Blue Light Group Research Articles

Effects of spectral on growth, physiology, and growth axis gene expression in Plectropomus leopardus

This study examined the effect of different spectral on the growth, feeding rate, digestion, and metabolism of Plectropomus leopardus in an industrial recirculating aquaculture system. All Plectropomus leopardus (wet weight 100 g ± 0.45 g) were kept in triplicate tanks for 60 days under six different spectral full visual (400 to 800 nm), blue (450 nm), green (530 nm), yellow (590 nm), red (630 nm) spectrum, and dark. After the experiment, fish were weighed and sampled to obtain haemolymph, brain, and hepatopancreas tissues, which were used to analyze biochemical parameters and gene expression. The findings indicated that the group exposed to blue light demonstrated substantially elevated feeding rate, weight gain, specific growth rate, and reduced feed conversion ratios and visceral-somatic indexes compared to the other groups (p < 0.05). The blue light and full spectrum groups had considerably increased levels of digestive, metabolic, and antioxidant enzyme activity compared to the other groups (p < 0.05). The expression levels of GH, GHR, PACA, ADCY, IGFI, IGFIR, and IGFBP growth axis genes in the brain and liver were significantly higher in the blue light group than in the other groups (p < 0.05). The results indicate that spectral impact the growth, feeding rate, digestion, and metabolism of P. leopardus. This study revealed distinct spectra that enhanced the growth rate and increased the weight gain from feeding. Furthermore, the optimal spectral composition for recycling aquaculture of P. leopardus was clarified, thereby providing theoretical references for designing lighting strategies in indoor recycling aquaculture systems tailored to P. leopardus.

Effects of Light Spectrum on Survival, Growth, Physiological, and Biochemical Indices of Redclaw Crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) Juveniles

The spectrum is a key environmental factor, and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) can influence the growth and development of crustaceans by altering the composition of the spectrum. This study conducted a 30-day experiment to investigate the effects of five LED spectra (red, yellow, blue, green, and white light) on the growth, antioxidant and immune enzyme activities, stress hormone levels, and the expression of α-amylase (α-AMY), ecdysone receptor (EcR) and retinoid X receptor (RXR) genes in juvenile redclaw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus). The results show that the survival rate of juveniles is markedly higher in the yellow and red-light groups than in the other three groups (P&lt;0.05). The green light group exhibits the lowest survival rate, yet it demonstrates the highest weight gain rate and specific growth rate. Regarding enzyme activity and hormone levels, the yellow light group shows the lowest malondialdehyde content, with higher superoxide dismutase and acid phosphatase activity than the other groups; no significant differences are observed in lysozyme activity among the groups (P&gt;0.05). The melatonin content in the green and blue light groups is significantly higher than that in the other three groups (P&lt;0.01). In terms of growth gene expression, the expression of α-AMY, EcR, and RXR in juvenile C. quadricarinatus is regulated by the spectrum. In conclusion, when raised under the yellow light spectrum, juvenile C. quadricarinatus displays elevated survival rates, rapid growth, and robust antioxidant and immune defenses. This study provides important technical parameters for optimizing and enhancing the industrial cultivation of juvenile C. quadricarinatus.

Effects of Light Color on the Growth, Feeding, Digestion, and Antioxidant Enzymes of Tripneustes gratilla (Linnaeus, 1758).

