Bluetooth Connection Research Articles

Pengendali Robot dengan Mikrokontroler Arduino Berbasis Smartphone Android

The rapid development of technology has given rise to automatic robots controlled by wireless technology. Many electronic devices are used as automatic controllers. This robot, produced in the electronics field, has had a rapid impact in the industrial sector. In this research, Arduino Uno is used as a microcontroller to control robots with Android smartphones. Control is carried out using a Bluetooth connection. The use of Android smartphones makes it easier for the general public if the results of this research are applied because many people have Android smartphones. Apart from being easy to use, this robot can also help human work. The pattern used for smartphone communication with Bluetooth hardware. The smartphone sends data via Bluetooth, then the HC-05 Bluetooth receives the data forwarded to the Arduino Uno microcontroller, then the microcontroller processes it to give moving commands to each servo motor. The application used to control the robot is NodeMCU_Car. This application is implanted into an Android smartphone so that robot movement commands can be carried out via the smartphone with this application. Robot movement commands are carried out manually by the operator. The robot can move to open or close its arms. Tests were carried out on the power supply circuit, Bluetooth, power supply, and the entire robot circuit. This research shows that the robot's electronic circuit is functioning well, such as the Bluetooth component circuit, power supply and controller circuit. The maximum distance that a Bluetooth device can receive smartphone data without obstacles is 9 meters, whereas if there are obstacles the distance is 5 meters.Keywords: Arduino, Bluetooth, Electronics, Microcontroller, Smartphone

Wireless Messaging System for Paralysis Patients

In healthcare, those grappling with paralysis encounter immense hurdles in expressing their needs. Our Wireless Messaging System, featuring an LCD display, Bluetooth connectivity, and a buzzer, addresses this challenge head-on. This innovation empowers individuals with compromised motor functions, enabling effective communication. The LCD ensures clear messaging, while Bluetooth expands accessibility to compatible devices [1]. During emergencies, the buzzer prompts swift caregiver response. This project signifies a major stride in assistive technology, elevating the quality of life for those with mobility limitations. Through wireless communication, we aim to offer a dependable means of expression, ultimately enhancing the lives of individuals navigating these distinctive challenges [2].

Advancements in combining electronic animal identification and augmented reality technologies in digital livestock farming

Modern livestock farm technologies allow operators to have access to a multitude of data thanks to the high number of mobile and fixed sensors available on both the livestock farming machinery and the animals. These data can be consulted via PC, tablet, and smartphone, which must be handheld by the operators, leading to an increase in the time needed for on-field activities. In this scenario, the use of augmented reality smart glasses could allow the visualization of data directly in the field, providing for a hands-free environment for the operator to work. Nevertheless, to visualize specific animal information, a connection between the augmented reality smart glasses and electronic animal identification is needed. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to develop and test a wearable framework, called SmartGlove that is able to link RFID animal tags and augmented reality smart glasses via a Bluetooth connection, allowing the visualization of specific animal data directly in the field. Moreover, another objective of the study was to compare different levels of augmented reality technologies (assisted reality vs. mixed reality) to assess the most suitable solution for livestock management scenarios. For this reason, the developed framework and the related augmented reality smart glasses applications were tested in the laboratory and in the field. Furthermore, the stakeholders’ point of view was analyzed using two standard questionnaires, the NASA-Task Load Index and the IBM-Post Study System Usability Questionnaire. The outcomes of the laboratory tests underlined promising results regarding the operating performances of the developed framework, showing no significant differences if compared to a commercial RFID reader. During the on-field trial, all the tested systems were capable of performing the task in a short time frame. Furthermore, the operators underlined the advantages of using the SmartGlove system coupled with the augmented reality smart glasses for the direct on-field visualization of animal data.

