Blue Resin Research Articles

Porosity prediction based on conventional and geostatistical image computation, Lower to Middle Eocene siliciclastics in the Tuz Gölü Basin (Central Anatolia, Turkey)

The study area is located at the east of Tuz Gölü Basin, one of the sedimentary basins in the Central Anatolia basins between Ş. Koçhisar and Karapınar town. The main subject of study is based on the Boyalı Formation consisting of braided river deltas and submarine fan deposits with shelf carbonates blocks of the Lower to Middle Eocene. Laboratory analysis showed that porosity and permeability values are between % 1.40–19.40 (average % 9.15) and 0.01–43.95 mD (average 5.07 mD), respectively. The conventional method is compared with the geostatistical image analysis method by rock plug samples parallel to layering for porosity prediction. These samples were saturated with blue resin and made thin sections. The boundaries of the blue areas (mean pores) were lined for pore volume calculation to create solid objects. A proposed empirical mathematical method, geostatistical based, was used to gain porosity values to converge to the laboratory values. Also, in the scope of this study, an architectural, mathematical logic called geostatistical first-order logic architecture (GFOLA) was generated. The geostatistical based programme “GeoST Porosity v.1.0” has been developed for numerical analysis. The empirical approach has been used to transform the areal measurement into volumetric measurement, eliminate the conditions that could not be measured in the 3rd dimension, and positively affects the porosity approach ratio, which is the ratio of empirical to laboratory porosity. In the empirical approach, the porosity is the function of grain size (x), sorting (y) and skewness (z) ∅=g(x,y,z). To obtain the deviation from the “ideal condition (μ)”, the yielded result has been modelled as an attenuation relation "eGf" which is a function of grain texture factor (Gf). A correlation graph of the grain texture factor and porosity approach ratio obtained by the empirical approach has been determined to be applied to siliciclastics. For practical purposes, a geostatistical modelling study proved that an empirical approach could be proposed as a better method instead of conventional laboratory porosity measurement.

CARACTERIZAÇÃO SEMIAUTOMÁTICA DE POROSIDADE UTILIZANDO A LINGUAGEM DE PROGRAMAÇÃO PYTHON: APLICAÇÃO NA BACIA DO RECÔNCAVO

A caracterização da porosidade de reservatórios de hidrocarbonetos é um grande desafio na indústria petrolífera, uma vez que o entendimento desta importante propriedade petrofísica irá exercer grande influência nos processos exploratórios e explotatórios. Ao se estudar diferentes tipos de reservatórios, o conhecimento dos variados tipos de porosidades é de extrema relevância, pois a permeabilidade, propriedade fundamental na produção e desenvolvimento de poços de hidrocarbonetos, irá ser afetada pela disposição dos poros. Sendo assim, este trabalho traz descrições petrográficas das lâminas dos principais reservatórios da Bacia do Recôncavo, tais como, Formação Água Grande, Formação Sergi e o Membro Gomo da Formação Candeias, com informações dos seus constituintes, arredondamento, esfericidade e tipo de porosidade. Além disso, o artigo aborda uma proposta de quantificar a porosidade de forma semiautomática, onde visa estimar porosidade por meio de imagens de lâminas delgadas através do método semiautomático desenvolvido que utiliza as informações do pixel, visto que, as lâminas usualmente são impregnadas com resina de cor azul, destacando a porosidade em um espectro de cor que a diferencia da matriz da rocha, possibilitando que um simples código de programação em python detecte, com o auxílio de um intérprete, a faixa de cor que representa os poros.
 Palavras-chave: petrografia, porosidade, pixel, python.

Anatomical Variations of Iliac Vein Tributaries and Their Clinical Implications During Complex Pelvic Surgeries.