To study the effects of light color on sea urchin (Tripneustes gratilla), blue light (B, λ450nm), yellow light (Y, λ585-590nm), red light (R, λ640nm), green light (G, λ510nm), white light (W, λ400-780nm), and darkness (H) groups were established in a recirculating seawater aquaculture system. Six different LED light color treatment groups with a photoperiod of 12 L:12 D were tested for 30 days to investigate the effects of different light colors on the feeding, growth, and enzyme activities of T. gratilla (142.45 ± 4.36 g). We found that using different LED light colors caused significantly different impacts on the feeding, growth, and enzyme activity of T. gratilla. Notably, the sea urchins in group B exhibited better growth, with a weight gain rate of 39.26%, while those in group R demonstrated poorer growth, with a weight gain rate of only 26%. The feeding status differed significantly (p < 0.05) between groups B and R, with group B consuming the highest daily intake (6.03 ± 1.69 g) and group R consuming the lowest (4.54 ± 1.26 g). Throughout the three phases, there was no significant change in the viability of the α-amylase (p > 0.05). Conversely, the pepsin viability significantly increased (p < 0.05) in group B. The lipase viability consistently remained at the lowest level, with no notable differences between group W and group B. In group R, both the α-amylase and pepsin viabilities remained lower, whereas the lipase viability was noticeably greater in each phase than in group B (p < 0.05). Among the antioxidant enzymes, group R exhibited a trend of initial increase followed by decreases in catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase activities, particularly during the third stage (15-30 days), during which a significant decrease in antioxidant enzyme activity was observed (p < 0.05). Taken together, these findings suggest that blue light positively affects the growth, feeding, digestion, and antioxidant capacity of T. gratilla in comparison with those in other light environments, whereas red light had an inhibitory effect. Furthermore, T. gratilla is a benthic organism that lives on shallow sandy sea beds. Thus, as short wavelengths of blue and green light are more widely distributed on the seafloor, and long wavelengths of red light are more severely attenuated on the seafloor, shorter wavelengths of light promote the growth of bait organisms of sea urchins, which provide better habitats for T. gratilla.

Effects of blue light exposure on ocular parameters and choroidal blood perfusion in Guinea pig

PurposeTo investigate the impact of different duration of blue light exposure on ocular parameters and choroidal blood perfusion in guinea pigs with lens-induced myopia. MethodThree-week-old Guinea pigs were randomly assigned to different light-environment groups. All groups were subjected to 12-h light/dark cycle. The control (NC) group was conditioned without intervention. While lens-induced myopia (LIM) groups had a −10D lens placed in the right eye and 0D in the left eye. The guinea pigs were exposed to increasing periods of blue-light (420 nm) environment for 3,6,9,12 h per day. Changes in refraction, axial length (AL), the radius of corneal curvature (CCR), choroidal thickness (ChT), and choroidal blood perfusion (ChBP)were measured in both LIM-eye and fellow-eye during the second and fourth week of LIM duration. ResultsDuring the first two weeks of the experiment, blue light exposure raised ChBP and ChT, and the effect of suppressing myopia was proportional to the duration of blue light exposure. However, in the fourth week of the experiment, prolonged blue light (12BL) exposure led to a reduction in retinal thickness and the increase in ChT and ChBP ceased. Shorter blue light exposure had a better effect on myopia suppression, with all blue light groups statistically different from the LIM group. ConclusionExposure to blue-light appears to have the potential to improve ChBP and ChT, thereby inhibiting the development of myopia. we speculate that blue-light inhibits the development of myopia for reasons other than longitudinal chromatic aberration (LCA). However,long-term exposure to blue-light may have adverse effects on ocular development. The next step is to investigate in depth the mechanisms by which the rational use of blue light regulates choroidal blood flow, offering new hope for the treatment of myopia.

Therapeutic Potential of Peucedanum japonicum Thunb. and Its Active Components in a Delayed Corneal Wound Healing Model Following Blue Light Irradiation-Induced Oxidative Stress.

