Green Beans Research Articles

Bioaccessibility and potential bioactivity of fresh and mature fava bean flavonoids

The bioaccessibility of total flavonoids, catechin, epigallocatechin, epigallocatechin gallate, epicatechin, rutin, quercetin, isoquercetin, and kaempferol, and changes in antioxidant activities in fresh and mature fava bean seeds during simulating gastrointestinal conditions has been investigated. The portion of bioaccessible flavonoids potentially available for further uptake varies between pods. Flavonoids of mature and fresh seeds after the gastric phase, intestinal phase, and dialysable fraction, simulating bioaccessible flavonoids, were 6.62% and 1.78%, respectively, compared with no-digested pods. Total antioxidant capacities in the bioaccessible fractions were significantly lower than the control. Furthermore, potential bioactivity as a PPAR-gamma antagonist was evaluated, where epigallocatechin gallate presents at -9.50 Kcal/mol vs. -6.53 Kcal/mol, present in troglitazone. These results highlighted that gastrointestinal digestion may substantially affect the absorption of flavonoids in mature and green fava beans and present a potential bioactivity against obesity.

Conservation of Food, Medicinal and Dyes Crops Based on Local Community Wisdom in Mareje Village, West Lombok

Mareje Village, located in Sheet District, West Lombok Regency, NTB, Indonesia, is one of five villages and sub-districts in the Sheet District area. Nature protection is carried out to care for and protect natural resources, including flora, fauna, ecosystems and the environment. It involves a series of actions to ensure the sustainability and balance of ecosystems and natural habitats. This research aims to identify various food, medicinal and dye plants that have long been part of the conservation practices of the Mareje Village community. The research method used is descriptive qualitative, with data collected through trusted online sources, as well as interviews and questionnaires with local residents. The research results show that the people of Mareje Village still rely on various plants as a source of food, dyes and medicine. This includes rice, corn, cassava, taro, long beans, peanuts, green beans, and sweet potatoes for food; turmeric, pandan, katuk leaves, butterfly pea flowers, and dragon fruit for coloring; as well as white binahong, cat's whiskers, castor leaves, Chinese betel leaves, katuk leaves, black turmeric, bridal flowers, and horsewhip for medicine.

Growth, Development, Yield Attributes and Yield of French Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) as Influenced by Doses and Methods of Nitrogen Application

A field experiment was carried out at School of Natural Resource Management, College of Post Graduate Studies in Agricultural Sciences, CAU, Umiam, Meghalaya during summer season 2021 to study the effect of different doses and application methods of nitrogen on the growth, yield and yield attributes of Frenchbean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The experiment comprised of four doses of nitrogen viz.,0, 30, 60, 90 kg ha-1 and two methods of its application i.e., full dose as nitrogen as basal application and 2/3 of nitrogen dose as basal and 1/3 of nitrogen dose split application at active branching stage. The experiments consist of a total of 7 treatments laid out in Randomized Block Design with four replications. Growth parameters such as plant height and number of branches per plant in frenchbean showed a significant increase at all the growth stages with increase in nitrogen doses. Maximum plant height (39.35 cm) and number of branches per plant (3.56) were observed with application of 90 kg N ha-1. The grain yield (762.32 kg ha-1) was observed with application of 90 kg N ha-1 whereas, lowest grain yield was observed in control (146.25 kg ha-1). Yield attributes were observed to follow the same trend with highest number of pods per plant as 5.44, number of seeds per pod as observed significantly more values of all the above said parameters of growth and yield of frenchbeanin comparison to full dose of nitrogen as basal alone. Therefore, the finding of this experiment suggest that the frenchbean should be grown with 90 kg N ha-1 and 2/3 of this dose should be applied as basal application while remaining 1/3 should be applied as top dressing at active branching stage for better growth and yield of frenchbean.