Development and Evaluation of Bluetooth based Remote Controlled Battery Powered Drum Seeder

A Bluetooth based battery-powered remote-controlled direct rice seeder was developed to overcome the drudgery and operational difficulties involved in direct seeding by manual drum seeder. The developed seeder consists of micro-controller unit, stepper motor, DC geared motor, motor drivers, battery, wheels and frame. The micro-controller unit is the heart of the developed mechatronic system. The micro-controller unit was designed and developed by Programming. A mobile application was designed and developed to connect the seeder to mobile through Bluetooth connectivity and operated range of 47.6 m which is sufficient for hilly region topography. The developed seeder was evaluated in laboratory conditions at different forward speeds varying from 0.5 to 3.0 km.h−1 and hopper fill levels varying from 25% to 75%. Forward speed of 0.7 km.h−1 and 75% hopper fill level were found optimum with corresponding seed rate of 20.2 kg. ha−1, missing hill index of 0%, hill spacing uniformity of 93.7%, coefficient of variance of number of seeds per hill of 0.25 and hill span of 9.4 cm. The developed seeder was evaluated in the field in puddled soil conditions in Sajong village, East Sikkim, India and the performance was compared with manual drum seeder. The field capacity and field efficiency of the developed seeder was found to be 0.017 ha.h−1 and 62% respectively as compared to 0.023 ha.h−1and 82% in case of manual drum seeder respectively. The developed seeder has reduced drudgery/cumbersome of 64% over manual drum seeder as evident from operator's heart rate and energy expenditure rate. In addition to that the operator can able to sit in a safe and comfortable environment outside the field to operate the developed drum seeder. Moreover, the developed seeder reduces the operational cost of 230 ₹. ha−1 over manual drum seeder.

Direct Bluetooth connectivity results in better hearing aid compliance in children

ObjectiveTo determine if hearing aid use in school aged children is impacted when upgraded to direct Bluetooth® enabled technology. We hypothesized that because children are better able to connect to their devices and headphones, they would be more inclined to use their hearing aids throughout the day, resulting in an increase in hearing aid compliance. MethodsThis retrospective analysis examined changes in datalogging of hours of usage per day in 51 school aged children who underwent an upgrade from non-direct Bluetooth® hearing technology to direct Bluetooth®-enabled hearing technology. ResultsHours per day of hearing aid use in all hearing aid users significantly increased after upgrading to DBT enabled technology (6.82 vs 9.82, <0.001). There were no significant differences noted in hours before and after upgrade depending on race (p = 0.147), gender (p = 0.887), developmental delay (p = 0.749), type of hearing loss (p = 0.218), and degree of hearing loss (p = 0.551). However, when comparing private versus Medicaid insurance, there was noted to be a significant difference with the odds of an increase in hours of usage after upgrade being higher for those patients privately insured (OR = 1.247, p < 0.001, 95 % CI 1.093–1.422). ConclusionDirect Bluetooth® enabled hearing technology positively impacts children's hearing aid compliance, which has the potential improve speech and language outcomes.

Using Wi-Fi Connection Data to Analyze Performance of the Subway System in Toronto, Canada

Typical performance measurements of public transit operations make use of vehicle-based data such as automated vehicle location data or passenger-based data at specific fare collection points. Ideally, the performance of a transit system from a reliability perspective and according to passenger experience should be measured through individual passenger journeys. The growing prevalence of smartphones provides one potential source for this analysis, because passive data collection methods such as obtaining Wi-Fi, cellular, and Bluetooth connection data allow us to observe devices as they move throughout the system. In this study we present a collection of methods and performance measures for using Wi-Fi connection data to measure various aspects of customer experience and reliability, including methods for detecting train arrivals at platforms, estimating wait times, measuring origin–destination travel time variation, and developing profiles of various journey types for comparison. In contrast with many other advances toward passenger-based measures, these methods do not require the combination of diverse data sets to generate useful results. These methods are applied to data from the Wi-Fi service in the subway system in Toronto, Canada.