Blue light is reported to be harmful to eyes by inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS). Herein, the roles of Peucedanum japonicum Thunb. leaf extract (PJE) in corneal wound healing under blue light irradiation are investigated. Blue-light-irradiated human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) show increased intracellular ROS levels and delayed wound healing without a change in survival, and these effects are reversed by PJE treatment. In acute toxicity tests, a single oral administration of PJE (5000 mg/kg) does not induce any signs of clinical toxicity or body weight changes for 15 days post-administration. Rats with OD (oculus dexter, right eye) corneal wounds are divided into seven treatment groups: NL (nonwounded OS (oculus sinister, left eye)), NR (wounded OD), BL (wounded OD + blue light (BL)), and PJE (BL + 25, 50, 100, 200 mg/kg). Blue-light-induced delayed wound healing is dose-dependently recovered by orally administering PJE once daily starting 5 days before wound generation. The reduced tear volume in both eyes in the BL group is also restored by PJE. Forty-eight hours after wound generation, the numbers of inflammatory and apoptotic cells and the expression levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) largely increase in the BL group, but these values return to almost normal after PJE treatment. The key components of PJE, identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fractionation, are CA, neochlorogenic acid (NCA), and cryptochlorogenic acid (CCA). Each CA isomer effectively reverses the delayed wound healing and excessive ROS production, and their mixture synergistically enhances these effects. The expression of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) related to ROS, such as SOD1, CAT, GPX1, GSTM1, GSTP1, HO-1, and TRXR1, is significantly upregulated by PJE, its components, and the component mixture. Therefore, PJE protects against blue-light-induced delayed corneal wound healing via its antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects mechanistically related to ROS production.

Illumination of different light wavelengths on growth performance and physiological response of juvenile sweetfish, Plecoglossus altivelis

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have gained increasing popularity in fish farming because certain wavelengths of light may promote the growth and innate immune system of fish. In this study, we reported the effects of different LED wavelengths on growth performance, antioxidant defense, and innate immune responses in sweetfish. According to the results, the blue-light group showed significantly increased body weight and length after 12 weeks. In contrast, the red-light group showed significantly inhibited growth performance and decreased feeding motivation. There was no difference in survival rate among the groups during the 12-week experiment. The antioxidant defense analysis results showed that red light may cause increased splenic oxidative stress. Splenic tnf-α mRNA expression increased in the blue-light group at weeks 4, 8, and 12; however, in the red-light group, this increase was significant only at week 12. il-1β mRNA level increased at week 4 in both groups. The lysozyme mRNA expression was downregulated in the blue-light group after 4 weeks, but it decreased only at week 12 in the red-light group. Histological sections of the ovary in the blue-light group showed a higher synchronization of oocyte development compared with the red-light group. In summary, light wavelength in a captivity environment can influence the physiological response of sweetfish. This study thus demonstrated that blue LED has a positive effect on fish growth performance, antioxidant ability, innate immunity, and reproduction.

Long-term blue light exposure impairs mitochondrial dynamics in the retina in light-induced retinal degeneration in vivo and in vitro.

Long-term light exposure, especially in the spectrum of blue light, frequently causes excessive oxidative stress in dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Here, to gain insight into the underlying mechanism, we focused on mitochondrial dynamics alterations under long-term exposure to blue light in mouse and retinal cells. Six-month-old C57BL/6 mice were exposed to blue light (450nm, 800lx) for 2weeks. The phenotypic changes in the retina were assayed using haematoxylin-eosin staining and transmission electron microscopy. Long-term blue light exposure significantly thinned each retinal layer in mice, induced retinal apoptosis and impaired retinal mitochondria. A retinal pigment epithelial cell line (ARPE-19) was used to verify the phototoxicity of blue light. Flow cytometry, immunofluorescence and MitoSox Red probe experiments confirmed that more total and mitochondria-specific ROS were generated in the blue light group than in the control group. Mito-Tracker Green probe showed fragmented mitochondrial morphology. The western blotting results indicated a significant increase in DRP1, OMA1, and BAX and a decrease in OPA1 and Bcl-2. In conclusion, long-term exposure to blue light damaged the retinas of mice, especially the ONL and RPE cells. There was destruction and dysfunction of mitochondria in RPE cells in vivo and in vitro. Mitochondrial dynamics were disrupted with characteristics of fusion-related obstruction after blue-light irradiation.