Uncommon Presentation of Perianal Condyloma Acuminata in a Young Male: A Case Report

<div class="WordSection1"><p><strong>Background:</strong> Perianal warts, also known as anogenital warts or condyloma acuminata, represent a significant health concern in the young male population. Here, we present a unique case of a large perianal wart in a 26-year-old male patient.</p><p><strong>Case Description:</strong> The patient came to the surgical clinic with complaints of an anal lump for 7 months ago. The lump first appeared in February 2019 as big as a green bean, it increased in size, bled easily and painful to be touched. The patient had a history of anal intercourse 1 month before the lump appeared. The lump size was about 8 x 5 cm and resembled “cauliflower”. Diagnosis of suspected anal papilloma was made. In July 2019, an incisional biopsy was performed, and the result showed papilloma squamosa with condyloma acuminata as a differential diagnosis. In September 2019, perianal soft tissue tumor excision with advancement flap was performed and the result showed condyloma acuminata. </p><p><strong>Discussions:</strong> The case highlights the importance of careful evaluation and diagnosis in such clinical scenarios, as the initial diagnosis of anal papilloma was later refined to condyloma acuminata based on the biopsy and surgical findings. Early detection and appropriate management are crucial in cases like this to ensure the best possible patient outcomes.</p></div>

Coffee and mineral oil hydrocarbons: potential dietary intake

Levels of mineral oil hydrocarbons were measured in a large range of green and roasted coffee beans or ground powder. To better understand the consumer exposure to mineral oil hydrocarbons, the transfer to the brewed coffee was assessed under three different preparations. As a result, less than 5% of mineral oil hydrocarbons were transferred to the cup. With this low transfer rate, the coffee contribution to the mineral oils daily intake can be assessed to be very low, below 0.8% of the total exposure.

Residual levels of pesticides in filet green beans from Souss-Massa, Morocco.

A total of 30 samples of filet green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) from various popular markets in the Souss-Massa region (Morocco) were analyzed during 2021 for the presence of pesticide residues. We performed a QuEChERS extraction (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) combined with Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The method was validated in accordance with SANTE 11312/2021 guidelines. The results of this survey indicated that 8 out of 30 green bean samples are positives (0.015 to 0.112mg/kg). Azoxystrobin was the most frequently detected pesticide, occurring in 5 samples. For authorized pesticides, none of the samples exceeded the European Maximum residue level (EU MRL) in green beans, but residue of fipronil-unauthorized substance was detected in one sample at 0.027mg/kg. Hence, it is important to increase inspections for locally marketed fresh green beans and align agricultural practices with regulatory requirements.

Improving soil moisture prediction with deep learning and machine learning models

Reliable soil moisture (SM) data is critical for effective water resources management, yet its accurate measurement and prediction remain challenging. This study was conducted to develop a deep learning regression network for sub-hourly SM prediction and compare its performance with traditional machine learning models, including the eXtreme gradient boosting (XGB), light gradient-boosting (LGB), cat boosting (CB), random forest (RF), k-nearest neighbors (kNN), and long short-term memory (LSTM) models. Sub-hourly SM, electrical conductivity (EC), soil temperature (ST), and weather parameters were collected during research experiments conducted for two years (2020–2021 and 2021–2022) at the Tropical Research and Education Center (TREC), University of Florida. A network of SM sensors and a weather station were installed at the experimental site with 24 plots of green beans and sweet corn under full and three deficit irrigation treatments with three replications. Model performance metrics such as coefficient of determination (r2) and global performance indicator (GPI) were used to evaluate the performance of the models. Results showed that all MLs and DL models performed more than satisfactorily in simulating SM of green beans and sweet corn plots. The testing average r2 and GPI of MLs were 0.83 and 0.02 (green beans) and 0.85 and 0.02 (sweet corn). However, XGB and LGB models outperformed the remaining ML and DL models. The testing r2 and GPI of XGB were 0.86 and 0.014 for green beans, whereas 0.88 and 0.015 for sweet corn. The r2 and GPI values for the LGB were 0.85 and 0.014 for green beans, while 0.88 and 0.015 for sweet corn. Even though DL model took longer and resources to be trained, its performance was not as accurate as that of XGB and LGB models. However, the performance of DL was better than the LSTM model. The r2 and RMSE of the LSTM model were 0.68 and 0.02cm 3 cm-3 for green beans and 0.75 and 0.02cm 3 cm-3 for sweet corn, respectively. Whereas the r2 and RMSE of DL were 0.84 and 0.015cm 3 cm-3 (green beans) and 0.85 and 0.02 cm 3 cm-3 (sweet corn). The ML and DL models performed better in simulating SM of sweet corn plots than green beans. Overall, these results confirmed that the ML and DL models could be alternative tools for SM prediction for agricultural fields, with potential applications for irrigation scheduling and water resources management.