Lightweight Cryptography for Connected Vehicles Communication Security on Edge Devices

Recent advances in mobile connection technology have been involved in every aspect of modern life. Even vehicles are becoming more connected, with the ability to communicate without human intervention. The main idea of connected vehicles is to exchange information to avoid a potential collision or to warn the driver about stop signs/lights. To achieve a wide range of connections between vehicles, they must be equipped with connected devices such as Bluetooth, wi-fi, and cellular connectivity. However, communication raises security issues with regard to cybersecurity attacks that attempt to collect confidential information or to take control of the vehicle by forcing unintended braking or steering. In this paper, we proposed a secure vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication approach by deploying a secure communication protocol based on a key management process and a cryptography system to encrypt exchanged data. The proposed key management process was designed to resist many attacks and eliminate connections to the infrastructure for key generation. Since vehicles are equipped with embedded devices with limited computation resources, a lightweight cryptography algorithm was used. The light encryption device (LED) block cipher was used to encrypt exchanged data. The LED has a low implementation area on hardware and low power consumption. It is considered to be a perfect solution for security issues in connected vehicles. The proposed data encryption algorithm was synthesized with VHDL on the Xilinx Zynq-7020 FPGA using the Vivado HLS tool. The encryption algorithm was implemented only on the logic of the device. The achieved results proved that the proposed algorithm is suitable for implementation in vehicles due to its low implementation requirements and low power consumption in addition to its high security level against cyber-attacks.

Flexible Piezoresistive Pressure and Temperature Sensor Module for Continuous Monitoring of Cardiac Health

Flexible and disposable sensors are highly coveted for their light and thin nature, robustness, pliability, and cost advantage in the manufacturing process. They are widely used for affordable health monitoring. This work presents a PEDOT: PSS+GO temperature sensor and porous PDMS+PEDOT:PSS pressure sensor assisted health band for continuous monitoring of cardiac health. A novel single-module sensor has been developed that can detect heart rate with a high sensitivity of 2.67 kPa <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> (low to medium pressure range 0-5 kPa) and a temperature range of ~25-45 °C with average sensitivity 0.0022 °C <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> . Further, the flexible and disposable sensors used demonstrated a longevity which is considerably high for a disposable sensor set-up. The sensors have been tested in rest and active conditions and promising results are obtained. The setup has been integrated with a smartphone application to wirelessly transmit the data obtained over a Bluetooth connection. The device has an accuracy of 95.81% for temperature and 96.03% for pressure sensing, which is comparable to conventional sensors of the same nature. The sensing patch requires considerably less power (5 nW) than the current optical-based measurement devices and is capable of detecting minute physiological signal fluctuations, making it a potential option for low-power, real-time, and home-based cardiac health monitoring.

Smartphone-Based Portable Bio-Chemical Sensors: Exploring Recent Advancements

Traditionally, analytical chemistry and diagnosis relied on wet laboratories and skilled professionals utilizing sophisticated instruments for sample handling and analysis. However, with the development of novel materials and sensing techniques, there has been a significant shift towards the use of standalone sensors, allowing tests to be conducted on-site or even in real time, leading to cost- and time-efficiency. With their widespread adoption globally, smartphones have emerged as an ideal platform for such sensors, boasting extensive sensor capabilities, advanced processing power, and communication functionalities. Smartphone-based assays make use of optical and electrochemical sensors, utilizing built-in cameras, ambient light sensors, and other features for optical sensing, while the micro-USB port, Bluetooth, and wireless connection facilitate data transmission and analog voltage application for electrochemical sensing. Previous overview papers have explored smartphone-based sensing in specific domains; this review provides a comprehensive examination of recent advancements in smartphone-based sensors, encompassing both optical and electrochemical sensing methods. The review provides the fundamental principles of these sensors and their implementation using smartphones, showcases recent applications, and presents innovative designs that take advantage of the inherent functionalities and sensor capabilities of smartphones. The review concludes by offering an outlook on the prospects of smartphone-based sensing and includes a reflective section emphasizing the potential impact of sensors in chemical and biological analyses. This comprehensive resource aims to provide information to researchers and practitioners interested in using smartphones for cutting-edge analytical methodologies.