Blue LED light induces cytotoxicity via ROS production and mitochondrial damage in bovine subcutaneous preadipocytes

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect and mechanism of blue light irradiation on bovine subcutaneous preadipocytes. In this study, preadipocytes were divided into dark group (control) and blue light group. Results show that blue light exposure time-dependently reduced the viability of preadipocytes and induced mitochondrial damage, in accompaniment with the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Meanwhile, blue light caused oxidative stress, as evidenced by the increased MDA level, the reduced T-AOC contents, as well as the decreased activities of antioxidant enzymes. Additionally, blue light treatment induced apoptosis and G2/M phase arrest via Bcl-2/Bax/cleaved caspase-3 pathway and P53/GADD45 pathway, respectively. Protein expressions of LC3-II/LC3-I and P62 were up-regulated under blue light exposure, indicating blue light initiated autophagy but impeded autophagic degradation. Moreover, blue light caused an increase in the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6). Pretreatment with N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a potent ROS scavenger, restored the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψ) and reduced excess ROS. Additionally, the above negative effects of blue light on cells were alleviated after NAC administration. In conclusion, this study demonstrates blue light induces cellular ROS overproduction and Δψ depolarization, resulting in the decrease of cell viability and the activation of apoptosis, autophagy, and inflammation, providing a reference for the application of blue light in the regulation of fat cells in the future.

Effects of light on growth, feeding rate, digestion, and antioxidation in juvenile razor clams Sinonovacula constricta

In the present study, we explored the effects of seven light treatments (white, violet, blue, cyan, green, yellow, and red) on juvenile Sinonovacula constricta (length, 693.79 ± 82.91 μm), employing dark treatment as a control. A rearing experiment was conducted for one week in which the feeding rate was examined daily, e.g., one, two and three h after feeding. At the conclusion of the experiment, overall growth was calculated, and enzymatic activity related to digestion, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase pertaining to antioxidant biomarkers, as well as expression levels of genes related to antioxidation and stress response, were examined. The results showed that the highest growth rates were observed in the yellow light group, while the lowest growth rates were found in the violet and blue light groups; on the other hand, no significant differences were found among the other groups. Meanwhile, when exposed to white, yellow, or green light, juveniles exhibited high feeding rates, while those in the violet and blue light groups showed low feeding rates. Regarding enzymatic activity related to digestion, those of α-amylase, lipase, pepsin, and trypsin were relatively higher in the yellow light group than in the other groups. Regarding oxidative stress, the yellow light group showed higher superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities than the other groups. In contrast, the lowest malonaldehyde level was found in the white light group, followed by yellow light, while there were no significant differences among the other groups. In addition, the expression levels of genes related to antioxidation and stress response (heat shock protein 70 and glucose-regulated protein 78) in juveniles generally exhibited higher levels in the red light group, whereas they showed relatively lower levels in the yellow light group. Collectively, these results suggest that the application of yellow light may facilitate the growth of juvenile S. constricta, while red and violet light have opposite effects.

Influence of Light-EmittingDiode-Derived Blue Light Overexposure on Rat Ocular Surface.

We aim to investigate the effect of overexposure to blue light on the rat ocular surface and explore the potential mechanisms. 450 nm light-emitting diode (LED) derived light at 1000 lux was used to irradiate SD rats, 12 hours a day, for consecutive 28 days. Rats in the control group were exposed to 400 lux white light at the same time (in an indoor environment). Tear film breakup time (TBUT), tear volume, and corneal fluorescein staining scores were used to measure the changes to the ocular surface. Expressions of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), inhibitor-κB (I-κB), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured by real-time PCR, and the activation of the NF-κB pathway was detected by Western blotting, respectively. Cornea ultrastructure was examined by TEM and optical microscope on day 28. Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), an inhibitor of NF-κB signaling pathway, was used to measure the inhibition of blue light injury. The above indexes were detected again when compared with the solvent-treated group. On day 28, compared with day 0, the TBUT of the blue light group was significantly shorter, and the score was significantly higher. The amount of tear secretion changed slightly with time. HE and PAS staining revealed significantly decreased corneal epithelial cell layers and increased goblet cells after 28-day irradiation of blue light. Disarranged stromal cells, vacuoles in the basal nuclei, and decreased desmosomes were also found in the blue light group. Significantly increased levels of NF-κB, IL-6, TNF-α, and the ratio of phosphorylated NF-κB p65 (pNF-κB p65) to total NF-κB p65 implied blue light-induced damage and pathway activation. In addition, PDTC significantly reduced the phosphorylation of NF-κB activated in blue light-treated corneas and alleviated the ocular surface changes caused by blue light. Finally, our results demonstrated that long-term blue light exposure in rats could cause ocular surface changes and manifest as dry eye. Inflammation and activation of the NF-κB pathway may play a role in the pathogenesis.