Evaluation of antioxidant, catalytic and antidiabetic activity of Phaseolus vulgaris (French green bean) mediated nickel oxide and copper doped nickel oxide bimetallic nanoparticles

In this study, nickel oxide nanoparticles (NPs) and copper doped NiO bimetallic nanoparticles (Cu@NiO BMNPs) were synthesized using Phaseolus vulgaris extracts as reducing and stabilizing agents by sol gel methods. The chemical and physical properties of synthesized NiO NPs and Cu@NiO BMNPs were confirmed by various techniques, like UV Visible spectrophotometer (UV–Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The optical properties of both NPs observed by UV–Vis analysis with well-defined peak and band gap value 3.2 eV & 2.62 eV. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of functional group of NPs with fruits extract. The morphology of NPs was confirmed by SEM and TEM analysis as polygonal, rod and spherical shape. The elements present in NPs were confirmed by EDX analysis. The crystalline size calculated based on the XRD analysis was 49.78 nm and 53.66 nm for NiO and Cu@ NiO NPs respectively which were found to be slightly smaller than particle size determined from SEM and TEM micrograph. Antioxidant activity of NPs was examined using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging radicals, Catalytic activities were screened by the degradation of Methylene blue (MB) and by the inhibition of alpha-amylase enzyme, antidiabetic activity of NPs were evaluated using acarbose as standard drug. The Cu@NiO BMNPs showed 77.60 % antioxidant, 76.98 % photocatalytic and 88.86 % antidiabetic activity, which were found to be more as compared to NiO NPs. The NiO and Cu@NiO BMNPs were synthesized for the first-time using P. vulgaris extracts. This study clearly showed that P. vulgaris extracts mediated mono- and bimetallic NPs were more stable and biocompatible than their respective bulk particles.

Nitrogen nutrition effects on δ13C of plant respired CO2 are mostly caused by concurrent changes in organic acid utilisation and remobilisation.

Nitrogen (N) nutrition impacts on primary carbon metabolism and can lead to changes in δ13C of respired CO2. However, uncertainty remains as to whether (1) the effect of N nutrition is observed in all species, (2) N source also impacts on respired CO2 in roots and (3) a metabolic model can be constructed to predict δ13C of respired CO2 under different N sources. Here, we carried out isotopic measurements of respired CO2 and various metabolites using two species (spinach, French bean) grown under different NH4 +:NO3 - ratios. Both species showed a similar pattern, with a progressive 13C-depletion in leaf-respired CO2 as the ammonium proportion increased, while δ13C in root-respired CO2 showed little change. Supervised multivariate analysis showed that δ13C of respired CO2 was mostly determined by organic acid (malate, citrate) metabolism, in both leaves and roots. We then took advantage of nonstationary, two-pool modelling that explained 73% of variance in δ13C in respired CO2. It demonstrates the critical role of the balance between the utilisation of respiratory intermediates and the remobilisation of stored organic acids, regardless of anaplerotic bicarbonate fixation by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and the organ considered.

Flourishing in Darkness: Protist Communities of Water Sites in Shulgan-Tash Cave (Southern Urals, Russia)

Karst caves, formed by the erosion of soluble carbonate rocks, provide unique ecosystems characterized by stable temperatures and high humidity. These conditions support diverse microbial communities, including wall microbial fouling, aquatic biofilms, and planktonic communities. This study discloses the taxonomic diversity of protists in aquatic biotopes of Shulgan-Tash Cave, a culturally significant site and popular tourist destination, by 18S rRNA gene metabarcoding. Our findings reveal the rich protist communities in the cave’s aquatic biotopes, with the highest diversity observed in Blue Lake at the cave entrance. In contrast, Distant Lake in the depth of the cave was inhabited by specific communities of plankton, mats, and pool fingers, which exhibited lower richness and evenness, and were adapted to extreme conditions (cold, darkness, and limited nutrients). High-rank taxa including Opisthokonta, Stramenopiles, and Rhizaria dominated all biotopes, aligning with observations from other subterranean environments. Specific communities of biotopes inside the cave featured distinct dominant taxa: amoeboid stramenopile (Synchromophyceae) and flagellates (Choanoflagellatea and Sandona) in mats; flagellates (Choanoflagellatea, Bicoecaceae, Ancyromonadida) and amoeboid protists (Filasterea) in pool fingers; flagellates (Ochromonadales, Glissomonadida, Synchromophyceae), fungi-like protists (Peronosporomycetes), and fungi (Ustilaginomycotina) in plankton. The specificity of the communities was supported by LEfSe analysis, which revealed enriched or differentially abundant protist taxa in each type of biotope. The predominance of Choanoflagellatea in the communities of cave mats and pool fingers, as well as the predominance of Synchromophyceae in the cave mats, appears to be a unique feature of Shulgan-Tash Cave. The cold-tolerant yeast Malassezia recorded in other caves was present in both plankton and biofilm communities, suggesting its resilience to low temperatures. However, no potentially harmful fungi were detected, positioning this research as a baseline for future monitoring. Our results emphasize the need for ongoing surveillance and conservation efforts to protect the fragile ecosystems of Shulgan-Tash Cave from human-induced disturbances and microbial invasions.