Implementation of PLC Outseal as a Controller of Ammonia Gas Circulation in Chicken Coops with HMI Modbus Monitoring

Indonesia's population in 2022 is recorded at 275,361,267 people, significantly increasing per year which has resulted in an increase in food needs in the chicken meat sector, the high interest in chicken meat has not been accompanied by appropriate technology, this has made the quantity and quality of chicken breeders often experience crop failures the application of system technology for controlling and monitoring air quality in chicken coops based on PLC Outseal for ammonia gas is a technology used to reduce the death rate of chickens due to poisoning by ammonia gas produced from the chicken manure itself. The technology applied to chicken farms uses the Outseal PLC microcontroller as the design brain, Arduino nano as a sensor data storage communication, the MQ135 air quality detector by checking ammonia gas levels, monitoring through the HMI Modbus software on a bluetooth connection with control on a smartphone and removing dirty air by blowers. The parameter limit for the value of ammonia gas in the chicken coop is 20 – 40 ppm. The test result that the value of the ammonia gas content in the farm is above the specified value, the condition of the cage is excess ammonia gas and the automatic actuator functions to remove ammonia gas until the ammonia gas level value returns to normal.

Design and theoretical error analysis of wireless electrochemical reader to be integrated in smart mask for breath monitoring

Herein, we describe the development of a mask for electrochemical breath gas measurement. The readout board, with dimensions of 16 × 43 × 12 mm, enables Bluetooth connectivity. The device exhibits a current measurement range of up to 582 µA. Sources of measurement error were identified and quantified using the generalized Randles model with 10% accuracy. Device accuracy was determined to be 5% of current signals. Other sources of error included hardware noise (0.021 µA), sampling time error (19.6 µA), and voltage resolution error (4.6 µA at 1 mV). Enhancing the voltage resolution of the LMP91000 chip from 66 mV to 1 mV was achieved by utilizing the microcontroller DAC output voltage as the chip reference voltage, leading to a reduction in the measurement error from 293 to 4.6 µA. The mask was successfully tested for ammonia measurement within the 0–1000 ppm range, indicating its potential for breath monitoring applications.

Rancang Bangun Prototipe Alat Keamanan Penjarahan pada Truk Bermuatan dengan menggunakan Sensor Pir Berbasis Arduino dan IoT

Looting is a serious crime that threatens the safety and integrity of the truck's cargo, which can lead to financial loss and even threaten the safety of the driver and crew. To overcome this problem, this study focuses on developing a theft warning system using advances in Internet of Things (IoT) technology and smart devices. The prototype was built using a highly sensitive PIR sensor as a motion detector around the truck. The data from the PIR sensor is then processed by the Arduino Uno, which acts as the brains of the system, and through the HC-05 Bluetooth connection, alarm and vibration messages are transmitted to the user's smartphone drive. This allows drivers to react quickly and be on the lookout for or notify authorities of the possibility of looting. With the successful development of this alarm system, it is hoped that it can improve the level of security in the trucking industry and reduce the risk of cargo loss due to looting. Moreover, the success of this study also has a positive contribution to the application of IoT technology to improve safety in the field of transportation and logistics.

Bluetooth Chat: An Android Chatting App Based on Bluetooth

Abstract: An Android messenger application that connects through Bluetooth is the topic of this discussion. The main ideas covered in this article are: (i) users are able to chat with one another through Bluetooth connections between two or more Android mobiles. (ii) Users can periodically sync and modify their chat in the server thanks to Bluetooth connections between a server and an Android cellphone. iii) The data structures that are utilized to store and update the data (messages) in relation to the appropriate usernames. In order to achieve robustness and send error-free messages, state machines and finite expressions are used. This software uses a phone's built-in Bluetooth feature even though it doesn't require an internet connection. Therefore, it can be used for Free communication over short distances up to a certain distance (either Thirty or One Fifty feet, subject to the hardware). The Bluetooth feature of a smartphone is crucial, and both the Android cell phone network and a platform include it