During high sacrectomies and lateral pelvic compartment exenterations, isolating the external and internal iliac veins within the presacral area is crucial to avoid inadvertent injury and severe hemorrhage. Anatomical variations of external iliac vein tributaries have not been previously described, whereas multiple classifications of internal iliac vein tributaries exist. We sought to clarify the iliac venous system anatomy using soft-embalmed cadavers. This is a descriptive study. This study was conducted in Chulalongkorn University, Thailand. We examined 40 iliac venous systems from 20 human cadavers (10 males, 10 females). Blue resin dye infused into the inferior vena cava highlighted the iliac venous system, which was meticulously dissected and traced to their draining organs. Iliac vein tributaries and their valvular system were documented and analyzed. The external iliac vein classically receives 2 tributaries (inferior epigastric and deep circumflex iliac) near the inguinal ligament. However, external iliac vein tributaries in the presacral area were found in 20 venous systems among 15 cadavers (75%). The mean diameter of each tributary was 4.0 ± 0.35 mm, with 72% arising laterally. We propose a simplified classification for internal iliac vein variations: pattern 1 in 12 cadavers (60%) where a single internal iliac vein joins a single external iliac vein to drain into the common iliac vein; pattern 2 in 7 cadavers (35%) where the internal iliac vein is duplicated; and pattern 3 in 1 cadaver (5%) where bilateral internal iliac veins drain into a common trunk before joining the common iliac vein bifurcation. This study is limited by the number of cadavers included. A comprehensive understanding of previously unreported highly prevalent external iliac vein tributaries in the presacral region is vital during complex pelvic surgery. A simplified classification of internal iliac vein variations is proposed. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A900.

Cibacron Blue and proteomics: The mystery of the platoon missing in action

The use of Cibacron Blue columns (HiTrapBlue) in proteome analysis for removal of plasma albumin, for facilitating biomarker discovery, has not borne any fruit. In fact, the visibility of low-abundance proteins was obscured. It is here reported that, upon albumin sequestering from plasma, there is adsorption, via hydrophobic interaction, of a substantial number of plasma proteins, which are lost for subsequent analysis if the blue resin is eluted via an ion shock (2 M NaCl) or with a somewhat more robust eluant (5 M urea, 2 M thiourea, 2% CHAPS, 2% sulphobetain 3-10) as recommended by manufacturers. Such treatments, in fact, release at most 25 to 30 unique gene products, including albumin. If, however, the Affigel-Blue resin, after elution with either of the two above eluants, is further eluted with boiling 4% SDS in 25 mM DTT, all the missing proteins (amounting to at least 112 unique species) are desorbed and biomarker analysis can be conducted in a correct way. It is also suggested that such blue-resin treatment could be coupled to ProteoMiner adsorption, this coupled treatment further enhancing the chances of success for discovery of low-abundance proteins.

Development of Arterial Blood Supply in Experimental Liver Metastases

In this study, we present a mechanism for the development of arterial blood supply in experimental liver metastases. To analyze the arterialization process of experimental liver metastases, we elucidated a few key questions regarding the blood supply of hepatic lobules in mice. The microvasculature of the mouse liver is characterized by numerous arterioportal anastomoses and arterial terminations at the base of the lobules. These terminations supply one hepatic microcirculatory subunit per lobule, which we call an arterial hepatic microcirculatory subunit (aHMS). The process of arterialization can be divided into the following steps: 1) distortion of the aHMS by metastasis; 2) initial fusion of the sinusoids of the aHMS at the tumor parenchyma interface; 3) fusion of the sinusoids located at the base of the aHMSs, which leads to the disruption of the vascular sphincter (burst pipe); 4) incorporation of the dilated artery and the fused sinusoids into the tumor; and 5) further development of the tumor vasculature (arterial tree) by proliferation, remodeling, and continuous incorporation of fused sinusoids at the tumor-parenchyma interface. This process leads to the inevitable arterialization of liver metastases above the 2000- to 2500-mum size, regardless of the origin and growth pattern of the tumor.