Psyllium husk mucilage as a novel seed encapsulant for agriculture and reforestation

AbstractIntroductionAn efficient, economical, and flexible reforestation system capable of uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV) deployment is a global necessity. Hydrogels have been previously investigated for their use in agriculture, however, research is limited in terms of UAV deployment. Psyllium Husk Mucilage (PHM) a natural hydrogel seed mucilage, has been previously investigated in other agricultural settings and shows promise in fulfilling the needs of UAV seeding.Materials and MethodsA greenhouse trial was conducted under controlled laboratory conditions using two soil conditions 50% and 90% field capacity. PHM and bentonite clay blends containing dextran (DEX) and sodium alginate (SA) were tested for efficacy for two agricultural crops Green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and Lebanese cucumber (Cucumis sativus), as well as three Australian native species Acacia stenophylla, Cymbopogon refractus, and Eucalyptus coolabah. Agricultural Trials were conducted across a 4‐week period, whilst A. stenophylla was 8 weeks, and C. refractus and E. coolabah was 12 weeks.ResultsUtilisation of PHM had varying effectiveness based on seed and soil moisture. In nonagricultural seed trials, PHM hydrogel succeeded with A. stenophylla but dried out and rotted in the extended trials with C. refractus and E. Coolabah, leading to plant death. The encapsulated agricultural seeds were largely outperformed in growth trials by C‐Planted at 50% FC, and C‐Surface at 90% FC.ConclusionPHM exhibits potential for successful UAV seeding in low‐moisture agricultural conditions and is promising for fast‐germinating plants or other riverbank species with high water content requirements. Without extending degradation time PHM is not suitable for slow‐growing species.

Evaluating the Impact of Green Coffee Bean Powder on the Quality of Whole Wheat Bread: A Comprehensive Analysis.

The current investigation focuses on the effect of different concentrations of green coffee bean powder (GCBp) on the physicochemical, microbiological, and sensory characteristics of whole wheat bread (WWB). C1 bread formulation (containing 1% GCBp) exhibited the highest loaf volume, suggesting optimal fermentation. Moisture analysis revealed minor alterations in the moisture retention attributes of the bread formulations. Impedance analysis suggested that C1 exhibited the highest impedance with a high degree of material homogeneity. Swelling studies suggested similar swelling properties, except C5 (containing 5% GCBp), which showed the lowest swelling percentage. Furthermore, color and microcolor analysis revealed the highest L* and WI in C1. Conversely, higher concentrations of GCBp reduced the color attributes in other GCBp-containing formulations. FTIR study demonstrated an improved intermolecular interaction in C1 and C2 (containing 2% GCBp) among all. No significant variation in the overall textural parameters was observed in GCBp-introduced formulations, except C2, which showed an improved gumminess. Moreover, the TPC (total phenolic content) and microbial analysis revealed enhanced antioxidant and antimicrobial properties in GCBp-incorporated formulations compared to Control (C0, without GCBp). The sensory evaluation showed an enhanced appearance and aroma in C1 compared to others. In short, C1 showed better physicochemical, biological, and sensory properties than the other formulations.

Potential Risk of Caffeoylquinic Acids, the Main Polyphenol Components in Coffee, on the Health of Piglets.

As the main coffee polyphenols, caffeoylquinic acids (CQAs) are abundant in coffee-derived products and have the potential to act as novel feed additives for animals. However, research on the side effects of dietary CQAs supplementation is scarce, especially in young animals. Here, we explore the safety of CQAs derived from green coffee beans. Results showed that ingesting 50, 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg of dietary CQAs for 55 days is associated with greater final body weight, average daily gain, and feed efficiency in piglets compared with the control group (P < 0.05). CQAs also increased the apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, and gross energy at a dose over 50 mg/kg (P < 0.05). Interestingly, CQAs supplementation with 500 mg/kg increased the white blood cell count (P < 0.05). Moreover, CQAs supplementation at a dose over 50 mg/kg decreased the serum total cholesterol concentration but increased the immunoglobulin M level in serum (P < 0.05). Importantly, CQAs supplementation had no side effects on organ histopathology and organ weight (P > 0.05). These results suggest that CQAs could serve as a secure and effective additive to improve growth performance without negatively affecting the organs of piglets.