The Development of CNC Hot Wire 3D Cutting Foam Tool

Wedding decorations are considered incomplete without decoration. The decoration business must prepare a skilled and creative workforce and improve the artistic creation skills of employees to provide several choices of decorating styles to clients. The material that was recently used in decorations is styrofoam. The purpose of this research is to design a CNC machine to get good results and neatly cut Styrofoam using a hot wire. This research also contributes to solving problems with Styrofoam cutting usually a problem with detailed and complicated work that can be solved automatically using a CNC machine. Tool hardware design requires Bluetooth connection, driver to the stepper motor, driver A4988 to CNC shield, and step down to the heating wire. Software design includes uploading GRBL firmware, creating G-code using Inkscape Software, and connecting Android applications to CNC machines. The result shows that for 2-dimensional styrofoam cutting with 1cm thickness, the best results are obtained in the range voltage of 7.4-8.5V. Styrofoam also testing is carried out using the same voltage 8.5V but with different feed rates and the result with 400 mm/min shows the best cut performance. The results of cutting 3-dimensional Styrofoam showed that for a voltage of 8.5V, a feed rate of 300mm/min, and a thickness of 10cm Styrofoam produced the best cutting texture from others. This shows that the heat generated by the wire is directly proportional to the feed rate

Bluetooth Controlled Car

The 21st century is the era in which we currently reside. Right now, the smart phone is the object that matters the most in our daily life. Android-powered smartphones are becoming more powerful and has a growing number of accessories that are beneficial for robots. This project demonstrates Bluetooth connection with a car, specific Bluetooth technology attributes, mobile and robot elements, as well as how to operate a car using a mobile device. We provide a summary of robots that may be moved forward, backward, left, or right by means of an Android app like Arduino or Bluetooth. Bluetooth has changed how people use digital gadgets at home or at work by converting cable-based ones into wireless ones. Here, we're utilising Bluetooth connection, a microcontroller interface, and an Android application. We are using Arduino software to link the Bluetooth module to the microcontroller. Commands issued from an Android device can control robot motion. We came across simple ways to develop a framework for developing an automobile with very low cost although powerful processing and sensing capabilities enabled by a mobile phone used as a control device.

Towards intelligent supervision of operating rooms using stencil-based character recognition

The development of intelligent operating rooms is an example of a cyber–physical system resulting from the symbiosis of Industry 4.0 and medicine. A problem with this type of systems is that it requires demanding solutions that allow the real time acquisition of heterogeneous data in an efficient way. The aim of the presented work is the development of a data acquisition system, based on a real-time artificial vision algorithm which can capture information from different clinical monitors. The system was designed for the registration, pre-processing, and communication of clinical data recorded in an operating room. The methods for this proposal are based on a mobile device running a Unity application, which extracts information from clinical monitors and transmits the data to a supervision system through a wireless Bluetooth connection. The software implements a character detection algorithm and allows online correction of identified outliers. The results validate the system with real data obtained during surgical interventions, where only 0.42% values were missed and 0.89% were misread. The outlier detection algorithm was able to correct all the reading errors. In conclusion, the development of a low-cost compact solution to supervise operating rooms in real-time, collecting visual information non-intrusively and communicating data wirelessly, can be a very useful tool to overcome the lack of expensive data recording and processing technology in many clinical situations. The acquisition and pre-processing method presented in this article constitutes a key element towards the development of a cyber–physical system for the development of intelligent operating rooms.