Tranquilli-Leali or Atasoy flap: an anatomical cadaveric study

The Tranquilli-Leali and Atasoy volar V-Y advancement flaps are considered workhorse flaps in the reconstruction of fingertip amputations. However, their description in the literature in terms of surgical dissection and blood supply is often indistinct. This study describes the differences between the two flaps and highlights their unique blood supply based on a thorough cadaveric study and review of the literature. Using 16 fresh cadaveric fingers, eight Tranquilli-Leali and eight Atasoy volar V-Y advancement flaps were dissected, mapping the arterial blood supply using an injectable blue resin. In addition, a thorough literature search on the subject was done. In all eight fingertips dissected as decribed by Tranquilli-Leali, the flap was supplied by the anastomotic connections between the terminal branches of the palmar digital arteries and dorsal nail-bed arcades via the fibro-osseous hiatus. In contrast, in all eight fingertips which were dissected as described by Atasoy, the flaps were perfused through the terminal branches of the palmar digital arteries. The Tranquilli-Leali and Atasoy volar V-Y advancement flaps, used to reconstruct fingertip amputations, are distinct from one another in several ways. The most obvious difference is their technique of flap dissection, which, in turn, dictates a unique blood supply. Through careful dissection and a review of the literature, this anatomical study has brought to light the specific vascular supply to each flap that was evaluated.

A potential generic downstream process using Cibracon Blue resin at very high loading capacity produces a highly purified monoclonal antibody preparation from cell culture harvest

The use of a dye-ligand chromatography for the purification of monoclonal antibody (MAb) from cell culture and other feed streams has been largely overlooked in large scale production. Cibracon Blue dye (CB), a polycyclic anionic ligand, interacts with protein through a specific interaction between the dye, acting as a mimic of NAD + and NADP +, or through non-specific electrostatic, hydrophobic, and other forces. In this paper, a CB resin was used to effectively and efficiently separate an IgG 4 MAb from host and process impurities following the capture of the MAb on a Protein-A (PA) column. The CB unit operation, challenged at ≤180 g MAb/L of resin with the PA eluate, reduced BSA (1–2 log), host cell protein (HCP; 2–3 log), MAb oligomer (31–85%), fragment (from ∼0.8% to <0.1%), and other undesired MAb species. Purity, as measured by non-reducing (NR) SDS-PAGE, was improved 33–85%, to 92–99.5% overall (>99% by reducing SDS-PAGE). A facile three column scalable production scheme, employing CB as the second column in the process was used to generate highly purified MAb from cell culture harvest derived from two media of very different compositions. Free CB dye was ≤1 ng/mg in MAb preparations purified through the three column process and then concentrated and buffer exchanged into the appropriate buffer using tangential flow filtration (TFF).

Purification of chrysancorin, a novel antifungal protein with mitogenic activity from garland chrysanthemum seeds.

A novel antifungal protein, designated chrysancorin, was isolated from seeds of Chrysanthemum coronarium var. spatiosum with a procedure involving ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, affinity chromatography on Affi-gel blue resin, ion exchange chromatography on SP-Sepharose and FPLC-gel filtration on Superdex 75. The N-terminus of chrysancorin displays sequence similarity to the genomic sequence of chromosome 1 from Arabidopsis thaliana BAC T19E23. Chrysancorin exhibits a molecular mass of 13.4 kDa in gel filtration and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It stimulates the proliferation of mouse splenocytes and inhibits the activity of human immunodeficiency virus-1 reverse transcriptase. The protein possesses antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea, Mycosphaerella arachidicola and Physalospora piricola, but not against Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum and Coprinus comatus. However, we could not detect antibacterial activity against a variety of bacteria.

Purification of Immunoglobulin G Fraction from Antiserum, Ascites Fluid, or Hybridoma Supernatant

This unit describes the isolation of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) fraction (containing antibodies of all specificities) from a complex protein mixture such as antiserum, ascites fluid, or hybridoma supernatant. The basic procedure utilizes saturated ammonium sulfate solution to precipitate the IgG fraction, while an alternate protocol describes fractionation of IgG by chromatography on DEAE-Affi-Gel Blue resin.