Non-linear machine learning coupled near infrared spectroscopy enhanced model performance and insights for coffee origin traceability

Over the past decade, there has been overwhelming interest in rapid and routine origin tracing and authentication methods, such as near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. In a systematic and comprehensive approach, this study coupled NIR with advanced machine learning models to explore the origin classification of coffee at various scales (continental to regional level). Speciality green coffee beans were sourced from three continents, eight countries, and 22 regions. The dispersive bulk NIR spectra were used for spectral registration in the reflectance mode, and the obtained spectra were preprocessed with extended multiplicative scatter correction and mean centering. The classical linear partial least squares-discriminant analysis adequately predicted origin at the continental and country level, and showed promise at the regional level. Non-linear machine learning models improved predictions further, with the best accuracy found using random forest with accuracies up to 0.99. Discriminating wavelength regions and constituents were identified at each origin scale, with more minor wavelength regions selected by random forest. This proof of concept work demonstrated the potential of NIR spectroscopy coupled with machine learning for rapid origin classification of coffee from the continental to the regional level.

The Influence of Maceration and Flavoring on the Composition and Health-Promoting Properties of Roasted Coffee.

Over the years, many methods of refining green beans have been developed, including maceration aimed at enriching the coffee aroma and improving the overall quality. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of different methods of maceration (fruit and wine) and the addition of food flavors to coffee beans on antioxidant activity, caffeine, phenolic and organic acid content, as well as health-promoting properties. This research showed that the use of the maceration in melon and apple fruit pulp (100 g of fruit pulp per 100 g of green coffee, incubated for 24 h, coffee roasting at 230 °C, control trial roasted coffee) ensured the highest polyphenol (hydroxycinnamic acids and their esters-chlorogenic acids) content (in melon pulp-13.56 g/100 g d.b. (dry bean); in apple pulp-13.22 g/100 g d.b., p < 0.05 (one-way ANOVA)) and antioxidant activity. Melon (92.11%, IC50 = 3.80 mg/mL extract) and apple (84.55%, IC50 = 4.14 mg/mL) showed the highest α-amylase (enzyme concentration 10 μmol/mL) inhibition activity (0.5 mg/mL for both fruits). The addition of food flavors reduced the total content of chlorogenic acids to the range of 4.64 to 6.48 g/100 g d.b. and increased the content of acrylamide and 5-HMF, which positively correlated with a low antioxidant potential compared to the macerated samples and the control. Studies have shown that coffee macerated in the pulp of melon and apple fruit, due to its great potential to inhibit α-amylase in vivo, may have a preventive effect on type II diabetes. This study complements the current knowledge on the potential health-promoting properties of coffee flavored using different methods; further research should include more advanced models for testing these health-promoting properties. Statistical analysis was based on the determination of the average values of six measurements and their standard deviation, as well as on the one-way ANOVA (analysis of variation) and the Pearson correlation coefficient, using Statistic 10.0 software. The significance was defined at p ≤ 0.05.

Implementasi Pengambilan Keputusan Taktis Melalui Analisis Biaya Relevan Untuk Meningkatkan Pendapatan (Studi Kasus: Pabrik Rumahan Roti Hangat Keliling di Kota Jambi)

The Mobile Warm Bread Home Factory is a Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise (MSME) that processes raw materials into finished products, namely warm bread. The factory produces 2,100 loaves of bread a day, with flavor variants such as chocolate, strawberry, coconut, green bean, srikaya, and messes. In the production process, the mobile hot bread home factory still uses gas oven production tools or machines, in the midst of the development of equipment or Machines that use electrical energy are electric ovens. The aim of this research is to analyze the application of relevant costs in decision making to continue or replace a gas oven with an electric oven. This research methodology uses descriptive qualitative, with data collection through in-depth interviews, observation and data analysis. Decision making will always be related to the future so business owners need to review these decisions. To help business owners make the right decisions, by choosing the best decision alternative among the available decision alternatives. The results of this analysis show that the most appropriate decision is to continue using a gas oven because it obtains the most relevant total results and benefits rather than replacing it with an electric oven.