Smart Shoe for Visually Impaired

Abstract: Our eyes are undoubtedly the most precious gift we have and play a significant part in our daily life. We are fortunate to have sight, so we can see this world. However, some individuals struggle to visualize these things. Because of this, moving around in strange public settings presents several difficulties for those with vision impairment. 39 million individuals are blind and 246 have limited vision, making up the estimated 285 million visually impaired persons globally. Wearable technology should be created with these people's visual impairments in mind. Smart shoes are a wearable technology created to give persons with vision impairments navigational information. In this study, a sophisticated electronic assistive device for the blind prototype model and system design are given. This system's components—a microprocessor, an ultrasonic sensor, and a Bluetooth headphone—are made to provide general measures for object detection, human detection, and real-time help. A pair of smart shoes equipped with water and ultrasonic sensors. A Bluetooth connection between the shoe and an Android application will enable voice control support for the user. The user will be assisted in moving about autonomously by the Smart Shoes and the Android application.

Smart Bin Using IoT

Abstract: The study presents a design and development of a smart garbage bin that can detect dry and wet waste using moisture sensors and ultrasonic sensors and has Bluetooth connectivity for remote monitoring and management. The aim of this study is to evaluate the accuracy, reliability, and potential environmental impact of the smart garbage bin in waste management practices. The smart garbage bin prototype was developed using Arduino technology and integrated with moisture sensors and ultrasonic sensors to accurately detect and classify dry and wet waste. The Bluetooth connectivity allows for real-time monitoring of fill levels and waste composition, optimizing waste collection schedules and routes and reducing costs. The prototype was tested for accuracy and reliability in detecting different types of waste, including paper, plastic, food waste, and liquids, and was found to be highly reliable in detecting and segregating waste accurately.

Pengontrolan Robot Bulu Tangkis menggunakan Mikrokontroller ATmega128 berbasis Android Mobile

In Indonesia, badminton was one of the most popular sport in various circles. Along with the times, robots can be designed as a device that can be used to play badminton. Robominton was badminton robot which is operated manually by human using a remote control or fully automatic. For a robot that controlled by manual-based, bluetooth or cable connection using joystick was used. This refers to the rules that have been set by DIKTI in “Robot Abu Indonesia (KRAI) 2015” Contest. As for the robot control system that we develop, are robotic system with manual control using android as a transmitter and bluetooth module HC-05 as a receiver. There is a robotic navigation control systems, transmission control systems shuttlecock, shuttlecock and servicing of control systems. ATmega 128 processor, four DC motors, with the EMS driver 30A H-Bridges was used as a hardware on shuttlecock transmission syste,. For shuttlecock services, self-designed pneumatic driver with solenoid valve was used. From the test results, the robot was able to navigate premises 11 formation movement, five pieces of shuttlecock transmission, and can serve up and down with a pneumatic

Research on smart-locks cybersecurity and vulnerabilities

Smart-locks have become increasingly popular for access to homes and businesses in many countries, because of their ease of use and adaptability. These locks offer a simple and secure alternative to traditional key-based entry, making them an attractive choice for both residential and commercial properties. Nevertheless, it is essential to acknowledge the potential security threats that come with any new technology. The security of smart-locks is particularly critical, as a breach could result in unauthorized entry. Since the smart-locks can connect, there are different ways to check if vulnerabilities can be found easily or on the contrary, if the security level is high. Two of the main ways of checking the security level of this kind of IoT device are the information that can be obtained from the Android application and the security level of the Bluetooth connection. Many vulnerabilities can be found in the Android smart lock management application. This application is very useful to perform all the configurations with such a lock, but if it is not properly implemented and secured, it can provide clues for malicious users to perform unauthorized access to the system. Another security factor is the Bluetooth connection. This ensures that only authorized users have access to the property. In this work, we have analyzed the security level of different parts of smart-locks. In particular, we have analyzed the security of the applications for the most important smart-locks on the market. This study reveals relevant information such as whether the application is obfuscated or not, the encryption algorithm for the Bluetooth connection, or relevant URLs that applications use to connect to the cloud. The security of the Bluetooth connection between the smartphone application and two selected smart-locks was also analyzed. It was demonstrated that if no encryption is used for the Bluetooth connection, the smart-lock is not secure, but if AES encryption is used, the security level is high.