The efficacy of LED microneedle patch on hair growth in mice.

Light penetration depth in the scalp is a key limitation of low-level light therapy for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia (AGA). A novel light emitting diode (LED) microneedle patch was designed to achieve greater efficacy by enhancing the percutaneous light delivery. The study aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of this device on hair growth in mice. Thirty-five male C57BL/6 mice which their dorsal skin was split into upper and lower parts to receive either LED irradiation alone or LED irradiation with a microneedle patch. Red (629nm), green (513nm), and blue light (465nm) at an energy dose of 0.2J/cm2 were applied once daily for 28days. Outcomes were evaluated weekly using digital photographs. Histopathological findings were assessed using a 6mm punch biopsy. A significant increase in hair growth was observed in the green light, moderate in the red light, and the lowest in the blue light group. The addition of the microneedle patch to LED irradiation enhanced greater and faster anagen entry in all the groups. Histopathology showed an apparent increase in the number of hair follicles, collagen bundles in the dermis, angiogenesis, and mononuclear cell infiltration after treatment with the green-light LED microneedle patches. No serious adverse effects were observed during the experiment. Our study provides evidence that the newly developed green-light LED microneedle patch caused the optimal telogen-to-anagen transition and could lead to new approaches for AGA. Microneedle stimulation may aid percutaneous light delivery to the target hair follicle stem cells.

Combinatorial prophylactic effect of phlorotannins with photobiomodulation against tracheal stenosis

Several conventional treatments are used to manage tracheal stenosis after intubation and surgical procedures; however, patients are at risk of restenosis because of the absence of effective preventative therapy. In this study, we evaluate the biomodulatory effect of PT-combined blue light (BL) PBM in tracheostomal stenosis-induced animal models. The PT-combined BL group showed a significant decrease in the fibrotic protein synthesis by downregulating the release of stenosis-triggering fibrotic signals, without cytotoxicity or thermal damage. Moreover, the combined treatment ameliorated excessive granulation and collagen formation, and consequently preserved the opening of the tracheostoma ten days after fenestration. The current study demonstrated the biomodulatory effect of PT-combined BL on human tracheal fibroblasts and tracheal fenestration rodent models. Hence, PT-combined BL has the potential to be an effective preventative treatment for tracheal stenosis but also as an alternative option for fibrotic disorders.

Effects of light color, photoperiod, and growth-related gene interference or overexpression on the survival, growth, or physiological and biochemical indices of red claw crayfish juveniles

To determine the optimal light color and photoperiod conditions for red claw crayfish juveniles, we studied the effects of these factors on their survival, growth, monoamine content, antioxidant capacity, nonspecific immune index, and the expression of EcR and α-AMY genes. Experiments involving five light color groups (red, green, blue, yellow, and white light), five photoperiod groups (0 L:24D, 6 L:18D, 12 L:12D, 18 L:6D, and 24 L:0D), besides, we also studied the effects of interference and overexpression of these genes on growth, survival, and their expression. (1) The red light group showed the highest survival rate, while the blue light group showed the fastest growth rate. Further, the red light group showed significantly higher superoxide dismutase [SOD], acid phosphatase [ACP], and alkaline phosphatase [AKP] activities, but significantly lower malondialdehyde [MDA], serotonin [5-HT], noradrenaline [NE], and dopamine [DA] concentrations. The yellow light group presented significantly higher SOD activity, and lower DA concentration. The blue light group showed the highest α-AMY expression level, while the EcR expression levels corresponding to the yellow and red light groups were significantly higher. (2) The 0 L:24D and 6 L:18D photoperiod groups showed significantly higher survival rates than the 24 L:0D group. Additionally, the SOD and ACP activities corresponding to the 6 L:18D and 0 L:24D group were significantly higher, while its MDA and DA concentrations were significantly lower. (3) The 6 L:18D, 12 L:12D, and 0 L:24D groups showed significantly higher α-AMY expression levels, while EcR expression was significantly higher in the 6 L:18D and 0 L:24D groups. (4) EcR or α-AMY gene interference or overexpression had no significant effect on juvenile crayfish survival. However, interfering with ECR expression reduced juvenile growth rate, while ECR or α-AMY gene overexpression enhanced their growth rate. Overall, red claw crayfish juveniles showed higher survival rates, greater antioxidant and immune activities, and lower monoamine contents under red light, 6 L:18D or 0 L:24D conditions. Thus, these conditions possibly improved digestion and absorption and also promoted molting in the juveniles. Additionally, ECR and α-AMY expression could reflect the growth rate of the juveniles, but not their survival.

