Bluetooth technology presents opportunities for intelligence gathering based on historical and real-time device presence data. This information can be of value to law enforcement agencies, intelligence organizations, and industry. Despite the introduction of the Bluetooth Low Energy standard that incorporates anonymity preservation mechanisms, the presence of devices that support Classic Bluetooth that uses unique and persistent device identifiers is expected to remain significant for a number of years. The common approach to finding discoverable Classic Bluetooth devices relies on a standard inquiry process that is not truly passive. Furthermore, this approach fails to detect devices that remain undiscoverable. Ubertooth One, a low-cost open source Bluetooth development platform, can assist with overcoming this limitation in a truly passive manner, making it an attractive digital forensic instrument. Using vehicle-based sensors and parallel multi-method device discovery, we conduct a practical evaluation of Ubertooth One for passive discovery and contrast its discovery rate to the standard method. Based on 83 comparative field experiments, we show that Ubertooth One can produce forensically sound observations while able to discover up to ten times as many devices. We also show that this method can identify repeat device presence, as we observe 2370 instances of repeat observations on different days in single and multiple location scenarios. We conclude that this passive technique can complement the standard method and has the potential be used as a viable alternative.