Purification and Characterization of a GDP-fucose:Polypeptide Fucosyltransferase from Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells

A GDP-fucose:polypeptide fucosyltransferase was purified 5000-fold to homogeneity from Chinese hamster ovary cell extracts in the absence of detergent. The purification procedure included two affinity chromatographic steps using the acceptor substrate, a recombinant factor VII EGF-1 domain, and the donor substrate analog, GDP-hexanolamine, as ligands. The purified enzyme migrates as a single band of 44,000 daltons on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and is itself a glycoprotein with more than one high mannose type oligosaccharide chain with a total molecular weight of 4000. The Km values for factor VII EGF-1 domain and GDP-fucose are 15 and 6 microM, respectively. The Vmax is 2.5 micromol.min-1.mg-1. The presence of 50 mM Mn2+ increased the enzyme activity 17-fold, but Mn2+ was not absolutely required, since the enzyme exhibited some activity even in the presence of EDTA. The acceptor substrate specificity was studied using site-directed mutagenesis of human factor IX EGF domain. Only one of several differently folded species could serve as acceptor substrate, although they all had the same molecular weight as determined by liquid chromatography on-line with mass spectrometry. This indicates that the enzyme requires proper folding of the epidermal growth factor domain for its activity.

Intrarenal Access: 3-Dimensional Anatomical Study

In an attempt to determine the best route to puncture and access the kidney collecting system we studied 62, 3-dimensional polyester resin endocasts of the pelvicaliceal system together with the intrarenal vessels. A retrograde pyelogram was obtained, and the arterial and venous trees were injected with red and blue resins, respectively. When the resin was still in the gel state, the kidneys were positioned at 30 to 45 degrees and the collecting system was punctured under radioscopy. Since the resin is not opaque to x-ray the operator was not able to visualize the vessels while puncturing. After puncture, the needle was maintained in place, the contrast medium was removed and the pelvicaliceal system was filled with yellow resin. After the resin had set, the renal organic matter was corroded in acid and the endocast was obtained (with the needle in the original position). This type of preparation allowed us to examine the needle tract and the vessels damaged during the puncture. In the same kidney we punctured the superior pole, mid kidney and inferior pole. In some cases we also punctured the renal pelvis. We performed 104 punctures through an infundibulum, 39 through a fornix of a calix and 12 through the renal pelvis. Due to a high percentage of vascular lesions, intrarenal access through an infundibulum should be avoided. Also, renal pelvis puncture should be avoided. Regardless of the kidney region, puncture through a fornix of a calix was safe.

Extraction of heterocyclic amines from cooked food by using blue resin

Extraction of heterocyclic amines from cooked food by using blue resin

Blue resin as a mutagen adsorbent

Blue resin as a mutagen adsorbent

Three-dimensional observations by scanning electron microscopy on the blood supply and organization of vasculature during hepatocarcinogenesis in rats.

Three-dimensional vascular changes in rats during hepatocarcinogenesis were studied by stereoscopic and scanning electron microscopic observation of vascular casts of sinusoids by injecting resin from hepatic artery (red color) and portal vein (blue color). Neoplastic lesions were synchronously induced by injection of diethylnitrosamine (DENA) followed by feeding of 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) plus partial hepatectomy, then periodically killed for examination. At 6 weeks after DENA injection sinusoids of hyperplastic foci (HF) were filled with blue resin similar to surrounding tissue, then at 8 weeks some HF and hyperplastic nodules (HN) took up red resin leaving surrounding sinusoids blue. At 12 to 18 weeks, red HN became more discrete with obvious compression of surroundings but decreased their number whereas blue HN were not. Red HN had incomplete anastomosing sinusoids giving a coral-like appearance. Spongy or cystic areas contained little or no resin, suggesting ischemic condition. Hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) at 40 weeks took exclusively arterial red resin forming irregularly shaped anastomosing sinusoids. These findings indicate that acquisition of arterial blood supply by HF may relate to their further development to persistent HN and HCC.