Profiles of Rho, Opn4, c-Fos, and Birc5 mRNA expression in Wistar rat retinas exposed to white or monochromatic light.

Despite concern over potential retinal damage linked to exposure to light-emitting-diode (LED) light (particularly blue light), it remains unknown how exposure to low-intensity monochromatic LED light affects the expression of rhodopsin (Rho, a photopigment that mediates light-induced retinal degeneration), melanopsin (Opn4, a blue-light sensitive photopigment), c-Fos (associated with retinal damage/degeneration), and Birc5 (anti-apoptotic). This study investigated the mRNA expression profiles of these genes under exposure to white and monochromatic light (blue, red, green) in the retinas of albino rats under a cycle of 12 h of light and 12 h of darkness. In each group, 32 Wistar rats were exposed to one type of monochromatic-LED or white-fluorescent light for 7 day (150 lx). Retinal samples were taken for qPCR analysis and light and electron microscopy. Blue and green light exposure markedly decreased expression of Rho and Opn4 mRNA and increased expression of Birc5 and c-Fos mRNA (P < 0.05). In retinas from the blue-light group, loss and vesiculation of photoreceptor outer segments were visible, but not in retinas from the red-light and control group. Measurements of the photoreceptor inner and outer segments length revealed, that this length was significantly decreased in the blue- and green-light exposure groups (P < 0.02), but not in the red-light exposure group. Increased expression of Birc5 and decreased expression of Rho and Opn4 after exposure to blue and green light may be early responses that help to reduce light-induced retinal damage.

Photodynamic therapy of tinea capitis in children using curcumin loaded in nanospanlastics: A randomized controlled comparative clinical study

Tinea capitis is a common scalp dermatophyte infection in children. Treatment necessitates oral antifungal therapy which represents a therapeutic challenge. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a new antifungal therapeutic approach. The efficacy of PDT depends on the proper choice of the photosensitizer and its delivery system. Curcumin, a natural polyphenol, is well studied as a photosensitizer, however, its hydrophobicity hinders its clinical use. This study aims to improve the use of curcumin in PDT by loading it to a novel vesicular nano spanlastics (NVS) and examine their efficacy in PDT of tinea capitis.A prospective, randomized, controlled comparative study was conducted. Fifty-two children with Tinea Capitis were randomly divided into four groups; Cur-PDT group, oral griseofulvin group, topical curcumin group, and blue light group. Clinical and dermoscopic assessments were done, at baseline, every two weeks and after 6 months for follow-up. The results were confirmed by potassium hydroxide (KOH) 10% and fungal culture before and after the treatment. Complete cure was based on clinical, dermoscopic, and mycological cures.Cur-PDT group showed complete clearance in 46% of children with variable response among fungal species, compared to 100% in the griseofulvin group. No effects were observed in curcumin or light groups. Cur-PDT group showed very mild tolerable burning pain. Griseofulvin group experienced systemic side effects in some cases. Cur-PDT can be a promising well-tolerated alternative treatment of tinea capitis, but with variable responses among fungal species.