Evaluation of Promising Genotypes of French Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Suitable for India

Evaluation of Promising Genotypes of French Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Suitable for India

Identification and Fine Mapping of a Mutant pv‐nts Gene Responsible for Dwarf and Thin Stem of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

ABSTRACTPlant height is one of the most important traits in the breeding of snap bean, which determines the planting density and the resistance to failure, which in turn affects its yield and quality. Therefore, studying the molecular mechanism of plant height in snap bean is an important measure to realize the improvement of snap bean. We obtained a dwarf, thin‐stemmed mutant nts (normal to slim) from a dwarf variety of snap bean A18 via 60CO‐γ‐ray treatment. We conducted phenotypic observations, endogenous hormone content measurements and genetic analyses of the dwarfing thin‐stemmed mutant nts and explored gene localization and candidate gene screening for the mutant trait in snap bean. Compared with wild‐type A18, nts mutant exhibited various abnormal phenotypes such as dwarfing, reduced branching, thinner top stem, reduced plant width, reduced number of leaf area and thousand grain weight and increased content of hormones such as indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) in the top stem. Genetic analysis indicated that the mutant trait was controlled by a single recessive nuclear gene, and the mutant gene was named pv‐nts. pv‐nts was localized to a 361.1‐kb segment on chromosome 8 as revealed by bovine serum albumin (BSA) hybrid pool sequencing and simple sequence repeat (SSR) molecular markers. Phvul.008G106300 (encoding LAX2 protein) was identified as a candidate gene corresponding to pv‐nts via gene function annotation. Phvul.008G106300 was significantly upregulated in nts mutant compared with wild‐type A18, which was consistent with the results of endogenous IAA levels. Sequence analysis showed that the Phvul.008G106300 gene in nts had a base mutation that altered the protein structure, thus causing the dwarfed, thin‐stemmed phenotype of cauliflower. Taken together, these results contribute to a better understanding of the genetic basis of dwarfing traits in snap bean.

PANGAN FUNGSIONAL DARI TEMPE NON-KEDELAI

Tempeh is a functional food product which is generally made from soybeans. Until now, the need for soybeans is still largely met by imports. Therefore, it is necessary to study the potential of raw materials from non-soybeans from domestic production to replace soybeans. The aim of this review is to determine the potential of non-soybeans in processing tempeh as a functional food. Various non-soybean varieties such as jack beans, green beans, pigeon peas, lamtoro beans, red beans, peanuts, black soybeans, and saga beans, can be used as an alternative to soybeans as a raw material for making tempeh. The process for making tempeh from non-soybeans is in principle the same as the process for making tempeh from soybeans, the differences are in the length of soaking, boiling/steaming and fermentation. The potential protein content in non-soy tempeh has many benefits due to the presence of bioactive compounds. This non-soybean raw material has the potential to be developed as an alternative raw material to substitute soybeans in making tempeh..

Scientific validation of plant extracts used by farmers in the management of bean flower thrips on French beans in Kenya

AbstractBean flower thrips (Megalurothrips usitatus) is a major French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) pest. Small‐scale farmers manage the pest using mixed plant extracts although their efficacy has not been scientifically validated. We evaluated the efficacy of mixed plant extracts comprising; Capsicum frutescens, Allium sativum, Lantana camara, Tagetes minuta and Azadirachta indica, against M. usitatus under laboratory and screenhouse. We identified and quantified the secondary metabolites associated with insecticidal activity using spectrophotometry and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS). The plant combinations included PE1 (C. frutescens + A. sativum + L. camara + T. minuta extracts infused for 14 days), PE2 (same as PE1 but infused for 24 h) and PE + N (the five plant extracts infused for 24 h) in distilled water. We used an organic commercial botanical (Pyneem) as a positive control and distilled water as a negative control. Pyneem and PE + N induced the highest mortality at 88% and 77%, respectively, in the laboratory, and 68% and 71%, respectively, in the screenhouse. Phenolics, terpenoids and organosulfur compounds were identified in PE + N and individual plant extracts in varied quantities. These compounds were significantly higher (p &lt; 0.001) in PE + N compared to individual plant extracts. The study showed that PE + N efficiently manages bean flower thrips, and mixing different plant extracts amplifies the secondary metabolites' abundance. The use of mixed plant extracts could be incorporated into integrated pest management strategies for thrips management in legumes. The specific compounds identified in PE + N should be investigated further to understand their modes of action against the pest.