The Multi-Berry Extracts Improved Aging Skin and Increased Antioxidant Capacity

Skin aging was a complex and continuous process that affected skin functions and appearance. The natural berry extract had antioxidant activity, can capture the superoxide free radicals and hydroxyl free radicals generated by ultraviolet light, so it can prevent skin aging. Several kinds of berries, including grapes, pomegranate, black currant, black chokeberry, to produce multi-berry favor drink. We used multi-berry favor drink to treated B16/F10 cells with blue light to examine melanin and antioxidant ability. Moreover, 40 adult subjects were recruited, and drink daily for 8 weeks, then examine skin condition. The multi-berry favor drink significantly decreased the melanin formation compared with the blue light group in vitro. After taking 8 weeks, the multi-berry favor drink significantly increased SOD activity, and slight increased total antioxidant capacity in human plasma. Multi-berry favor drink significantly improved the collagen, spots, melanin, wrinkles, texture and pores in the facial skin. Taking multi-berry favor drink for 8 weeks can improve the collagen, spots, melanin, wrinkles, texture and pores of the skin. In addition, multi-berry favor drink can increase the capacity of antioxidant and decrease the melanin production.

The facilitating effect of blue light on the antifungal agent susceptibilities of passaged conidia from the ocular-derived Fusarium solani species complex.

The eye is a light-receiving organ and has anatomical advantages to accept phototherapy. Fungi colonizing on the eyes, which cause ocular mycoses, are affected by daily blue light and could easily accept additional light irritation. Ocular mycoses are recalcitrant and blindness-causing eye diseases, and antifungal agent treatments are insufficient. Our team previously found that blue light could inhibit Fusarium solani hyphal growth but promote conidiation. Here, we investigated the antifungal susceptibilities and biological characteristics of the passaged conidia. Twelve Fusarium solani strains (11 ocular-derived strains and 1 standard laboratory strain) were inoculated under blue light (0.5 mW/cm2) and darkness conditions, respectively, to obtain the passaged conidia of blue light group (n = 12) and darkness group (n = 12). Two groups were tested to determine the growth abilities and in vitro antifungal susceptibilities to five antifungal drugs (voriconazole (VRC), amphotericin B (AMB), terbinafine (TRB), caspofungin (CAS), and 5-flucytosine (5FC)), which were examined by microscopy for morphological observation and spectrophotometry for turbidity analysis. The results showed that blue light group passaged conidia were more sensitive to antifungal drugs (AMB, VRC, TRB, and CAS) compared to darkness group. The MIC50 of VRC significantly decreased after blue light treatment (P < 0.05). The fungal inhibition rate significantly increased for VRC, AMB, and TRB in the low concentration range (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Blue light did not affect germination or hyphal extension of passaged conidia. These results suggested that blue light could facilitate fungal inhibition effect of AMB, VRC, TRB, and CAS and may improve the therapeutic efficiency in VRC and AMB clinical applications. Blue light phototherapy may provide a new adjuvant approach for the treatment of ocular mycosis.

Comparison of red light and blue light therapies for mild-to-moderate acne vulgaris: A randomized controlled clinical study.

Red and blue light therapies are safe and effective treatments for mild-to-moderate acne vulgaris. However, very few previous studies have directly compared the characteristics of these two methods. To compare the efficacy and side effects of red light (RL) and blue light (BL) for acne vulgaris and to assess these two therapies in different types of lesions. A total of 28subjects with mild-to-moderate acne vulgaris were randomized into the RL group or the BL group. Subjects in each group received different light treatments, and they were followed up regularly until 2weeks after the last treatment. The improvement rates of different types of acne lesions were compared between the 2groups, as well as the incidence of adverse reactions. At the 2-week follow-up, the average improvement rate of total acne lesions was 36.2% in the RL group and 30.7% in the BL group (p>.05). The average improvement rate of inflammatory and non-inflammatory lesions was 51.5% and 17.3% in the RL group, compared with 26.4% and 10.0% in the BL group (all p>.05). Treatment-related adverse reactions were observed distinctly in the BL group. Red light and BL therapies have similar efficacy in mild-to-moderate acne vulgaris, especially for inflammatory lesions. RL had advantages with fewer adverse reactions compared with BL.

Effects of Different Types of Phototherapy Units on Neonatal Jaundice: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Phototherapy is the mainstay of treatment of neonates who develop significant jaundice. Light-emitting diode and compact florescent lamp phototherapy units are the newer devices in the management of neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia. The advantage of light-emitting diode phototherapy includes portability, energy efficiency, less heat production, and durability. Blue and white phototherapy devices are more economical but generate more heat leading to hyperthermia and dehydration more often. Aim: To determine the efficacy and side effects of three modes of phototherapy units viz conventional blue and white light phototherapy, Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) phototherapy, and Light-emitting Diode (LED) phototherapy on neonates having jaundice. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Paediatrics at SRM Medical college Hospital and Research Centre (tertiary care teaching hospital), Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India, from February 2021 to January 2022. A total of 150 neonates with hyperbilirubinaemia in the phototherapy range, American Academy of Paediatrics (AAP), were included in this study. Study subjects were divided into three groups of 50 neonates each to receive phototherapy using one of the three phototherapy devices, i.e., Blue and white light, CFL, LED phototherapy groups. Data of serum bilirubin levels were recorded at the beginning and end of phototherapy. The number of babies who required exchange transfusion and other clinical side effects among the study groups was recorded. Descriptive statistics were reported as Mean±SD for continuous variables, frequencies (percentage) for categorical variables. The One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test was used to determine the statistically significant differences between the means of three independent groups. Results: All the three type of phototherapy units generated statistically non significant mean flux (p-value=0.754). Mean difference (from the baseline bilirubin) at end of phototherapy for blue and white light group was 5.77±1.72 mg%, for CFL group was 5.48±1.32 mg%, and for LED group was 6.34±1.48 mg%. The difference was statistically significant in all three groups (p-value=&lt;0.001). The reduction in serum bilirubin at the end of phototherapy was lesser in CFL group compared to blue and white light group and LED group. Conclusion: Light-emitting diode and blue and white light phototherapy units are more effective than compact fluorescent lamp phototherapy in treating neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia.

Comparison of efficacy &amp; safety of Blue Light vs topical application of 1% Clindamycin solution in the treatment of mild to moderate inflammatory Acne Vulgaris

Aim: To compare the efficacy &amp; safety of blue light vs topical application of 1% clindamycin solution in the treatment of mild to moderate inflammatory acne vulgaris. Study Design: Comparative interventional study done in Dermatology Outpatient Department Unit-II, KEMU/ Mayo Hospital, Lahore six months i.e. 1-06-2014 – 30-11-2014 Methodology: After an informed and written consent, 130 patients fulfilling the selection criteria were enrolled in the study and divided in two study groups A &amp; B by balloting method. At first visit, a detailed history and clinical examination was recorded on a specially designed proforma. The acne was graded according to the acne grading scale of American Academy of Dermatology.4,13 Group A was exposed to blue light for twenty minutes twice weekly for eight weeks. Group B was given 1% clindamycin to apply twice daily for a period of eight weeks. Post- treatment follow up was done for next four weeks. Patients were assessed at 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th, 10th, and 12th week. All findings and side effects were recorded on a predesigned proforma. To determine the efficacy of treatment, Acne Severity Index (ASI) was used.5 Result: Efficacy of treatment [≥ 50% improvement in ASI score] was seen in 39(60%) patients in blue light group while in clindamycin group it was achieved in 8 (12.3%) patients only. Blue light group had significantly less number of side effects observed in 35 (37.23%) patients while clindamycin group had a higher number of side effects observed in 59 (62.77%) patients, p-value= 0.013. Conclusion: Blue light is more efficacious and safer than topical 1% clindamycin in the treatment of mild to moderate inflammatory acne vulgaris. Keywords: Blue light, 1% Clindamycin, Acne vulgaris